ka kudkudND.gives as the present of bku. kumkumDS. kum[DS].kum[DS].DS. (archaic) To die DS. Compare 'gum kerkerCD, DK, DS, TC.kerdDK, ker[DS].TC.kerDK, TC, [DS].kerdDK. -TC.TC.(Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To erect, to point a finger toward the sky DK. To raise, lift up CD. To raise up (e.g. a finger) DS. To arise, get up TC. kongkongDK gives as the present of bkong. krangkrang(Gyurme 1992: 150-152), (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997). (archaic, main verb un-negated) Signifies the successful execution of an action (Gyurme 1992: 150-152).(archaic) A question word similar to gam, ngam, &c. (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997). Compare grang2 krabskrabs LZ gives as the present of bkrab krongskrongsLZ gives as the present of dgrongs klanklan[CD], DS, TC.klan[DS].klan[CD], [DS].DS, (Skorupski 2001). 1. To wreak revenge for. [2. To mend, to patch] CD. 1. To avenge, to take revenge. 2. To answer, counter DS. (archaic) To answer, counter TC. klalklalCD, (DS) give as a present of glal. klasklas(Li & Coblin 1987), [TC], (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997). To be beyond, further than (Li & Coblin 1987). 1. To forget. 2. To arrive at the depths, meet the limit. 3. To understand (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997).CD, DS, TC prefer to see this as an adjective. klub1klubCD, DK.klubsCD, DK.klubDK.klubsDK.lhub pa(Chang 1971: iv.13). To cover the body with ornaments (Ja), to put on luxuriously (Cs), to set up a tent CD. To put on; to wear DK. Root given as klub < *s-'-lhub, *b-lhub? (Chang 1971: iv.12) klub2klubsLZ.klubDK, DS, TC.blubs(see note). bklubsLZ, DK, DS, TC. klubsLZ. bklubDK, DS, TC.lhubs(see note).klubsLZ, DK, DS, TC. DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).lhub pa[Chang 1971: iv.13].na bza' sogsLZ. To adorn, put on another person; to make someone put on DK. To ornament, put on clothes DS. 1. To wear. 2. To adorn, decorate TC. Root given as g + lhub (Hahn 1999). For the form blubs (a. 1680) see (Eimer 1987); (Hahn 1999) suggests the inflection klub, blubs, *klub, *lhubs; for the imperative he compares lhab lhub 'excessively bedecked'. klogklogKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.blags(see note).bklagsKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.klagsCD.bklagKYT, KYN, TD,TD has bkrag bya as the future, but this is obviously a mistake. LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.klagCD.klogsKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.lhogs(KYN), (ND).KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hackett 2003).mdo snga sogsTD.bka' bstan dang yi ge sogsLZ. yi geND. To read CD, DK. To read aloud DS, TC . Root given as klag < *s-'-lhag (Chang 1971: iv.12), *g + lhag (Hahn 1999). This form was first noted by (Nobel 1955) it is discussed in (de Jong 1974) who finds the forms p+lags, ph+lags, and p+lhags as well. (Hahn 1999) suggests the inflection klog, blags, klag, lhogs. dkagdkagDS.dkag[DS].dkag[DS].DS. (of a melted liquid ) To solidify in the process of cooling DS. dka'dka'ND.dka'[ND]. [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be difficult (Hackett 2003). dkudkuDS, TC.dku[DS], TC.dku[DS], TC.- TC.DS, TC.[Abs, Obl.] (Hackett 2003).To drip, come down, fall DS.1. To brew, exude. 2. To fall. 3. (archaic) To remain, be left behind TC. dkonddkondLZ.dkondLZ.dkonLZ.dkondLZ.'jig rten sogs suLZ. To appear (ngag dbang tshul khrims 1997). dkyudkyuLZ, CD (archaic), DK, DS, TC.'khyusND.dkyusLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.dkyuLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.dkyusLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khyusNWHrta sogsLZ.bros pa'iND. 1. To run a race 2. To wring out; to filter (Sch.) 3. To caper about (Ja) CD. To race, to run away DK. To race (a horse, mule, &c.) DS. To control, ride a horse TC. see note at 'khyus. dkyuddkyudCD. To forget CD. dkridkriLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bkriCD.dkrisLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.dkriLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.dkrisLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.-ND.NDDS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khri[CD] (Chang 1971: v.6), (Duff). 'khril (Chang 1971: v.6).dar sogs kyisLZ.dar sogsND. 1. (archaic) To conduct one's pupil from one stage of learning to another stage. 2. To wind; to wrap around. 3. To ensnare CD. To wind, to wrap up; to roll up DK. To bind something with string or rope DS. 1. To bind, to tie. 2. To cover, impose, accuse, deprecate TC. dkrigdkrigLZ, DK, DS, TC.dkrigsLZ, DK, DS, TC.dkrigLZ, DK, DS, TC.khrigsLS. dkrigs.DK, DS, TC. DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'khrig(Duff).du sprin sogs.LZ. To make overcast; to gather clouds [sic], to pile up DK. To fill up (with clouds, smoke &c.) DS.To obscure TC. dkrugdkrugLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. dkrugs LZ, DK, DS, TC. dkrug LZ, DK, DS, TC.dkrugsLZ, DK, DS, TC. DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khrug[CD] (Chang 1971: v.6) (Gyurme 1992: 258) (Duff).sprug(Chang 1971: v.6)zho dang thugs sogs.LZ. To disturb, put in motion; to turn, turn on a lathe CD. To stir up; to disturb; to agitate; to disunite; to create differences by instigation DK. 1. To stir, churn (a kind of liquid with a stick). 2. To be unharmonious, disagreeable. 3. To finish, conclude DS. 1. To disturb, stir, churn. 2. To agitate, disrupt. 3. To carve by turning on a lathe TC. Root given as dkrug < *b-krug (Chang 1971: v.6). Compare dkrog. dkrumdkrumLZ, DK, DS, TC.dkrumsLZ, DK, DS, TC.dkrumLZ, DK, DS, TC.dkrumsLZ, DK, DS, TC. DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).cong zhi sogs. LZ. To break; to crack DK. To break into bits DS. To break (fragile objects) TC. dkrogdkrog LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dkrogsCD.dkrogsLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. dkrogLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.dkrogsLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. - ND.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). ND.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skrog(Chang 1971: v.6). 'khrog (Gyurme 1992: 258) [Duff].zho sogsLZ. sto dang bya sogs(dkrogs) NDB.zho dang bya sogs(dkrogs) NDA. zho (-) ND. 1. To churn; to agitate, mingle, trouble. 2. To rouse; scare up; to wag, e.g. the tail (Ja) CD. To stir up; to churn; to give a feeling of surprise to; to disturb; to open. DK. 1. To stir, churn. 2. To startle, surprise DS. 1. To churn, agitate, stir. 2. To disturb TC. Root given as dkrog < b-krog (Chang 1971: v.6). Compare dkrug dkroldkrol LZ, DK, TC. give as the present to 'khrol1 bkanbkanLZ, ND, CD, DS, TC.bkandLZ, ND. bkan[DS], TC. bkanLZ, ND. [DS]. TC.bkandLZ, ND. -ND.bkanTC. ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003). NDDS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).lus dang thal mo sogsLZ. lag par sogs(bkand) NDB.lag pa sogs(bkand) NDA.lag pas(-) ND. 1. To up-root, turn up anything by applying a stick at its foot or root. 2. To bend. 3. To put; to press; to apply (Ja). 4. To hold fast; to extend (Cs). CD. 1. To raise up. 2. To firmly press DS. 1. To turn face upwards. 2. To hold firmly, to press down. 3. To neglect TC . bkubku LZ, CD, DS, TC. kud ND.bkusLZ, CD, ND, DS, TC.bkuLZ, ND, DS, TC.kusLZ, ND. bkus DS, TC.LZ, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skudNWH.khu ba 'juice'NWHsman gyi khu ba sogsLZ. sman dang snum sogsND. To make extract of a drug by drawing out the juice CD. To extract juice by boiling DS.To extract a medicinal infusion TC. bkurbkurLZ, CD, DS, TC.'khurND, DKbkurdLZ, ND, DK. bkur [DS], TC.bkurLZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.bkurLZ, TC.khurd ND, DK. TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).mchog dang gong duLZ.gtsug tu ND. I. To pay homage or reverence; to esteem. 2. To slander, to blaspheme CD. To respect, venerate DK. To respect DS.To make offering, serve, respect TC. bkurbkur CD gives as a present to 'khur bkong1bkongLZ, DS, TC. kongDK.bkongsLZ, DK. bkong[DS], TC.bkongLZ, DK, [DS], TC.bkongLZ, TC. kongsDK. TC.DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).sba sogsLZ. To break the pride of somebody; to cause to become a coward DK. To discourage, intimidate, humble DS. To frighten, intimidate, discourage TC. Compare 'khong and 'gong bkong2bkongDS.bkong[DS].bkong[DS].DS To be wrinkled DS. bkonbkon LZ, TC. give as the present of 'khon. bkolbkol LZ, TC. give as the present of 'khol3 bkyonbkyonLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.bkyondLZ, DK. bkyon[DS], TC.bkyonLZ, DK, [DS], TC.bkyonLZ, TC. bkyondDK. TC.DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).tshig gam bkasLZ. To beat, to chastise CD. To scold; to admonish DK. (honorific) To speak roughly to someone DS. (honorific) To scold, reprimand TC. bkrabkraND.bkra[ND]. To be beautiful, clear, multicolored (CD, TC list as an adjective). bkragsbkrags(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228).(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228). [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228). To roast, grill (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228).(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228) imply a connection to sreg bkrabkrabsLZ. bkrabCD, DS, TC.bkrabsLZ.CD, DS, TC. bkrabLZ.DS, TC.krobsLZ. bkrabsDS. bkrobs TC.DS, TC. DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khor dang grogs sogsLZ. To choose or select from among many CD. (archaic) To select from among many DS. To choose, select TC. bkralbkralCD, TC. 'grel DK.bkralTC. bkrald DK.bkralDK, TC. bkrolTC. 'greld DK.TC.TC.khral 'tax'NWH. To appoint CD. To share tax payment DK. To impose (a tax) TC. bkribkri LZ, CD (archaic), TC. give as the present of 'khrid1 bkrugbkrug(Chang 1971: v.6), (Ja) give as an alternate or erroneous present to dkrug. bkresbkresCD (archaic), DK, TC.bkresDK, TC.bkresDK, TC. bkresDK. - TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).bkres 'hunger' NWH. To be hungry CD, TC. To feel hungry DK. bkrosbkrosCD, DK.bkrosDK.bkrosDK.bkrosDK. To choose; to select. CD, DK. rkambrkamLZ, [CD], TC. rkomND. rkam[CD (archaic)], DK, DS. brkamLZ, TC. brkamsND, DK, DS.brkamLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.brkam LZ. rkams DK. rkoms ND, DS. - TC.ND, DS.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).zas nor sogs laLZ.'dod laND.To desire, long for (as a child for sweets) DS. To be attached to, to yearn forTC. rkurkuTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.brkusTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.brkuTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.rkusTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rkun ma'thief'NWH.gzhan gyi nor sogsTD. gzhan nor sogs LZ. rkun ma ND. To steal; to rob. CD. To steal; to take away unlawfully DK. To steal, to take by sleight the property of another which has not been given or paid for TC. rkorkoKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rkodCD.brkos KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.brkoKYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rkosKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rka 'furrow' (Beyer 1992: 112 n.11).khron pa sogsTD. sa dang dpar sogs LZ. sa drang spar sogs ND. 1. To dig, dig out; to hoe. 2. To engrave; turn up; till CD. To inscribe; to dig; to engrave; to print DK. To dig (a hole in the ground &c.) DS 1. To dig, excavate. 2. To carve out letters and designs (in stone, wood &c.) TC. rkonrkonDK.brkondDK.brkonDK.rkondDK.rkon 'a net, trap' NWH. To trap or catch in a trap. DK From colloquial data (Chang 1971: vii.16) hypothesizes a verb *bskon 'to cause to get caught, hung up i.e. to hang on a peg' as the causative of *khon or *'khon 'to get caught, hung up'. Perhaps DK confirms her hypothesis. rkomrkom ND. gives as the present of rkam rkyagrkyag (CD). gives as a present to skyag rkyalrkyalLZ, CD, DS, TC.brkyalLZ. rkyalDS, TC.rkyalLZ, DS, TC.rkyoldLZ. rkyol DS, TC.LZ, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).chu boLZ. To swim, to amuse oneself by swimming (Ja) CD. To swim DS, TC. rkyongrkyongTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.brkyangsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.brkyangTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.rkyongsTD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rkang 'foot' (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15).yan lag sogsTD. zhabs sogs LZ. yan lag ND. To stretch, extend, stretch forth (one's hands to a person), put out (the tongue); spread; distend (the wings, a curtain) CD. To stretch out one's arms; to extend DK. To extend, stretch (the feet, hands &c.) DS. To stretch, spread out, extend TC. Related to rgyong(Duff). lkugslkug DK. lkugs DS, TC. lkugsDK, [DS], TC.lkug DK. lkugs[DS]. TC. lkugsDK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).lkug 'dumb, mute' NWH. To become foolish; to become dumb DK. To become unable to speak clearly DS. To be dumb, to be unable to talk, to loose one's voice TC. skadskadCD, DS.skad[DS].skad[DS].DS.skad 'language, speech' NWH. To say, tell, relate CD. The written equivalent of zhes and zer which mark the end of quoted speech DS. skamskamDK, (Gyurme 1992: 258), (Hoshi 2003).bskamsDK.skam(Hoshi 2003).bskamDK.skamsDK.(Hoshi 2003).(Gyurme 1992: 249). To make thirsty DK. To dry up, dry out (Gyurme 1992: 249), (Hoshi 2003). Compare skem skarskarCD.bskarCD.skorCD.CD. To hang up; to weigh. CD. skusku DK gives as an alternate present to skud. skugskugDS, TC.bskugsDS, TC. bskugDS, TC.skugsDS, TC. DS, TC. DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). For the winner not comply with the game of taking wealth, after a dispute over victory and defeat DS. To make a bet, to bet, to gambol TC. skungskungLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskungsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskungLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskungsLZ, ND, DS, TC. ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).dben pa sogs suLZ. sbed pa'i ND. To hide in the ground, to bury, to inter CD. To hide; to keep secret DK. 1. To hide away. 2. To write the symbol 'X' as a substitute for following words which are repeated in lines of verse, or other expression DS. To hide, conceal TC. skudskudTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sku DK. bskusTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskuTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skusTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).bkuNWH.snu ma sogs.TD, ND. sman sogs LZ. To smear, to besmear; to daub CD. To anoint; to apply oil or ointment DK. To put (dye, oil &c.) on the surface of something DS. To apply, put on, cover, smear TC. skumskumTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskumsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskumTDTD seems to have dskum bya as the future, but bskum must be meant., LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skumsTD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. skum LZ. TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khum(Chang 1971: v.i), (Gyurme 1992: 258), (Beyer 1992: 116).yan lag sogsTD, LZ. rkang lag sogs LZ. To contract; to be drawn up; to be paralyzed CD. To withdraw, to draw in; to make shorter or smaller; to contract; to conceal DK. The opposite of produce, extend DS. 1. To contract, bend, pull in. 2. To conceal, to obfuscate TC. skurskurKYN, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskurdKYN, [CD], ND, DK, bskur DS, TC.bskurKYN, ND, DK, DS, TC. skurdKYN, ND, DK, skur DS, TC.KYN, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khur(Gyurme 1992: 259). dbang dang 'ganND. To bestow, give, send CD. To make someone carry; to send; to cause to venerate on, to make someone pay respect DK. 1. To deliver to the place of delivery by entrusting (a thing, letter &c.) with another person, post office. 2. For something to be carried (on the water, wind &c.) DS. 1. To send, dispatch. 2. To give, bestow, entrust, assign TC. skulskul KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskuldKYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK. bskul CD, DS, TC.bskulKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skuldKYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK. skul DS, TC. KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs] (Hackett 2003).chos bskul sogs.TD thug rgyud las sogs la LZ. las la dang dge la ND. To excite; to exhort, admonish, enjoin CD. To induce; exhort, urge; to request to do something; to persuade DK. To motivate, incite DS. 1. To induce, compel, persuade. 2. To incite, motivate TC. skem1skemTD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. skemsND.skamDK.bskamsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskamTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skomsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. skems DK. skams DK. TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skem, skam 'dry' NWH.chu sogsTD, NDNDB is unclear, []lu sogs?. gos gsher ba dang me tog sogs LZ. To make dry, to dry up CD. To dry DK. To make fewer, to dehydrate DS. . To dry out, to dry TC. skem2skemsND. skem DS.bskamsND, DS.bskamND, DS.-ND, DS. ND, DS.DS.skem, skam 'dry' NWH.khaNDA, kha sogsNDB. To wilt (of plants), become dry DS. skoskoTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bskosTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bskoTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. skosTD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).dpon gyog sogsTD.las sne sogsLZ.rgyal sarND. To select; to appoint, nominate, commission, charge CD. To appoint DK. For leaders or people to give responsibility to a person for a task DS. To appoint. 2. To be determined by the power of past deeds TC.(Uray 1972: 19) connects this verb with mkhos/khos/khod 'institution, administration, settlement of the state' along with the verbs, 'khod, and 'god. skong1skongKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bskangsKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bskangKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. skongsKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC. DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skang ba 'satisfaction' (Rona-Tas 1985: 179).thugs dam sogsTD.thugs dam dang re ba sogsLZ.thugs damND. To fulfill CD. To complete; to add; to satisfy, fulfill a wish DK. 1. To fulfill. 2. To make up a deficiency; to supplement TC. skong2skongTC.bskongsTC.bskongTC.skongsTC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To summon, convene TC. skonskonKYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskondKYN, LZ, ND, DK.bskonCD, DS, TC.bskonKYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skondKYN, LZ, ND, DK.skonCD, DS, TCKYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gon(Chang 1971: vii.16, see note) (Gyurme 1992: 259). gyon (Gyurme 1992: 259) (Duff) 'khon(Chang vii.16, see note)khrab rmog lta bu sogsLZ.gos sogsND. To dress; to clothe another person CD. To make someone put on a dress or an ornament DK. 1. To make someone wear (wools, a hat &c.). 2. To cause an action similar to the wearing of hats or clothes (e.g. bridle a horse, tie a rope around a calf's neck) DS. To dress, put on clothes, to cover TC.Written Tibetan skon, bskon, bskon 'to dress, to clothe another person': gon 'to put on (clothes, shoes)' appears to be an example of the devoicing caused by s similar to spub, 'bub. Our spoken Tibetan data, however, does not confirm this meaning of skon, suggesting rather two bases, *kon 'to get caught', and *gon 'to get dressed' (Chang 1971: viii.15). skomskomDS, TC. skom[DS]. skoms TC.skom[DS], TC.-TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skom 'dry' NWH. For a desire to drink to arise when the liquid of the body is depleted DS. To suffer because the wetness within the mouth has dried TC. Compare skam and skem. skor1skorTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskordTD, LZ, ND, DK.bskorCD, DS, TC.bskorTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skordTD, LZ, ND, DK. skor DS, TC.TD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC, (Gyurme 1992: 247).[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khor(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).chos 'khor sogsTD.lha khang dang rten laLZ.'khor barND. 1. To fill with; to surround, encircle, enclose, besiege; to come again and again; to revolve. 2. To traverse, ride round a thing. 3. To circumambulate CD. To turn round; to turn a wheel; to take a round; to encircle, surround DK. 1. To make something turn around the circumference of a center. 2. To lead, take control. 3. To encircle, surround. 4. To change directions, shift allegiances. 5. To trick, mislead DS. 1. To turn around, rotate. 2. To surround, encircle TC.(Beyer 1992: 83) suggest that skyor is a palatalized version of this verb, however skor has the root vowel o and skyor the root vowel a, so his analysis is unlikely. skor2skorDS, TC.bskorDS, TC.bskorDS, TC.skorDS, TC.DS, TC.DS. TC. To go, wander, roam, loaf DS. To wander, to roam, to move about TC. In Situ's great commentary only bskor and not skor is given DS. skolskolLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskoldLZ, ND, DK.bskolCD, DS, TC.bskolLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skoldLZ, ND, DK. skolDS, TC. ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hackett 2003).'kholCD, (Chang 1971: v.1), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116).za sogsLZ.za dang chuNDB.za dang chu sogsNDA. To boil CD, DK, TC. skyaskyasLZ. skyaCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyasLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyaLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyosND, DS, TC. skyasLZ, DK.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gzhi dang rus pa sogsLZ. 'pho ba'iND. 1. To carry; convey to a place (a quantity of stones, wood, water, &c.). 2. To change place CD. To move one's residence or dwelling; to migrate, transfer DK. 1. To move, to move from one place to another, to migrate. 2. (archaic) To deliver, convey TC. skyagskyagCD. rkyag(CD).bskyogsCD.bskyagCD.skyogCD. 1. To spread, lay out, expand. 2. (in West) To slaughter, murder (Ja) CD.CD suggests comparison with 'gyag skyadskyadDK.bskyadDK.bskyadDK.skyadDK[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To kill DK. 1. To kill. 2. To compete [Lishi gur khang] skyasskyasLZ. gives as the present of skya skyiskyiLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyisLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyiLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyisLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gzhan las gser dngul sogsLZ.nor sogsND. To borrow, especially money or goods CD. To lend; to borrow; to give or take something on loan DK. To loan, borrow TC. Certainly the same verb as skyinNWH. skyig1skyigDK.bskyigsDK.bskyigDK.skyigsDK To cause to tie, to fasten DK. skyig2skyig(Ja). To hiccup (Ja). skyinskyinCD, DK.bskyinCD.bskyindDK.bskyinDK.skyindDK.skyin pa 'loan' NWH. To borrow CD. To lend, to borrow CD. Compare skyi. skyilskyilLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyildLZ. ND, DK.bskyilCD, DS, TC.bskyilLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyildLZ, ND, DK. skyilDS, TC. ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khyil(Chang 1971: v.3) (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116).mtsho dnag chu sogsLZ.chu sogsND. 1. To pen up, shut up; to dam up a river. 2. (Ja) to bend, especially the legs when sitting on the ground after the oriental fashion. To bend in another's leg by a kick from behind; to bend the bow CD. To dam; to store DK. 1. To dam up, to pen up, contain. 2. To keep TC. skyug1skyugCD, ND, DK.skyugsCD, ND, DK.skyugND, DK.skyugsND, DK.ND.skyug pa 'vomit, purgative' NWH.kong nadND. To vomit, to eject (e.g. blood). 2. To lose color, to stain CD. To vomit; to come out forcefully DK. skyug2skyugDK, DS, TC.bskyugsDK, DS, TC.bskyugDK, DS, TC.skyugsDK, DS, TC.DS, TC.TCDS[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skyug pa 'vomit, purgative'NWH. To cause to vomit DK. To release the contents of the viscera from the mouth DS. To vomit, to wretch TC. skyungskyungLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TCbskyungsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TCbskyungLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TCskyungsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC CD, ND, DS, TCDS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). khengs pa sogsLZ.nyung duND. 1. To diminish, reduce. 2. (Ja) (In central Tibet) to leave behind; to lay aside (a task). CD To reduce or diminish one's prive or voice; to subdue; to give up DK.DS 1. To cast off, leave far behind, to abandon and put behind; to give up completely, to discard completely. 2. To lessen (in amount, degree), to reduce (in size, extent) TC (Duff).bskyudLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyudLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyudLZ, ND, DK, DS. - TC. ND, DS. TC.DS. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sems laLZ.brjed byaND. 1. To forget. 2. To leave off (Ja). 3. To communicate, swallow (Sch.) CD. To forget; to fail to recall DK. (archaic) To forget DS. To forget TC. skyurskyur LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyurdLZ, ND, DK.bskyurCD, DS, TC.bskyurLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyurdLZ, ND, DK. skyurDS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khyur(Chang 1971: v.4), (Beyer 1992: 116).bya ba ngan pa sogs rgyab tuLZ.phar laND. To throw, to cast; to leave off CD. To throw or to cast off, to renounce or give up DK. 1. To throw away, discard (rubbish). 2. To abandon, leave behind (homeland, troubles) DS. 1. (Mental) To give up on, to abandon, to forsake, to go back on something which one has previously adhered to, to leave behind something for something else seen as better. 2. (Physical) To toss off, away, to cast off something which is now seen as rubbish or as useless TC (Duff). skyeskyeLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.skyesLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.skyeLZ, DK, DS, TC.skyeLZ. skyesDK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skyed (Laufer 1915: 62).skye ba 'birth', skye bu 'person' NWH.srid pa sogs suLZ. To be born, arise CD. To be born; to come out newly DK. 1. kinds of vegetation having first sprouted a shoot, to develop fruit. 2. To issues from the mother's womb. 3. To mature, rise up like the sprouting of vegetation. 4. To become larger or longer. 5. To arise, occur DS. 1. To be born, to arise, to grow anew. 2. To grow, increase TC. skyeng1skyengCD, DK. skyengs CD. DS, TC.skyengsDK, [DS], TC.skyengDK.skyengs[DS], TC. skyengsDK.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be ashamed CD. To be ashamed; to be embarrassed DK, DS. To be abashed, embarrassed, circumspect (especially regarding speech) TC (Duff). I could see here two verbs (skyengs, skyengs, skyengs, - ) and (skyeng, skyengs, skyeng, skyengs) the evidence is insufficient to decide. skyeng2skyeng DK.bskyengsDK.bskyeng DK. skyengsDK. To make shameful or to cause to be ashamed; to belittle; to bring down DK. skyedskyedLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyedLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyedLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyedLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skye(Laufer 1915: 62), (Duff).cho ga dang bu sogsLZ.lha sogs dang semsND. To procreate, generate, bring forth. give birth to CD. To make progress, to increase, widen DK. skyemskyemCD. skyems[CD]. To be thirsty CD. Root given as skyem < skyam < skam (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15). skyelskyeldLZ, ND.skyelCD, DK, DS, TC.bskyaldLZ, NDBNDB seems to have bskyamd which must be in fact bskyald. NDA has bskyal., DK.bskyalCD, NDA, DS, TC.bskyalLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyoldLZ, ND, DK.skyol CD, (DK), DS, TC. LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gto mdos sogsLZ.gnas suND. 1. To carry, to take away. 2. To send. 3. To risk, to stake (one's life). 4. To use, to employ CD. To deliver a person or thing; to see off, to kiss; to lose; to vow; to accomplish DK. 1. To go from one place to another place accompanying another person in order to show love, to protect, or supervise. 2. To raise a thing from one place to another place. 3. To use, employ. 4. To finish, perfect DS. 1.To escort, to see off. 2. To send, transport, deliver, 3. To do, to apply. 4. To pass, spend (of time) TC. Root given as skyal Compare 'khyol skyelskyelCD. bskyelCD.bskyelCD.skyolCD.TC.DS, TC. To conduct, accompany CD. skyoskyoDK, DS, TC.skyoDK, [DS], TC.skyoDK, [DS], TC.skyoDK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skyo 'grief, sorrow' NWH. To be sad, to be gloomy DK. 1. To be irritated. 2. To be disaffected DS. 1. To be sad, to be miserable. 2. To be fed up with, to be weary of, to be disenchanted with, to have distaste for TC (Duff). skyogskyogCD, DK, DS, TC.bskyogsDK, DS, TC.bskyogDK, DS, TC.skyogsDK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To turn, to turn away, aside CD. To turn aside, to drive aside DK. 1. To change direction. 2. To bend, make crooked DS. 1. To turn. 2. To move over, to give way TC. skyong1skyongDS.skyong[DS].skyong[DS].DS. To go on a long road DS. skyong2skyongE TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyangsTD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bskyongs CD.bskyangTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyong(Zeisler 2004: 349).skyongsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).drin gyisTD.brtse ba dang drin gyisLZ.drin gyis bon [tshes]B bstan pa sogsND. To guard; to keep; to defend; to save; to preserve CD. To look after; to nurse, cherish; to take care of; to administer DK. 1. To look after, support, take care of. 2. To supervise, direct, support DS. 1. To sustain, take care of, tend, look after. 2. To protect, guard. 3. To manage, do, hold, control, carry out TC. skyod1skyodLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.bskyodLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.bskyodLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.skyod LZ, DK, DS.-TC.ND, DS. TC. CD, DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gnas sogs dang rlung gisLZ. To move; to go, pass on CD. To move DK. To move, agitate DS. To move, stir, agitate TC. skyod2skyodCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyodCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyodCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyod ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). CD.DS, TC.gom pa'i zhabs kyisND. (In West) (Respectful) To go, to walk CD. To cause to go or proceed DK. To go DS. To go TC. skyon1skyonDK.skyondDK.skyonDK.skyondDK. To make defective; to become defective DK. skyon2skyondLZ. skyon CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyonLZ, CD, DS, TC. bskyond ND, DK.bskyonLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyondLZ, ND, DK. skyon DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hackett 2003).zhon(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).rta dang gsal shing sogs laLZ.rta laNDB.rta la sogsNDA. To put astride upon a thing CD. To put on a horse DK. 1. To have mount, place astride. 2. To place on top of. 3. To make (someone) wear, to dress (someone) DS. 1. To place someone on a horse, to put astride. 2. To place above, place upon. 3. (honorific) Equivalent of the auxiliary verb rgyagTC. Compare gyon, gon skyon3skyon(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 176). Suffixed to nouns in order to create verbs, very common in the colloquial. In this respect it is the honorific corresponding to rgyagNWH. (Honorific) Equivalent to rgyag paTC. skyobskyobKYN , TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyabsKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyabKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyobsKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Abl.] (Hahn 1994: 108). [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).khyab[Coblin 1986].nye pa sogsTD.'jigs pa dnag sdug sngal sogs lasLZ.'jigs pa laND. To protect; to defend, preserve, save CD. To protect, give shelter; to defend, to rescue DK. To help, save from danger DS. To protect TC. Related to the noun skyob 'protection, refuge'. (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15) suggests that this verb is a palatalized version of gab 'cover, protect' though he does not account for the voicing difference. skyomskyomLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyamsLZ, ND, DK, TC. bskyoms CD, DS.bskyamLZ, ND, DK, TC. bskyom CD, DS.skyomsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khyom(Chang 1971: v .4), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).mtso sogsLZ.snod sogsND. (Rare in colloquial) 1. To pour; to pout out, agitate, stir up. 2. (Lex) To give CD. To swish, to stir a liquid; to cause turbulence DK. To stir, agitate (a liquid) DS. To stir, shake TC. skyor1skyor[LZ],CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyarCD, DS, TC.bskyardND, DK.bskyar[LZ],CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyord[LZ], ND, DK. skyor DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).slar yangLZ.yang yangND. To repeat, recite by heart CD. To repeat; to do, make something again; to reproduce, imitate; to recite DK. To read aloud, repeat DS. To repeat, to do over again TC (Duff).LZ lists a verb (skyor, bskyord, bskyar, skyord) which is a conflation of this verb and the following. (Beyer 1992: 83) suggest that skyor is a palatalized version of skor, however skor has the root vowel o and skyor the root vowel a, so his analysis is unlikely. skyor2skyor[LZ], DK, DS, TC.bskyord[LZ], DK. bskyor DS, TC.bskyorDK, DS, TC.skyord[LZ], DK. skyor DS, TC.[LZ], DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To hold up, to prop, to paste CD. To support upright; to support from al sides so as to stand; to help, to support DK. 1. To prevent a person or thing from falling down. 2. To help, do, protect DS. To support, prop up, brace TC. skragskragCD, DK, DS, TC.skragsDK. skrag[DS], TC.skragDK, [DS], TC.skragsDK.-TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). (nearly always combined with 'jigs pa) To be terrified, frightened, afraid of something CD. To be frightened, to be terrified DK. To become afraid DS. To be afraid TC. Cognate with adjective skrag 'scary'. skrangskrangCD, DK, (DS), TC. skrangsDS.skrangsCD, DK, [DS], TC. skrang [(DS)].skrangDK, [(DS)], TC. skrangs [DS].skrangs DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To swell CD. To swell, be swollen DK. For the flesh to swell up due to injury to the body or illness DS. To swell up TC. skrabskrabLZ, CD, DK.bskrabsLZ, DK.bskrabLZ, DK.skrabsLZ, DK.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khrabNWH.bro dang rkang stabs sogsLZ. To beat the ground with one's feet; to stamp, tread; to dance CD. To cause to dance; to cause to select DK.DS gives skrab as an archaic word for bro 'khrab. skriskriCD (archaic), ND, TC. (archaic).bskrisND.bskriND.skrisND. skri [TC] ND.khagND. To conduct, to send (Cs.) CD. To give, send TC. skruskruLZ, CD (archaic), DK, DS, TC.bskrusLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. skrus (see note)bskruLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.skrus LZ, DK, DS, TC.LZ, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).shing gi yal ga dang gzhan la thabs kyisLZ. To wait (Sch.); to cut CD. To beg for food, to make a hole by digging or cutting; to hollow out DK. To cut; to deceive DS. 1. To beg. 2. (archaic) To deceive. 3. To cut into pieces TC. skrudskrudCD (archaic).To make another run away by devicesCD. Root given as skrud skrunskrunTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskrundTD, LZ, ND, DK. bskrun CD, DS, TC.bskrunTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skrund TDTD appears to list skund as the imperative, a mistake for skrund., LZ, ND, DK. skrun DS, TC. TD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).mnyu gu sog [sic]TD.mnyu gu sogsLZ.dge rtsa bsyed paND. To produce CD. To establish, to build; to make DK. 1. To print a book. 2. To make, produce DS. To make, construct, build, invent, produce TC. skresskres(Gyurme 1992: 258). sres((Gyurme 1992: 258)).'dres(Gyurme 1992: 258). To mix (Gyurme 1992: 258). given as the primary spelling of sre skrogskrogLZ, CD, DS, TC.dkrogND.bskrogsLZ, DS, TC.skrogsND.bskrogLZ, DS, TC.skrogND.skrogsLZ, ND, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).*[']-khrog-[s](Chang 1971: v.6).zho dang Da ma ru sogsLZ.Dar ma ru sogsND. To beat (the drum); to churn; to stir (with a rod) CD. Another way to write dkrogDS. 1. To churn, stir. 2. To beat a drum TC.(Duff) suggests this verb is onomatopoetic skrog2skrog(Chang 1971: iv.10)'drog(Chang 1971: iv.10). To rouse, to scare up (Chang iv.10). Root given as s-k-rog < s-'-rog < s-rog ? (Chang iv.10). skrodskrodLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskradLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskradLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.skrodLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gte'u dang bgegs sogsLZ.phyir laND. To expel, drive out, eject CD, DK. To drive away from a previous location DS. To expel, banish, drive out TC. skrobskrobLZ.bskrabsLZ.bskrabLZ.skrobsLZ.ti ku sogs kyisLZ. skrolskrolDK.bskroldDK.bskrolDK.skroldDK.rol 'music' (?) NWH. To cause to make sound; to cause to stir up DK. brkambrkam LZ, TCgive as the present of rkam bskalbskalDS, TC.bskal[DS], TC.bskal[DS], TC.- TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be cut off by a long distance or period of time DS. To be separated, cut off TC. Undoubtedly a generalization of the past of skeld q.v. NWH bskonbskon(Chang 1971: vii.16).khon or 'khon(Chang 1971: vii.16). To get caught, hung up (on a peg) (Chang 1971: vii.16). Hypothesized by Chang on colloquial data, see rkon.
kha khangkhang(Tournadre & Dorje 2003) gives as a literary alternate of kheng khugkhugCD, DS, TC.'khugs DK, (TC).khugDK. khugsDS, TC.'khug DK. khugDS, TC. khugs DK. - DS, TC. DS, TC., (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gugs(Gyurme 1992: 259). To find, get, earn, draw CD. To calm down; to bend down; to fall asleep; to valued; to be worth DK. To be the price of (something) DS. 1. To turn into, to change, to become. 2. To get, to make, to find TC. khegskhegsCD. DS. kheg TC. 'khegs (Beyer 1992: 113)khegs [DS], TC, (Beyer 1992: 113).khegs[DS].khegTC.-TC.TC.DS.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gog(Beyer 1992: 113). To obstruct, to close CD. For something to be unable to move because something else is stuffed inside (a pipe, hole &c.) DS. To be obstructed, to stop, to come to halt TC. kheng'khengCD.khengDK. TC. khengs DS.khengs CD, DK, [DS], TC.khangs(Tournadre & Dorje 2003).khengsDK, TC.khengs[DS].khengsDK.-TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'geng(Beyer 1992: 113), (Duff) To be replete, to be full CD. To be full DK. To fill up the inside DS. To be full TC.(Tournadre & Dorje 2003) suggest that khangs is a literary variant of khengs. Compare also skong, gang, and sgang. khenkhenCD. DS, TC.khen [DS]khen[DS].DS, (Skorupski 2001). To lean, to repose on. (erroneously for bkhan pa [sic]) (Sch.) CD. To rest, rely on in order not to collapse DS. (dialect) To lean, to rest against TC. khebs'khebsCD, DK. khebsDS, TC. khebCD, DK.khebs[DS], TC.'khebDK. khebs[DS], TC.khebsDK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.'gebs(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). To cover; to spread over CD. To cover up; to spread over DK. To be able to cover, be able to arrange DS. To be covered TC. kherkherDS. kher [DS].kher[DS].DS. To make vertical, to extend DS.DS reports this as similar in meaning to ker to which it is likely a mere orthographic variant of, reflecting an aspirate pronunciation. khogkhog(Gyurme 1992: 259).'gog(Gyurme 1992: 259). To be taken out (Gyurme 1992: 259). khomkhomCD, DS, TC. khom DKkhomDK, [DS], TC.'khom DK. khom[DS], TC. khomsDK.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. to have leisure, time to do a thing. 2. to be enabled to do a thing by the absence of external impediments (Schtr.) CD. To have time; to be free; to be free from the worldly activities DK. To not have leisure, time DS. To have time for something TC. kholkholDS gives as the present of 'khol khyagkhyagCD, DK, DS, TC. khyags DK.khyag[DS], TC. khyagDK, [DS], TC.khyagsDK. khyag TC.TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To undertake, to be surety for [sic] CD. To float on water; to become mentally unsettled or unsteady DK. To endure hardship, to be able to hold up DS. To endure, to be able to lift or hold up something TC. khyabkhyabLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. khyabLZ, DK, [DS], TC.khyabLZ, DK, [DS], TC.khyabLZ, DK, -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skyob[Coblin 1986]gtam tsegs dang yul la LZ. To fill, penetrate, embrace; estimate, comprise CD. To cover up, to spread over DK. To spread, cover DS. To cover, to pervade, to include, to spread TC. khyogkhyogTC. khyog TC.khyogTC.-TC. TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be sustainable, to be borne, to be bearable TC. Compare 'khyog. khrulkhrulCD, DS. khrul[DS].khrul[DS].DS.: To let fall; to drop (several things at intervals) CD. To fall, drop individually DS. khremskhremsCD, TC. khremsTC.khremsTC.-TCTC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To water gardens and cultivation; to sprinkle water CD. To be absorbed TC. khrelkhrelCD, DS, TC. khrel[DS], TC.khrel[DS].-TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be ashamed; to provoke shame CD. To loose hope, to no longer desire DS. To be embarrassed (by the reproach of another), to be considerate TC. khrokhroLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'khroCD.khrosLZ, C D, ND, DK, DS, TC.khroLZ, DK, DS, TC. 'khro ND.khrosLZ, ND, DK, - DS, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).khro 'anger'NWHsdang dgra sogs la LZ. khro bor ND. To be angry CD. To get angry; to be filled with anger; to be indignant DK. To be angry, aggressive DS. To go angry, to become angry TC. mkhasmkhasKYN, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. mkhasKYN, LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.mkhasKYN, LZ, DK, [DS], TC.mkhas, LZ, DK, -[KYN], TC.[KYN], TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).chos srid sogs las LZ. To become wise; to become a scholar; cause to be learned DK. To be able, skilled, to have compassion DS. To be learned TC.KYNgives the imperative asmkhas par gyis implying that there is no imperative. mkhomkhoLZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. mkhoLZ, ND, DK, TC.mkhoLZ, DK, TC.mkhoLZ, DK. - TC. TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'di dang phyi ma sogs la LZ. To want CD. To necessitate; to become necessary; to be in need DK. To want, to need TC. mkhyudmkhyudLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. mkhyudLZ, DK, [DS], TC.mkhyudLZ, DK, [DS], TC.mkhyudLZ, DK. TC. TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).don nam dpe sogs LZ. To keep, to hold, to retain CD. To be secretive, to conceal one's knowledge with ill intention DK. (archaic) To hide (small religious instructions &c.) DS. To conceal, to hide TC. mkhyenmkhyendLZ. mkhyen CD, DK, DS, TC. mkhyendLZ, DK.mkhyen[DS], TC.mkhyenLZ, DK, [DS], TC.mkhyendLZ. mkhyen DK, TC.TC.(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 191), (Hoshi 2003).DS, (Skorupski 2001). TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 191), (Hackett 2003).dgongs yul du LZ. To know CD. To know, to understand; to comprehend DK. To know, understand, examine DS. (honorific) To know, to comprehend TC. Root given as mkhyen < *mkhyan < mkhan (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15). mkhrangmkhrangND. mkhrangsND.mkhrangND.-ND.ND.blo shed sogsND. hard, solid, compact (Ja) CD. mkhregmkhregND. mkhregsND.mkhregND.-ND.ND.sra ba'i ND. hard, firm (Ja) CD. mkhrenmkhrenND. mkhrendND.mkhrenND.-NDND.thugs la ND. 'khang'khangCD, ND, DK, DS, TC, (Denwood 1991: 136). 'khangND, 'khangs DK, DS, TC, (Denwood 1991: 136).'khangDK, DS, TC.'khangsDK. - DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To hurt at heart or offend, also to irritate CD. To be unsatisfied, to be discontented or hateful DK. To believe, to not be happy DS. To be resentful, to be spiteful, to bear ill will TC. To recriminate, complain, resist (Denwood 1991: 136) 'kham'khamCD, DK. 'khams TC. 'khamsDK, TC.'khamDK. 'khams TC.'khamsDK. -TC.TC. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To sink or fall down senseless; to faint away; to swoon. 2. To take into one's mouth (Sch.) CD. To faint, to become unconscious TC. 'khar'kharCD, DK, TC. 'khardDK. 'khar TC. 'kharDK, TC.'khardDK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To adhere, to stick to CD. To long for; to crave for, to be greedy; to be impeded DK. To adhere to, to stick to, to be caught on TC. 'khal'khalLZ, CD, DK, (DS), TC. 'khel DS, (TC). bkaldLZ, DK. bkalDS, TC.bkalLZ, DK, TC. dgal DS.kheldLZ. 'khald DK. khol DS. 'khol TC. TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skud pa sogs LZ. 1. To spin. 2. (in West) To send; to forward things CD. To spin yard; to make thread DK. To spin wool, cotton, silk &c. into thread DS. To spin TC. Compare 'khel 'khu'khuLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC, (Denwood 1991: 136). 'khusLZ, DS, (Denwood 1991: 136). 'khu ND, DK, TC.'khuLZ, DK, DS, TC.'khuLZ, DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).zhe gnag gis LZ. To offend, to vie with, contend (Ja) CD. To be unsatisfied; to hate DK. To bear thoughts of harm DS. 1. To contend with, to vie with, to harm. 2. (archaic) To oppose TC. To oppose, rebel (Denwood 1991: 136). perhaps to be linked with dku. 'khugs'khugsDK, TC give as the present of khug. 'khun'khunLZ, DK, DS, TC. 'khundLZ. khund DK, 'khun [DS], TC.'khunLZ, [DS], TC. khun DK. 'khunLZ. 'khund DK. - TCTC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).khur sogs kyis mnard te LZ. To pant, to whisper DK. For a sound to come from the throat because of illness DS. 1. To groan, to moan. 2. To be breathless. 3. To make a guttural sound like the cawing of a pigeon TC. 'khum'khumCD, DK, ND, DS, TC. khumsCD.'khumND 'khums DK, DS, TC.'khumDK, DS, TC.'khumsDK. - DS, TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skum(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116) To shrink CD. To contract, shrink; to be afraid of, to recoil DK. 1. To shrink in size. 2. To measure, be miserly DS. To shrink, contract TC. 'khums'khumsLZ, DK.'khumCD, ND, DS, TC. 'khums LZ, DK, DS, TC.khumsCD, DK.'khumND 'khumsLZ.'khumDS, TC. khum DK.'khumsLZ. khums DK. - DS, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).tshig don sogsLZ. To comprehend CD. To comprehend, to hear DK, DS. To know, to have an idea of TC. 'khur'khurLZ, CD, DK, DS. TC. bkurCD (in West).khurdLZ. khur DS, TC.bkurdDK.khurLZ, 'khur DS, TC. bkur DK.khurLZ, DS, TC. khurd DK.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skur(Gyurme 1992: 259).khres po sogs LZ. To carry; to fetch; in convey CD. To carry DK. To carry placed on a person's back or shoulders DS. To carry, to shoulder, to bear TC. 'khul'khulCD, DK, TC. 'khuldDK.'khul(li yung khrang 1988).'khulDK, (li yung khrang 1988).'khuldDK. - (li yung khrang 1988).(li yung khrang 1988).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skul[Coblin 1986] 1. To subdue, to subject (Nag) (Cs.). 2. To be uneasy about CD. To subdue, to force TC. 'khus'khusDK, TC. bkusDK.bkuDK.khusDK To extract juice from; to take out juice DK. (archaic) To conceal TC. 'kheng'kheng TC. 'khengsTC.'khengTC.-TC. TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be frozen, to be congealed TC. 'khebs'khebsCD, DK give as present to khebs 'khel'khelLZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. khelCD. DS. 'gel (CD).bkaldLZ, ND. khel CD, DK, [DS], TC.bkalLZ1.dgalLZ2.'khal NDNDB seems to read 'khas but this is more likely a mistake than the 'khal of NDA. 'khelDK, TC.khel[DS].kheldLZ1, DK khold LZ2, ND. - TC.ND, DS. TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 313), (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 313). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gel(Beyer 1992: 113).khral dang chad pa sogs LZ1. khal dang gzer lung la LZ2. skud pa sogs ND. To put on, to pack on, to load ('khel) CD. 1. to load upon; = 'khel ba (Ja), 2. reply upon; depend on (khel)CD. To be decided, to be confirmed; to strike, hit; to be on the way DK. 1. To strike (e.g. a target with arrow). 2. To decide on the meaning of a belief DS. 1. To be determined. 2. To make contact, to encounter, to coincide with, to endure. 3. To trust TC. 'kho'khoCD. 'khos(Zeisler 2004: 454).khos(Zeisler 2004: 454).dgos(see note). To wish, to want, to think useful, serviceable, necessary (Ja) CD. Compare khos pa 'wanted, wished for', compare also mkho 'to be desirable, necessary' mkhos phub 'fancy for something' (CD). dgos 'to need' may perhaps be related as the future stem (Zeisler 2004: 454 n. 138). 'khong'khongCD, DS, TC. 'khong[DS].'khong[DS].DS. To draw in one's limbs; to sit in a cowering position, to squat; to hide one's self CD. 1. To be unsatisfiedly unhappy. 2. To remain with the body's limbs contracted. 3. (mdo smad dialect for sgong1) To make into a ball (barley flower &c.) DS. (archaic) To be disheartened TC. Compare bkong1 and 'gong 'khod'khodLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'khodLZ, [DS], TC. khod DK. 'khodLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'khodLZ. khod DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. (Gyurme 1992: 247)[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'god(Beyer 1992: 112), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)gdan sogs la LZ. To sit, to dwell, to live; to be set down CD. To be registered; to sit down on a throne; to be enthroned; to become a leader; to be in line DK. To stay in one's place DS. 1. To be placed, to be present, to be situated. 2. To be established, to be set down, to be recorded, to be labeled TC.(Uray 1972: 19) connects this verb with mkhos/khos/khod 'institution, administration, settlement of the state' along with the verbs, sko and 'god. 'khon1bkonLZ, TC.'khonND, DK. bkondLZ, ND, DK.bkonLZ, ND, DK.bkondLZ. kondND, khond DK.ND. (Skorupski 2001).'khon2NWH.gnod pa sogsLZ. logs la ND. To create enmity; to disturb a friendly relation or to cause disunion DK. To threaten, menace DS. (archaic) To bear a grudge, to harbor revenge TC. 'khon2'khonLZ. DK, DS, TC. khondLZ. khon DK.'khon[DS], TC.'khonLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'khonLZ. khond DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Ass.] (Hackett 2003).'khon1NWH.gzhan dang LZ. To bear a grudge or ill will against a person; to be dissatisfied with a thing; to be malicious, spiteful CD. To be revengeful, spiteful, hateful DK. 1. To bear enmity, hostility. 2. To be impeded, to be obstructed TC.(Chang 1971: vii.16) suggests based on colloquial data a verb *'khon which means 'to get caught, or hung up' see note at skon, and rkon. 'khob'khobsCD. 'khob DS, TC. 'khobsDS. 'khob TC.'khobDS, TC.-DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be startled, agitated, alarmed (Ja) CD. To be stiff due to cold DS. To be stiff, rigid TC. 'khoms'khoms DK gives as the present of khom 'khor'khordLZ. 'khor CD, DK, DS, TC. 'khordLZ, DK'khor[DS], TC.'khorLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'khor LZ. 'khord DK. - TC. TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skor(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).las nyon gyis 'khor bar LZ. 1. To turn round, circumambulate. 2. To be formed, perfected. CD. To rotate or turn round DK. 1. To turn at a hub. 2. To change direction. 3. To come, to gather DS. To revolve, to rotate, to spin, to go around, to elapse (of time) TC. Compare the noun sgor mo 'round, a circle, globe'. 'khol1'kholCD, DK, TC. khol DS.kholCD, DK, DS, TC.'kholDK, DS, TC.kholdDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skol(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff). (in Medicine) To boil CD. To be boiling, to feel anxiety or to be agitated, to be active in service, to be an obedient servant DK. For bubbles to arise from within a liquid which has arrived at a certain temperature DS. To boil, be boiled TC. 'khol2'kholLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bkoldLZ, DK.bkolCD, DS, TC.bkolLZ, DK, TC. dgol DS.kholLZ, CD, DS, TC. khold DK.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).g.yog sogs su LZ. 1. To make a person a slave; to bind as a servant, to cause to serve one. 2. To become insensible, to be asleep; to get benumbed in reference to the limbs (Sch.) CD. To use as a servant; to make somebody serve; to use DK. To use DS. To take into service, to assign someone, to use TC. 'khol3bkolLZ, TC.'kholCD, ND, DK, DS. bkoldLZ, ND, DK.bkolCD, DS, TC.bkolLZ, ND, DK, TC. dgol DS.bkoldLZ. kholCD, DS, TC. khold ND, DK.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).logs dang zur duLZ. zur du las 'am ND. To save; to spare; to enjoy with moderation (Cs.) CD. To isolate, to keep separately DK. To separate apart, put aside DS. To select, set aside, single out, separate TC. 'khyag'khyagCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'khyagsND, DK, DS, TC. khyags (DS).'khyag ND, DK, DS, TC.-ND, DS, TC. 'khyags DK. ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).grang ba'i ND. To freeze, coagulate, feel cold CD. To freeze or become very cold, to be chilled DK. To cool DS. To be cold, to freeze TC. 'khyam'khyamLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'khyamsLZ, DK, DS, TC.'khyamLZ, DK, DS, TC.khyamsLZ. 'khyams DK. - DS. 'khyoms TC.DS.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'khor ba sogs su LZ. To rove, to wander CD. To wander; to ramble DK. To go here and there without a definite goal DS. To wander, to roam, to travel aimlessly TC. 'khyar'khyarLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'khyardLZ. khyar DK. 'khyar[DS], TC.'khyarLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'khyarLZ. khyard DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gzhan du LZ. To err, to go astray CD. To roam; to wander; to stray DK. To let out a secret DS. To be dislocated, to stray, to be dispersed, to be missing TC. Root given as 'khyar < 'khor 'turn' (?) (Beyer 1992: 83). 'khyal1'khyalLZ, DK. bkyaldLZ, DK.bkyalLZ, DK.kyaldLZ. 'khyald DK.don med pa'i ngag sogs LZ. To talk nonsense, to gossip or drivel DK. 'khyal2'khyaldDK. 'khyal DS, TC. khyalDK. 'khyal [DS], TC.'khyalDK, [DS], TC.khyaldDK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To gossip; to converse meaninglessly DK. 1. For earlier and later words to not be connected, for earlier and later to not be connected. 2. To move away from an earlier position DS. To lapse, to lose control, to go astray TC. Compare the nouns rkyal ka, and kyal ka 'a joke, jest, trick'. 'khyig1'khyig CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'khyigs LZ, (CD). bkyigsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bkyigLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.khyigsLZ, ND, DS, TC. 'khyigs DK.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rkang lag sogs LZ. thag pas ND. To bind, to take prisoner; (in Central Tibet) to strangle, suffocate CD. To bind; to fasten or tie; to truss up DK. To restrain men, livestock &c. with a rope DS. To tie, bind TC. 'khyig2'khyigDS. 'khyigsDS.'khyigDS.-DS.DS.DS. To tightly bind DS. 'khyigs'khyigs(Ja). To comprise, encompass (Ja). 'khyid'khyidCD (archaic). To turn, roll (one's eyes); to draw out; strain; to roll, revolve CD. 'khyims'khyimsLZ, CD, DS. 'khyimsLZ, [DS].'khyimsLZ, [DS].'khyims LZ.DS.nyi zla sogs LZ. To be encircled with a halo, like the sun and moon CD. To seep out from DS. Compare 'gyim pa 'circumference'. 'khyir'khyirCD, DS, TC. 'khyird DK. khyirDK. 'khyir [DS] TC.'khyirDK, [DS], TC.khyirDK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To turn around CD. To wind round; to move in a circle; to circle DK. To rotate a parasol DS. To rotate, spin TC. 'khyil'khyilLZ, CD, DS, TC. 'khyild DK. 'khyildLZ. khyil DK. 'khyil[DS], TC.'khyilLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'khyilLZ. khyild DK. -- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skyil(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).dgyibs kyi rnam pa sogs su LZ. To wind; to twist; to whirl around CD. To be collected or to be stored; to accumulate DK. 1. To be bent like the pattern of a conch shell. 2. For liquids (water &c.) to gather DS. 1. To be absorbed. 2. To whirl around, to twist, to coil up, to curl up, to spiral TC. 'khyu'khyu CD gives as the present to 'khyus 'khyug'khyugLZ, CD, DS, TC. 'khyugs DK. 'khyugLZ. khyug CD, DK. 'khyugs DS, TC.'khyugLZ, DK, DS, TC.'khyugLZ. khyugs DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).glog dang nya chung sogs LZ. To run, move swiftly CD. To move swiftly, to flash DK. To move swiftly, to flash TC. 'khyud'khyudLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'khyudLZ, ND, [DS], TC. khyud DK.'khyudLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'khyudLZ, TC. khyud DK. ND.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).phan tshunLZ. 1. To embrace. 2. To glide in or into. 3. To be able CD. To embrace or hug; to encompass; to coil up; to surround or to encircle; to have great faith or interest in some one or some thing DK. 1. Tug, to embrace. 2. To engage in sexual intercourse TC. 'khyur'khyurCD, TC. 'khyurd DK.khyurDK. 'khyur TC.'khyurDK, TC.khyurdDK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skyur [CD].(Beyer 1992: 116). 1. To be separated, divorced (Cs.); to stop; to put an end to. 2. To be deserted (Ja) CD. To be transferred DK To be transferred, to be assigned TC. 'khyus'khyuCD. 'khyus ND, DK, DS (archaic), TC. 'khyusCD, ND, TC. khyus DK.'khyu DK. 'khyus TC.khyusDK.-TK.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dkyuNWH. To run away CD, DK. (an archaic equivalent of 'bros) To flee DS. To run away, to flee TC.ND lists another verb 'khyus, dkyus, dkyu, dkyus with Characteristic Example bros pa'i which is clearly a confusion between this verb and dkyu, compare dkyu. 'khyeg'khyegND. bkyegND.'gyegND.khyogND.yar la ND. 'khyed'khyedCD.khyed(Beyer 1992: 113).'gyed(Beyer 1992: 113) 1. To be sufficient, to suffice, to be enough; to hold out. 2. (Central Dialect) To gain (a lawsuit); to be acquitted (Ja) CD. 'khyer'khyerLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. khyerd LZ, ND, DK. khyer DS, TC.khyerLZ, DK. 'khyer ND, DS, TC.khyerLZ, DS, TC. khyerdND. 'khyerd DK.ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210), (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210). (Hackett 2003).rdzas sogs gzhan duLZ. lag tu ND. To carry away, to take away CD. To carry, to take away, to bring DK. To carry, to take away TC. 'khyel'khyelCD. (in Ladakh) To hit, to strike CD. 'khyog'khyogCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. khyogCD. 'khyog ND. 'khyogs DK, DS, TC.'khyogDK, DS, TC.khyogCD. 'khyogs DK. - DS, TC.CD. DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To lift; lift up. 2. To carry, to bring CD. To be crooked; to become crooked, to twist DK. To be bent, to be crooked, to sway, to curve TC. 'khyong'khyongLZ, CD, TC. 'khyongs CD, DK, DS. 'khyongsLZ, [DS], TC. khyong DK.'khyongLZ, DK, TC. 'khyongs [DS].khyongsLZ, DK. - TC.TC. (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).nyin dnag thun sogsLZ. 1. To observe. 2. (in Ladakh) To bring (Ja), (Ramsay) CD. 1. To continue without interruption. 2. To arrive at a good or complete [state]. 3. To be able. 4. To enunciate, use good diction DS. To continue, to conclude TC. 'khyom'khyomLZ, CD, DS, TC. 'khyomsLZ, DS, TC.'khyomLZ, DS, TC.khyomsLZ. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skyom(Chang 1971: v .4), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116)Beyer incorrectly gives 'khyo [sic] 'reel, stagger' for 'khyom, with causative skyom 'shake, agitate' (Beyer 1992: 116)., (Duff).sa dang sems sogsLZ. (in Central Tibet) To reel, stagger CD. To be aroused, to be agitated, to be disturbed. 2. To sway, to roll, to rock TC. 'khyor'khyorCD, DS, TC. 'khyor[DS], TC.'khyor[DS], TC.-TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be unsteady; to miss, fail, not to hit (Cs.); to reel, stager from intoxication CD. To be unsteady, to stagger, to totter TC. Root given as 'khyor < 'khor 'turn' (Beyer 1992: 83) 'khyol'khyolLZ, CD, DS, TC. 'khyold DK. 'khyoldLZ. khyol DK. 'khyol [DS], TC.'khyolLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'khyoldLZ. khyold (LZ), DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).nyams len sogs tshad duLZ. To be carried, to be bought CD. To reach one's destination; to complete one's life DK. To be concluded, to be finished, to reach a goal TC. CD suggests comparison with skyel 'khra'khraLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'khrasLZ, CD (probably), DK, DS, TC.'khraLZ, DK, DS, TC.'khrasLZ, DK. -DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).rten gnas sogs laLZ. To lean to; to incline toward (Cs.) CD. To crave for; to be impeded DK. (archaic) To be attached, to stay in one place, to depend on TC. 'khrab1'khrabCD, DK, DS. bkrabCD.skrab CD. bkrabs DK. DS.bkrabDK, (DS). dkrab DS.'khrabsDK. khrobs DS.DS.DS.skrabNWH.'khrab ma'flail, fan' NWH. 1. To strike; to beat (in regular, strokes as in swimming and rowing). 2. To winnow, to fan. 3. To blink, twinkle, wink with the eyes. 4. To jest, joke. 5. To leap, jump. 6. To scoop out; to bail out CD. To select; to move legs, eyes etc. to dance DK. To thresh or winnow chaff from grain with a flail or fan DS. 'khrab2'khrabLZ, DS, TC. 'khrabsLZ, TC. 'khrab [DS].'khrabLZ, [DS], TC.khrobsLZ. 'khrobs TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 339), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 339), (Hackett 2003).skrabNWH.bro gar sogsLZ. To dance DS. To perform, to stage, to beat, to stamp TC. 'khri'khriCD, ND, DS, TC. 'khrisCD, DS, TC. 'khri ND.'khriDS, TC.-DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dkri[CD] (Chang 1971: v.6) (Duff). To wind, compress; entangle, hold fast CD. To be responsible, to be tied down by responsibilities TC. 'khrig'khrigLZ, ND, CD, DK. 'khrigs DS, TC. 'khrigsLZ, DK, [DS], TC. 'khrig LZ, ND.'khrigLZ, DK. 'khrigs [DS], TC.khrigsLZ. 'khrig LZ. 'khrigs DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dkrig(Duff).'grig(Beyer 1992: 112).khug rna dang sprin sogs LZ. 'dod pas LZ. To cohere; to stick together, become thick CD. To become overcast, to be piled up DK. To thicken, to become dense, to gather TC. 'khrid1bkriLZ, CD (archaic), TC.'khridCD, ND, DK, DS. bkrisLZ, CD, DK, (DS), TC. bkriCD.bkridND.bkriLZ, ND, DK, (DS), TC.khridND, DK, DS. bkris LZ, (DS), TC.ND, DS, TC. DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skriNWH.thar lam dang gzhan sogs suLZ. gnas suND. To lead; to conduct; bring to a place, especially used with in connection with animals and children, also of leading and army ('khrid)CD. To draw, to try, to acquire, to search for (bkri) CD. To lead; to bring to a place; to take; to guide from the worldly misery DK. 1. To lead on a path. 2. To teach, instruct. 3. To lead, turn someone to go in a particular direction (DS). To guide, lead TC. 'khrid2'khridLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. khridLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.khridLZ, DK. 'khrid DS, TC.khridLZ, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hackett 2003).gnas dang dpe cha sogsLZ.To lead; to conduct; bring to a place, especially used with in connection with animals and children, also of leading and army CD. To explain a book; to teach in detail DK.1. To lead on a path. 2. To teach, instruct. 3. To lead, turn someone to go in a particular direction DS. 1. To lead, to draw, to take, to guide, to bring, to conduct. 2. To instruct, to teach TC. 'khrims'khrimsDS. 'khrims[DS].'khrims[DS].DS. To be cowardly, terror having arisen DS. 'khril'khrilLZ, CD, DS, TC. 'khrild DK. khril (DS).'khrildLZ. khril DK, [(DS)]. 'khril [DS], TC.'khrilLZ, DK, [DS], TC.khril [(DS)].'khrilLZ. khrild DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dkri(Chang 1971: v.6). sgril NWH.lus dang shing sogs laLZ. To wind, coil round, to clasp round CD. To embrace; to hug; to coil up DK. To coil, wind around TC. 'khris'khrisLZ. 'khrisLZ.'khrisLZ. 'khrisLZ.'dod yon sogs laLZ. 'khru'khruCD, DK, DS, TC. khrus DK. 'khrus DS, TC.'khruDK, DS, TC.'khrus DK. -DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'khrudNWH. To wash, to bathe CD. To become clean; to be washed DK. To have diarrhea TC. 'khrug'khrugCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'khrugCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.'khrugND, DK, DS, TC.'khrugsND, DK. -ND, DS, TC.ND. ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dkrug[CD], (Chang 1971: v. 6), (Gyurme 1992: 258), (Duff).dmag sogsND. dmagND. To be in commotion, to be disturbed CD. To fight; to quarrel; to disturb or to be in disorder; to be confused DK. 1. To be disturbed, to be agitated. 2. To fight, to quarrel TC. 'khrung'khrungCD, DK, DS, TC. 'khrungs CD. 'khrungsDK, DS, TC.'khrungDK, DS, TC.'khrungDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). (honorific) 1. To be born to. 2. To arise, come from. 3. To come up, shoot, sprout, grow (Ja) CD. To be born DK. (honorific) To be born TC. 'khrud'khruLZ, (TC).'khrudCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bkrusLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.'khrusCD.bkruLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.khru(Zeilser 2004: 348).khrusLZ, ND, DK DS TC.ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hackett 2003).'khruNWH.sgrub chu sogs kyisLZTo wash, to cleanse, to bathe CD. To wash; to cleanse; to take a bath DK. To wash TC. 'khrul'khrulCD, DK, DS, TC. 'khruldDK. 'khrul[DS], TC.'khrulDK, [DS], TC.'khruldDK. -TCTC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'grul(Beyer 1992: 112). To be insane or deranged CD. To be mistaken, to be confused DK. To be mistaken, to err, to be bewildered, to be deranged, to hallucinate TC. 'khren'khrenLZ, CD. 'khrendDK. 'khrendLZ. khren DK.'khrenLZ, DK.khrendLZ, DK.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).khyim sogs laLZ. 1. To wish, to long for. 2. To look upon with envy, jealousy (Ja) CD. To long for; to crave for; to be greedy DK. 'khreb'khrebDS, TC. 'khreb[DS]. 'khrebsTC.'khreb[DS], TC.-TC.TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).To squint?? mig rdeb DS.To be stubborn TC. 'khrel'khreldDK. khrelDK.'khrelDK.khreldDK. To hate, dislike; to be hesitant DK. 'khro'khro CD. gives as the present to khro. 'khrog'khrogTC. 'khrogsTC.'khrogTC.-TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dkrog(Chang 1971: v.6), (Gyurme 1992: 258), [Duff].skrog(Chang 1971: v.6) To dislocate a joint. 2. To have a rumbling stomach, to have borborygmus. 3. To be hard of hearing TC.(Chang 1971: v.6) suggests a verb *[']-khrog-[s] with the definition 'to get churned'. (Gyurme 1992: 158) gives the definition 'to be agitated'. 'khrol1'khrolLZ, CD, ND, DS. dkrolLZ, DK, TC.bkroldLZ. dkroldLZ, ND, DK. dkrolCD, DS, TC. bkrol(DS)dkrolLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.khroldLZ. khrolCD, DS. dkroldND, DK. dkrolTC.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khrol2(Duff).rol mo sogs(dkrol)LZ. sil rnyan bon rna sogs('khrol)LZ.rol ma sogsND. To cause to sound; make a noise; play CD. 3 To sound; to play musical instruments DK. To draw out sound from a music instrument DS. To play a musical instrument TC 'khrol2'khrolDK, TC. 'khroldDK. 'khrolTC.'khrolDK, TC.'khroldDK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.'khrol1 (Duff) To sound DK. To play a musical instrument TC. 'khrol3'khrolTC (Bielmeier 1988: 20)'khrolTC.khrol(Bielmeier 1988: 20)'khrolTC.-TC.TC.(Bielmeier 1988: 20)[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).grol(Bielmeier 1988: 20).To unravel, decipher, to be given permission, consent TC (Duff). To untie something (Bielmeier 1988: 20).
ga ganggangCD, DS, TC. 'gangDK.gangDK, [DS], TC.gang[DS], TC.'gangDK.gangDK-TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Inst.] (Hackett 2003).'geng(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).sgangNWH. To fill, to make fill CD. To be full; to become full DK. To pervade the parts, to reach the amount DS. To be full, to become full TC. Compare kheng, and skong. gabgabCD, DS, TC. 'gabs DK.gabDK, [DS], TC.'gab DK. gab[DS], TC. gabs DKgobTC. TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gebs(Chang 1971: vii.16-17), (Gyurme 1992: 259). To hide, to conceal one's self CD. To hide; to conceal one's self DK. To hide DS. To hide oneself, to conceal oneself TC. galgalCD, DK. galdDK.galDK.galdDK. To force, to press something on a person CD. To be liable for; to be subject to a tax DK. gasgas [CD], DS, TC. gas[DS].gas[DS].DS, TC.'gas1TC. To split, to crack, to burst apart [CD]. (for a substance) To fracture DS. To break, split TC. to be identified with 'gas2 guggugLZ, CD, TC. 'gugDK.bkugLZ.gugDK, TC.bkugLZ.gugDK, TC.gugLZ.'gugsDK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).shing sogsLZ. 1. To stoop, bend, to bow down. 2. (In West) to rub or scratch gently; to tickle CD. To bend toward, to bend down DK. To bend down, to stoop down, to be bent, to b3e crooked, to bow down TC. related to dgu(Duff) also compare 'gugs. gudgudTC. gudTC.gudTC.-TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To decline, to fade TC. gusgusDK, TC. gusDK, TC.gusDK, TC.gusDK, TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To respect; to show respect DK. To be respectful, to bow down, to salute TC. gogoLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bgosLZ. goDK, [DS], TC.bgoLZ. goDK, [DS], TC.gosLZ. goDK. - TC.TC, (Gyurme 1992: 252), [Goldstein 1991: 127], (Hoshi 2003).DS, (Gyurme 1992: 252), [Goldstein 1991: 127].TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).nyan(Duff)chos gos sogs lus paLZ. To understand, to perceive mentally CD. To hear; to comprehend or understand; to perceive DK. 1. To understand. 2. To hear DS. 1. To understand. 2. To hear TC. goggogLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bkogLZ gog DK, [DS], TC.dgogLZ. gogDK, [DS], TC.gogDK.-TC.TC. (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gog2(Chang 1971: vii.17)shing shun sogsLZ. 1. To crawl. 2. To crumble off; to scale off CD. To become older and older; to age; to decay; to crawl DK. To crawl with four limbs on the ground DS. To crawl TC. godgodLZ, CD, TC. godLZ, DK.godLZ, TC.godLZ. -TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).rgyun nor sogsLZ. To suffer loss CD. To be squandered, to be diminished TC. gongonCD, DK, DS. gondDK. gon[DS].gonDK, [DS].gondDK.(Hoshi 2003). DS.g.yog(Chang vii.16, see note at skon). skon (Chang vii.16, see note at skon), (Gyurme 1992: 259). To put clothes on CD. To put on; to wear DK. To wear shoes etc DS. a variant of gyonCD, (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Hoshi 2003). See note at skon. gomgom LZ gives as the present of 'gom. gomsgomsDK, DS, TC. gomsDK, [DS], TC.gomsDK, [DS], TC.gomsDK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgom[Duff] To be accustomed to, used to DK. To become familiar with, used to DS. To become accustomed to, to become familiar with TC. gol'golCD.'goldDK.golDS (archaic), TC. golCD, DK, [DS], TC.'golDK. gol[DS], TC.goldDK.-TC.TC.CD, DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To part, separate. 2. To deviate, err, go astray CD. To go to an isolated place DK. (archaic) To err, go wrong DS. To mistake, to go astray, to miss TC. Root given as T 'gol ba , OT dgol pha (<*dgold, as indicated by the use of the suffix pha) (Coblin 1986). gosgosDS. gos[DS].gos[DS].DS. For one thing to stick on another thingDS. gyargyar TC. gyarTC.gyarTC.-TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To encounter, to fall into (a state). 2. To go astray, to wander. 3. To be dispersed, to get lost TC. gyedgyedDS. gyed[DS].gyed[DS].DS. To open a gap DS. gyerdgyerCD, DK. gyerDS, TC. gyerCD, [DS], TC.bgyerdDK.gyer[DS], TC.bgyerDK.gyerTC.bgyerdDK.TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To sing, chant (gyer) [CD]. To sing, chant (an expression of the Bon-po) (dgyer) CD. To put in tune, to chant DK.To recite with a certain intonation DS. To sing, chant, to hum a tune TC. gyesgyesCD. To analyze, to split asunder CD. elsewhere CD refers gyes to 'gyes. gyongyonCD, DS, TC. gyon[DS], TC.gyon[DS], TC.gyonTC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skon(Gyurme 1992: 259), skyonNWH. To put on; to dress; to wear CD. To cover the body with a hat &c. DS. To wear, to put on TC. Root given as gyon < gon (Beyer 1992: 83). Not to be differntiate from gonCD, (Gyurme 1992: 259). gyolgyolDS. gyol[DS].gyol[DS].DS. To have difficulty walking because of a problem with the feet (for either men or livestock) DS. graggragCD, DK, DS, TC.gragsCD, DS.gragDK, TC. gragDK, DS, TC.gragDK-DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To sound forth; to utter a cry or sound, of men, animals, thunder, &c.; to shout [CD]. To repeat a statement without agreeing with it DK. 1. To make a noise, sound. 2. To speak. 3. To hear, understand (a name, some news &c.) DS. 1. To resound, to emit sound, (preceded by kha) to speak. 2. To hear TC. Compare grags1 and sgrog. grags1'gragsCD.gragsDK, TC. gragsCD, DK, TC.gragsDK, TC.gragsDK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgrog(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). To be famous; to be called CD. To become well known, to be famous DK. To be well known TC. Compare grag. grags2gragsCD. 'gragsCD. To bind, fasten up a load (Ja) CD. grang1grangDS. grang[DS].grang[DS].(Hoshi 2003).DS. For the body to experience getting cold DS. grang2grang(Gyurme 1992: 150-152), (Hahn 1994: S4, 126-8), (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997). (rare, main verb is negated) Its main function is to express a certain necessity (Hahn 1994: S4, 126-8). Introduces a question which anticipates a negative response (Gyurme 1992: 150-152). 1. To be suitable, allowed. 2. (archaic) A question word similar to gam, ngam, &c. (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997). Compare krang grangsgrangs LZ. gives as the present of bgrang grabsgrabsLZ. grabsLZ.grabsLZ. grabsLZ.'gro chas sogsLZ.1. (verb + grabs) about to do the verbal action. 2. (transitive verb. + grabs + byed) to make preparations (Goldstein 2001). gramgram[CD], DS, TC.gram[DS], TC.gram[DS], TC.-TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'grems(Gyurme 1992: 258] (Duff). 1. To spread (as of grain, for drying). 2. To put or lay down in order (beams, &c.); to spread out; to display; to scatter; to draw (a curtain) [CD].To cover, pervade, arrive DS. To be covered, to be strewn, to be scattered TC. Compare 'grams grasgrasCD. dras CD. To bind CD. grimgrimCD, DS, TC. 'grim(Gyurme 1992: 259).grims DS.grim TC. grimDS, TC.-TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgrim(Duff). (Gyurme 1992: 259). To hasten; to hurry (Sch.) CD. To be wound tighter (of thread, rope &c.) DS. To become tight, to be tightened TC. gruggrugCD, DS, TC. grug[DS]. grugsTC.grug[DS], TC.-TC.TC.DS. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To break into small pieces, to crumble, to bruise CD. 1. To break into small pieces. 2. For men's skin to become course because of cold DS. 1. To be chipped, to be broken, to be bruised. 2. To be chapped, cracked TC. grungsgrungs LZ. gives as the present to bgrung. grumgrum DS gives as the present of 'grum grumsgrumsTC. gives as the present of 'grum. grusgrusLZ. gives as the present of bgrud grongronDS. gron[DS].gron[DS].DS. To waste, spoil DS. grolgrolLZ, DS, TC. 'grolCD, (Bielmeier 1988: 20). 'groldDK.groldLZ.grolCD, DK, [DS], TC.'grolDK.grol[DS], TC.groldLZ, DK. -TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 287), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC, (Bielmeier 1988: 20). [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 287).'grol(Chang 1971: vii.18), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).sgrol(Gyurme 1992: 259) [Duff], 'khrol3 (Bielmeier 1988: 20)sdug bsngal sogs las LZ. To escape, be liberated, be released from CD. To be free from suffering; to become free; to be liberated DK. 1. For a knot or binding to come undone. 2. To individually separate, come to an end. 3. To become free DS. To adjourn, to close down, to break up, to uncoil. 2. To be free, to be liberated TC. To get untied (Bielmeier 1988: 20). glaglaLZ, DK, DS, TC. glasLZ, DK, DS, TC.glaLZ, DK, DS, TC.glasLZ, DK, DS. glosTC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.khal rta sogs brngan pasLZ. To hire; to rent DK. 1. To exploit. 2. To hire. 3. To rent DS. To hire, to rent TC. glanglanLZ, CD, DK. glonCD, DS, TC. blan (Goldstein 2001).glandLZ, DK. glan DS, TC.glanLZ, DK, TC. glon DS.glanLZ. gland DK. glon DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.gling bu dang lhan pa sogsLZ. To patch up; to mend. 2. To return. 3. (colloquial for glen) To speak (glan) CD. To return an answer; to reply. 2. To patch, mend (glon) CD. To answer, to patch DK. 1. To join, place, contact, one thing on another thing. 2. To send a reply, to harm in return for a reply which harms DS. 1. To patch, mend. 2. To return a favor, to respond to, to reciprocate. 3. (archaic) To love, crave, desire TC.(Beyer 1992: 110) suggests a connection to the noun lan 'answer'. glalglalCD, DK, DS, TC. klal CD, (DS).glaldDK.glal[DS], TC.glalDK, [DS], TC.glaldDK. ---TC.TC.DS, TC. To yawn or gasp CD. To display emotion through physical posture; to open [the] mouth; to yawn DK. 1. To yawn. 2. To stretch out TC. Compare the verb g-yal 'to yawn'. glasglasTC. (archaic) to move house TC. glengglengLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. glengsCD.glengsLZ, DK, DS, TC.glengLZ, DK, DS, TC.glengsLZ, DK, DS, TC.LZ, DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.gtam gzhi sogsLZ. To say, converse, relate, describe CD. To talk, say, mention DK. glebglebLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. glebsCD.glebsLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.glebLZ, DK, DS, TC.glebsLZ, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.rkang pasLZ. To make flat, plain (Cs.) (gleb)CD. To trample; to tread down; to press down by the feet (glebs) CD. To press down; to tread on DK. To press down, make flat DS. To flatten, press TC. glemglemCD, DK. glemsDK.glemDK.glemsDK To press, squeeze; to crush, squash (Ja.) CD. To squash, squeeze; to press, crush DK. glongglongDS. glongsDS.glongDS.glongsDSDS.DS. To scower DS. glodglodLZ, CD, DK, TC. glodLZ, DK, TC.glodLZ, DK, TC.glodLZ, DK, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.bcur sems sogsLZ. To relax, loosen; to release; to set free DK. To release, to set free, to let go, to let loose TC. glonglonCD, DS, TC. give as the present of glan dga'dga'CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dga'ND, DK, [DS], TC.dga'DK, [DS]. TC.-ND, TC. dga'DK.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To rejoice CD. To be happy, please; to be delighted DK. To become happy DS. To be glad, to be pleased, to be happy, take delight TC. Related by ablaut to mgu(Simon 1971: 474). dgardgarLZ, CD, DK, (DS) TC. dgorND. 'ger DS.bkardLZ, ND.bkarDK, DS, TC.dgarLZ, NDNDB appears to have dga' but this seems unlikely., DK, (DS), TC. bkar DS.dgardLZ, DK.dkordND. khor DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.mang po lasLZ.logs su'?A? zur duND. To separate; confine; place apart (men, cattle, goods) CD. To segregate; to cross examine; to separate; to isolate DK. 1. To separate. 2. To erect a tent with a poles. 3. To put under lamp light DS. 1. To set aside, to separate, to isolate, to quarantine, (usually following logs su). 2. To erect, pitch a tent with a pole TC. dgasdgasCD, DK. 'ges CD. 'gas DS. bkasCD, DK, DS.dgasCD, DK, DS.dgasDK. khos CD, DS.CD, DS.DS.'gas2[Chang 1971: vii.17] To crack; to split; to cleave (in two) (dgas) CD. To split, cleave, divide ('ges)CD. To crack; to split; to cut into halves or pieces DK. To split, break apart wood &c. with a knife or axe DS. dgudguCD, DK, TC. dguDK, TC.dguDK, TC.dguDK. -TC.TC.TC. To bend; to make crooked CD. To bend down, to become crooked DK. To bend down, to stoop down TC. Related to gug[Duff]. dgedgeND. dgeND. dgesdgesCD, DK. dgesDK.dgesDK.dgesDK. Delighted, pleased, cheered CD. To be delighted; to rejoice DK. perhaps related to dgyes? dgogdgogLZ gives as the present of 'gog2. dgogs1dgogsDK givess as the present of 'gog2 dgogs2dgogsDK. gogsDK.dgogDK.gogsDK. To cough DK. dgongsdgongsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dgongsLZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.dgongsLZ, DK, [DS], TC.dgongsLZ, DK, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).thugs laLZ. 1. To think, to reflect, to contemplate, to consider. 2. (usually with terminative of the infinitive) To purpose, intend CD. To think, to reflect, to contemplate, to consider DK. (honorific) To think, remember DS. (honorific) To think, intend TC. dgod1dgodLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rgod CD, DK, (DS), (TC). bgadLZ, [CD], ND, DK, DS, TC. brgad [CD], (DS).rgodDK.bgadLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. rgod DK.dgodLZ, ND, DK DS, TC. rgod DK, (DS).ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.gad mo 'laughter'NWH.gad mo sogs LZ. gad mo ND. To laugh (dgod) CD. 1. To laugh. 2. To grow weak, languid, indolent (rgod) CD. To make laugh or smile (dgod) DK. To focus; to become mentally excited (rgod) DK. To make a sound of joy, and manifest a delighted mind DS. To laugh TC. dgod2dgod LZ. gives as the present of 'god dgordgor ND. gives as the present of dgar dgos1dgosCD, DK, TC. dgosDK, TC.dgosDK, TC.dgosDK. -TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 191), (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Obl. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 191), (Hackett 2003). Implies necessity and what is due or desired; to be necessary, to want CD. To want; to be necessary DK. To need, require TC. dgos2DS. (an auxiliary verb when attached to the end of another verb) To encourage, exort to do DS. dgyedgyeCD, DK, DS, TC. gyeDK. dgye[DS], TC.dgyeDK, [DS], TC.dgyeDK. -TC.TC.DS, TC. To bend; to be curving or crooked CD. To straighten DK. To bend backwards or straighten the body DS. To bend backwards, to lean backwards TC. Compare dgyed dgyeddgyedTC. dgyedTC.dgyedTC.-TC.TC.TC. To fall backwards TC. Compare dgye. dgyed2dgyed (DS) gives as a present to 'gyed2 dgyerdgyer CD, DK. give as the present of gyer dgyeldgyelCD, DS. To fall down, tumble down CD. To cause a person or upright thing to lie horizontally DS. Compare sgyel. dgyesdgyesKYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dgyesKYN, LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.dgyesKYN, LZ, DK, [DS], TC.dgyesKYN, LZ, DK-TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).rang gzhan laLZ. (honorific) 1. To rejoice, to be glad. 2. To be pleased to; to choose CD. To be delighted; to be happy, pleased; to rejoice DK. (honorific) To become happy DS. (honorific) To rejoice, to be happy, to be delighted TC. Root given as dgyes < *dgya < *dga (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15). cf. dga' dgraddgradDS. dgrad[DS]. dgrad[DS]. 1. Stretch the feet making the space between the two feet larger. 2. To spread apart (claws &c.) DS. dgrongkrongsLZ. dgrongCD, DK, TC. 'grong ND, DS.bkrongsLZ, DK, DS, TC.'krongsND.bkrongLZ, NDA, DK. dgrong DS, NDB, TC. krongsLZ. dgrongsDK, TC. grongs ND, DSDS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.'grongs(Chang 1971: vii.19), (Gyurme 1992: 259).dug mtshon sogs kyisLZ. bsad pa'iND. To die (respectful for shi ba) CD. To assassinate; to kill DK. To kill DS. (honorific) To be killed, to die TC. dgroldgrol LZ. gives as the present of 'grol bgagbgagsLZ. 'gogDK.bgag TC.bkagsLZ. bgags (CD), DK, TC.bkagLZ. bgag DK, TC. bkag(DK).gogsLZ. khogs DK. bgogs TC.TC.DS, TC.lam sogsLZ. To block, stop; to obstruct; to limit, retain DK. To impede, obstruct, block TC.DS gives bgags as an alternative spelling of bsgags the past of sgog. Compare 'gog. bgambgamLZ, DK, TC. 'gam DS. bgamLZ. TC. bgams DK, DS. bgamLZ, DK, DS, TC.bgamLZ. bgams DK. 'goms DS. bgomTC.DS, C.DS, TC.nyams dang tshod sogsLZ. To estimate a person; to examine indirectly, to spy DK. 1. To examine, determine, size up a situation DS. To test, to estimate, to judge, to guess TC. bgobgoND, DK, DS, TC. bgosND, DK, DS, TC.bgoND, DK, DS, TC.bgosND, DK, DS, TC. -ND. ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). NDDS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).bgo sha go cha bag chags(bgos) ND. go cha dang skal ba(-) ND. To put on, to wear DK. To make wear, to wear a garment &c. DS. 1. To wear, to clothe, to put on. 2. To divide, to apportion TC. bgodbgodLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bgosLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.bgoLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.bgodLZ, DK. bgosDS, TC.DS, C.DS, TC.'bul rdzas sogsLZ. To divide CD. To divide; to share DK. 1. To allocate, apportion, allot. 2. (mathematics) To divide DS. To divide, apportion, allocate TC. bgombgom CD, ND give as the present of 'gom bgomsbgoms CD gives as the present of 'gom. bgorbgor CD, TC give as the present to 'gor1. bgyangbgyang TC. gives as the present of 'gyangs bgyidbgyidKYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bgyisKYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bgyiKYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gyi(Zeisler 2004: 348).gyisKYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).chos dge ba sogsLZ, bya las sogs ND. To do, to make CD. To work, to do DK. To do an action DS. To do, to perform, to make, to carry out TC. bgrang'drenLZ, DK, (TC).grangsLZ. bgrangCD, DS, TC. bgreng [CD] 'grang[CD] bgrangsLZ, DK, DS, TC.bgrangLZ, DK, DS, TC.'drongsLZ. 'drendDK. bgrongsDS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).sgrongNWH.grangs sogs(grangs) LZ.ma?G?i sogs('dren) LZ. To number, count, calculate CD. To count, calculate, find out by working with numbers DS. To count, enumerate, to compute, to calculate, to list, relate TC. bgradbgradLZ, CD, DS, TC. 'grad [CD], DK.dgrad(DS).bgradLZ, DK, [DS], TC.bgradLZ, DK, [DS] TC.bgradLZ. 'gradDK. bgrodTC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.bsgradNWH.rkang pa sogsLZ. To open wide (bgrad) CD. To spread, enter ('grad)CD. To open widely, e.g. one's mouth or leg's &c. To stare DK. To open the eyes wide DS. 1. To open wide, to spread apart, to expose. 2. To stretch out TC. bgrilbgrilCD, TC. bgrilTC.bgrilTC.bgrilTC.TC.TC.'gril[TC] To fall down; to drop down CD. To cause to fall down, to bring down TC. bgrubgru DS gives as the present to bgrud. bgrunggrungsLZ. bgrungCD, ND, DS, TC. bgrungsCD.'grung DK.bgrungs LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bgrungLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.grungsLZ. -ND. bgrungsND, DS, TC.'grungs DK.ND. ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.chu'i rnyog pa sogsLZ.snyogs ma (-) ND. rnyog ma (bgrungs) NDA. [illegiblecharacter]gs ma na (?) (bgrungs) NDB. To strain; to depurate [sic] CD. To purify, to clean, to filter DK. To purify (water &c.) DS. To filter, to strain, to purify water TC. bgrudgrusLZ. bgrudCD, ND, DK, (DS). bgru DS, TC. bgrusLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bgruLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bkru ND.grusLZ, CD, DS. bgrud DK. bgrus TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.nas 'bras sogsLZ. yos dang 'gras sogsND. To clear of husks; to shell CD. To peel, to husk DK. To husk, to hull DS, TC. bgrebgreTC. (archaic) To wallow, to roll on the ground TC. bgre2bgreDK gives as the present of bgres. bgrengbgrengCD gives as 'occasionally for' sgeng, and as equivalent to bgrang bgresbgreDK. bgresDS, TC. bgresDK, [DS], TC.bgreDK. bgres[DS], TC.bgresDK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To grow old; to age DK. (honorific) To become aged, to grow old TC. Root given as bgre < *b-gria (Beyer 1992: 83 n. 16) Compare rga bgrobgroLZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. bgrosLZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.bgroLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.bgrosLZ, DK, DS, TC. grosND. -ND.ND, DS, TC. ND.DS. TC.chos dang gzhang don sogsLZ. bka'ND 1. To argue, discuss, confer with, consider. 2. To resolve, decide CD. To discuss; to have a discussion; to debate DK. To discuss, confer DS. To discuss, consult, confer TC. bgrongbgrongND. bgrangsND. bgrongND. bgrangND. bgrongsNDB. bgrangsNDA. - ND.ND.ND.grangs suND.ND lists this verb twice once as bgrong, bgrong, -, -, and the second time with a textual problem in the imperative bgrong, bgrangs, bgrang, bgrongs / bgrangs. The verb is only given in ND and he gives very ambiguous data. It is possible the involuntary listing, which has no Characteristic Example, I have mis-read for bgrod, bgrod, -, -. bgrodbgrodLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'grod[CD], (DK). bgrodLZ, DK, [DS], TC.bgrodLZ, DK, [DS], TC.bgrodLZ, DK. TC. -TC.TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).lam sogsLZ. To walk; to get over; wonder CD. To take route; to cross to go, to get through DK. 1. To go. 2. 'dod spyadDS. To go, to cross, to transverse TC. In the verb appendix of TC an imperative is given, but it is omitted in the body of the dictionary. mgarmgarDS, TC. mgar[DS], TC.mgar[DS], TC.mgorTC.TC.DS, TC. To smith DS. To forge utensils out of iron TC. mgumguLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. mguLZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.mguLZ, DK, [DS], TC.mguLZ, DK. -ND, TC.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.yid sogsLZ. 1. To rejoice, to be glad, joyful, content. 2. To exhilarate, to gladden, to make content CD. To rejoice; to satisfy; to be glad DK. To rejoice, to be pleased TC. Related by ablaut to dga(Simon 1971: 474). mgyogmgyogND. mgyogsND.mgyogND.-ND.ND, (Hoshi 2003).rta sogsND. To be quick NWH. 'gag'gagLZ, [CD], DK, DS, TC. 'gagsLZ, [CD], DK, DS, TC.'gagLZ, DK, DS, TC.'gagLZ, DK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gog(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)chu rgyun dang rnam rtog sogsLZ. To be stopped; to be halted CD. 1. To speak unclearly, to have difficulty speaking. 2. For something to be unable to be free from inside (e.g. a hole). 3. For a continuum to break off DS. To be blocked, to be obstructed TC. 'gang'gang DK. gives as the present of gang 'gad'gadDS, TC. bkadDS, TC.dgadDS, TC.khodDS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.'gas(Duff). 1. To crack, split apart. 2. To make the pedals of a flower open DS. To crack open, to blast apart TC. 'gabs'gabs DK. gives as the present of gab 'gam'gamLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'gamsLZ, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239). bgam DK. bgamsDS.'gamLZ, TC. dgamDK. bgamDS.'gomsLZ, DS, TC. 'gams DK.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239).phye rtsam sogsLZ. To cram into the mouth, especially of dry edibles CD. To throw food into the mouth DK. 1. To examine, determine, size up a situation 2. To put (tsam pa &c.) in to the mouth DS. To swallow, gulp down (used of barley flour and dry powders) TC. 'gal'galLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'galdLZ, DK. 'gal[DS], TC.'galLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'galdLZ, DK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003).phan tshunLZ. To contradict, to disagree, to mistake CD. To be mistaken; to be violated, trespassed DK. To be contradictory, to contradict, to be contrary to TC. 'gas1'gasKYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. 'ges CD. bkasKYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. dgasKYT, CD, ND, DS, TC. bkas KYNZ.bkadKYNC, LZ. khosKYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC. DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'gas2[Chang 1971: vii.17] (Chang 1971: vii.27), (Rona-Tas 1985: 178). gasTC.mgo bo sogsLZ, dum bur kha sogsNDB, dum bur ka bkas sogsNDA. To split, to crack, to burst apart ('gas) CD. To split, cleave, divide ('ges) CD. To cleave, crack, split (wood &c.) by striking with a knife or axe DS. To crack, to split TC. This verb and dgas are not to be distinguished. 'gas2'gasLZ, CD, DK, TC. gasLZ, DK, TC.dgasLZ. 'gasDK, TC.gasLZ, DK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gad(Duff). 'gas1 (Chang 1971: vii.27), (Rona-Tas 1985: 178)snod dang shel sogsLZ. To split, to crack, to burst apart CD. To be cracked, to be broken DK. To crack, to split open, to burst open TC. to be identified with gas. 'gi'giTC.(Skorupski 2001). (dialect) To be TC. 'gugs'gugKYT, KYN, (LZ), [CD], (ND), (DS). 'gugs TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bkugKYT, KYN, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bkugsTD.dgugKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.bkug LZ.khugKYT, TD, ND, [CD], LZ, DS, TC. khugsKYN, DK.KYT, KYN, TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).khug(Gyurme 1992: 259).lcags kyu sogsTD, rnam shes dang grogs sogsLZ, mdun du tshe sogsND. To summon, bring back CD. To call, recall somebody; to cause to come; to bend something DK. 1. To make bend. 2. To overpower. 3. To change the characteristic of something into something else DS. 1. To bend, to cause to bend. 2. To summon, to call, to attract, to interest TC. 'gud'gud[CD], DK. gud[CD], DK.gudDK.gudDK. To go aside; to avoid DK.CD invites under 'gud ' v[ide] gud' and under gud ' v[ide] 'gud'. 'gum'gumCD (archaic), DK, TC. gumDK, TC.'gums(Chang 1971: vii.17).'gumDK, TC.gumsDK. -TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gums(Chang 1971: vii.17), (Gyurme 1992: 259): (Duff). To die (of natural death, of disease) CD. To die DK, TC. Compare kum 'gums'gumsND, DK, DS, TC. 'gum(Chang 1971: vii.17)bkumsND, DS, TC. bkumDK.dgumND, DK, DS, TC.gumsND. 'gumsDK. khumDS. khumsTC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.'gum(Chang 1971: vii.17), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)srog ND. To kill; to put to death DK. To kill DS, TC. 'gul'gulLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'guldLZ, DK. 'gul[DS], TC.'gulLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'gulLZ.'guldDK.-TCTC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgul(Chang 1971: vii.17), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff)sa sogsLZ. To move, quake, shake CD. To become unsteady, to move DK. To move apart from a previous location, to change a previous characteristic or location DS. To move, to shake TC. 'gegs'gegs CD, DS give as a present of 'gog 'geng'gengKYT, KYN, LZ, (DK), DS. 'gengsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. bkangKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bkangs LZ.dgangKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bkang LZ.khengsKYT. khongKYN, CD, TC. khongsLZ, ND, DS. gengs LZ 'gengsDK.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gang(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)kheng(Beyer 1992: 113), (Duff)bum bchusTD. snod sogs('geng, bkang, bkang, khongs) LZ. mda'('gengs, bkangs, bkang, gengs) LZ. bum pa lta bu chu sogs kyis('gengs, bkhang, dgang, khongs)LZ. snod dang gzhu sogsND. To fill up, to satiate CD. To fill up; to fulfill; to pull the string of a bow with an arrow for shooting DK. 1. To fill. 2. To draw a bow string TC. Compare skong, and kheng. 'gebs'gebsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'geb (DK). bkabLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.dgabLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bgabCD.khobsLZ, ND, DS. khobCD, DK, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).khebs(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 113), (Duff). gab (Chang vii.16-17), (Gyurme 1992: 259). sgab[CD], [Coblin 1986]khebs 'a cover'NWH.na bza' sogs kyisLZ, gos dang drebs sogs ?NDB, gos dang khebs sogsNDA. To cover up, to put on; to conceal CD. To cause to spread over; to cover; to put on, to wear DK. 1. To become obscure from darkness. 2. To hide, make secret DS. To conceal, to cover TC. 'gem'gemDS. 'gemsTC. 'gemsDS, TC.'gemDS. 'gemsTC.'gemsDS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. To defeat, subdue, overcome DS. To crush TC. 'ger'ger DS gives as the present of dgar 'gel'gelCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. kalCD. bkaldND. bkalDK, DS, TC.dgalCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.kholCD, DS, TC kholdND. 'geldDK.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).sgal[Coblin 1986] 'khel(Beyer 1992: 113).khal dang khral sogsND. To load, to lay on a burden, to impose tax or rent, to commission; to put, to place on, over; to impose a fine; to give punishment CD. To give responsibilities, to load; to impose, lay a tax, to levy a tax DK. 1. To burden cattle with a load. 2. To trust, hope. 3. For someone of high rank to impose a certain task or aim to be accomplished upon person of lower rank DS. 1. To impose, to burden. 2. To load a pack animal. 3. to hang. 4. To trust, to entrust TC. 'ges'ges CD gives as the present of dgas or 'gas 'go'goLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'gosLZ, CD, DK, DS. gosCD, TC.'goLZ, DK, DS, TC.gosLZ. 'gosDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.sgo(Chang 1971: vii.18), (Duff).lus lha dang skyon sogsLZ. To stain, lose color, dirty sully CD. To be infected; to be covered DK. For one thing to stick to or contaminate another thing DS. 1. To catch (an illness), to be infected. 2. To be stained, to be sullied, to have a stain or substance stick to oneself TC. 'gog1'gogKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'gogsCD. 'gegs CD, (DS).bkagKYT, KYN, TD, CD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. dgagKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. dgagsCD.khogsKYT, DK, DS. khog KYN, TD, LZ, ND, TC. KYT, KYN, TC, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 276), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 276), (Hackett 2003).'gag(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)khegs(Beyer 1992: 113).gzhan gyi grub mtha' sogsTD, grub mtha' dang rgol ngan sogsLZ, lam sogs dgag bya ND. To prevent; to avert unfortunate events, as danger, to suppress, drive back, expel CD. To hinder, obstruct, keep back or in CD. To block, obstruct; to stop, hinder; limit DK. 1. To obstruct, to block, to interrupt. 2. To resist, to oppose TC. Compare bgag. 'gog2dgogLZ. 'gogCD, ND, DS, TC. dgogsDK bkogsLZ. bkogCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bkogLZ. dgogCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.gogLZ. khogCD, ND, DK, TC. khogsDS.CD, ND, DS TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.gog(Chang 1971: vii.17). khog (Gyurme 1992: 259).rtsa ba sogsLZ, rtsa ba nasND. 1. To take away forcibly; to snatch, take away, pull out. 2. To take off a cover, lid CD. To detach from; to pull out; to extract; to extirpate DK 1. For something which adheres together to separate apart. 2. To pluck, comb DS. 1. To extract, to pull out. 2. To detach, to scrape off, to peel off TC. 'gogs'gogs CD gives as the present of 'gog1. 'gong'gongCD, DK, DS, TC. bkongCD. 'gongsDK, DS.'gongDK, DS.'gongsDK. -DS.DS.DS. To bewitch, enchant, pass over, get the better of. (the past tense bkong in compounds means 'threat') CD. To be trespassed or violated; to be disgraced; to be afraid of DK. 1. To obtain release from entrapment. 2. To surpass, exceed DS. (archaic) 1. To be intimidated, to be afraid, to be oppressed. 2. To transgress. 3. To rival, to get the better of. 4. To demean, to put down. 5. To exceed, to go beyond. 6. To be released, to escape TC. Compare bkong1 and 'khong. 'god'godKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dgodLZ.bgodKYTC, 'godKYTZ,bkodKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.dgodKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'khodCD.khodKYT, KYNZ (see note), LZ, ND, CD, DS, TC. 'khodKYNC, TD, LZ, (DS). 'godDKKYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khod(Beyer 1992: 112), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).'go(Chang vii.19, see note)gnas suTD, tshom bu dang yi ger sogs su('god) LZ, gral dang gnas su(dgod) LZ. rgyan dang bde dang bral sogsND. 1. To design, project, plan; to found, establish, lay out; to fix, put ('god) CD. To build, arrange, plan (bkod) CD. To register, make a record; to coronate, enthrone; to make peace; to put a signature or seal on DK. 1. To insert, to establish, to put, to secure. to rectify. 2. To design, to formulate, to plan out, to build, to lay out. 3. To write, to sign, to record, to document TC. Root given as *go+d (Chang 1971: vii.18).KYNZ has an erasure of one character i.e. 'khod may have been the original reading. (Chang 1971: vii.18) suggests that 'god functions as a causative of 'go in Lhasa dialect. (Uray 1972: 19) connects this verb with mkhos/khos/khod 'institution, administration, settlement of the state' along with the verbs, sko and 'khod. (Takeuchi 1990: 175) suggests that the noun god 'order to execute' is derived from the intransitive perfect form of this verb. 'gomgomLZ'gomCD, DK, DS, TC. bgom CD, ND. bgoms (CD).bgomsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bgomdLZbgomND, DK, DS, TC.'gomLZ- ND. gomsDK, DS. bgomsTC. NDDS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rkang pa sogs kyisLZ. gom paNDA, gom pasNDB. To walk, step, stride, pace (bgom) CD. 1. To tread. 2. (Acc. Sch. = 'ges, 'gum) To pass over, = 'gro('gom) CD. To walk; to pace DK. To pass thither from above DS. To walk over, to cross over, to pass over TC. 'gor1bgorCD, TC. 'gor CD, DK, DS. bgordDK.bgor DS, TC.bgorDK, DS, TC.'gordDK. bgorDS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.'gor2(Duff). To linger, loiter in the way; delay CD. To delay; to detain DK. To make time pass DS. To take [time], to elapse, to delay TC. 'gor2'gorLZ, CD, DK, TC. 'gordLZ, DK. 'gor TC.'gorLZ, DK, TC.'gordLZ, DK. -TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 271), (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 271).'gor1(Duff)dus dang lam sogs suLZ. To tarry, linger, loiter CD. To be delayed; to be late DK. To take time, to be delayed TC. 'gol'golCDgives as the present to gol. 'gold'goldDKgives as the present to gol. 'gyag'gyagCD, DK. gyagsDK. gyagDK.'gyagsDK. To be sold, spend, expended (Cs.) CD. To lose, to destroy DK.CD suggests comparison with skyag 'gyang'gyangCD, DK, DS, TC. 'gyangsCD, DK, DS, TC.'gyangDK, DS, TC.'gyangsDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gyangs(Duff). sgyang NWH. To be delayed, postponed, farthest [sic] CD. To be delayed; to be late DK. For time to pass DS. To delay, to postpone, to put off TC. 'gyangs'gyangsLZ, DK. bgyangTC.bgyangsLZ, DK, (DS), TC.brgyangs(LZ).bgyangLZ, DK, (DS), TC.'gyangsLZ, DK.bgyongsTC.TC. TC.'gyang(Duff)dus dang yun sogsLZ. To delay DK. To cause a delay DS. To postpone, delay TC. Compare sgyang 'gyas'gyasDK. gyasDK.gyaDK.gyosDK. To decay; to diminish DK. 'gying'gyingLZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. 'gyingsLZ, DK, TC. 'gyingND.'gyingLZ, DK, TC.'gyingLZ. 'gyingsDK, TC. - ND.ND.TC. TC.sgying(Duff).nyams kyisLZ. 1. To assume air or appearance of greatness; to sit lifting up in the manner of a lion. 2. To look haughtily; to look down upon; to slight a person CD. To assume a posture, to pose DK. To put on airs, to act haughtily or arrogantly TC. 'gyu'gyuLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'gyusLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.'gyuLZ, DK, DS, TC.'gyuLZ. 'gyusDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.dus tshe sogs laLZ. To move quickly to and fro (e.g. lightning, a mirage, the mind) CD. To focus one's mind on an object; to scatter from the intended object of meditation; to form the limbs of a child in the womb DK. 1. To quiver back and forth. 2. To be mentally distracted DS. To move TC. Compare rgyu 'gyur'gyurLZ, CD DS. 'gyurdDK. - TC (see note).gyurd LZ.gyurCD, DK, DS, TC.'gyurDS, TC (see note).'gyurLZ, DK, DS, TC.'gyurLZ.gyurdDK.-DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS.[Abs. Obl.] (Goldstein 1991: 130), (Hackett 2003).sgyur[CD], (Chang 1971: vii.20-21), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). 1. To become; to grow, increase, change. 2. (Annexed to an infinitive may denote either the perfect or future tense, the context decides in every instance how it is to be understood) CD. To change, become DK. For an essence, ingredient, circumstance &c. to arise as different from before DS. 1. To change, alter. 2. To turn into, become TC.DS gives two verbs 'gyur, gyur, 'gyur, - and 'gyur, 'gyur, 'gyur -, just like TC does. However for DS the two definitions are the same. TC lists 'gyur, 'gyur, 'gyur, -, and -, gyur, 'gyur, - as two verbs the second immediatley following the first in his verb tables. However in the body of the dictionary under 'gyur the first definition is listed without verb stems. The second definition is listed with the stems: 'gyur, gyur, 'gyur, - with the definition 'to be established, or arise different than before'. (Li yung khrang 1988) which is supposed to be an excerpt of verb material form TC is exactly the same but lists defintion one with the stems: 'gyur, 'gyur, 'gyur, -. (Hoshi 2003) also distinguishes two verbs NWH. 'gye1 'gye LZ, CD, DS. give as the present of 'gyes 'gye2'gye LZ gives as the present of 'gyed1 'gyed1'gyeLZ. 'gyed(LZ), CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bkyesLZ, ND, DS, TC. bgyesCD.bkyeDK, (DS). bkyeLZ, CD, TC. dgyeND, DS. dgyedDK.bkyeLZ. kyes(LZ). khyesND, (DS), TC. 'gyedDK. khyeDS.ND, DS, TC.CD (def. 1), DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'gyes(Chang 1971: vii.20).'khyed (Coblin 1986), (Beyer 1992: 113)'od zer sogsLZ,sprul pa 'od sbyin ND. 1. To divide, to scatter, disperse. 2. To institute, set going. 3. To give an entertainment, banquet CD. To focus rays; to send; to distribute; to fight a war DK. 1. To deploy (troops in battle). 2. To apply paint, varnish.3. To mutually fight. 4. To give, having divided into pieces. 5. To give off, radiant light DS. 1. To send, to dispatch. 2. To emit. 3. To display, to send forth. 4. To dispute. 5. To give TC. 'gyed2'gyedDS. dgyed(DS). bkyedDS.bgyedDS. dgyed(DS).khyedDS.DS.DS. To stretch, prolong DS. 'gyed3'gyedLZ. 'gyedLZ.'gyedLZ.'gyedLZ.'gyed ston sogsLZ. perhaps to be connected with 'gyed1 'gyer'gyerdCD. 'gyerDK, DS, TC. gyerDK.'gyerDK.gyerdDK.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To drop, or let fall; to throw down; to quit, abandon, throw away (Sch.) CD. To give up; to abandon DK. (archaic) 1. To get rid of, hide away. 2. To separate, break a connection DS. (archaic) To renounce, to abandon TC. 'gyel'gyelLZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. 'gyeldLZ. 'gyelND, [DS], TC.gyel(Chang 1971: vii.20)'gyelLZ, [DS], TC.'gyelLZ. -ND, TC. gyel(Chang 1971: vii.20)ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).[CD], DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgyelCD, (Chang 1971: vii.20), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).sa laLZ. To fall; to tumble down CD. (for a person or upright thing) To lie horizontally DS. To fall, to collapse TC. Root given as gyel < *gyal < gal (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15) 'gyes'gye LZ, CD, DS.'gyesCD, ND, DK, TC. gyesCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'gyesLZ.'gyesND, TC.'gyeLZ, DK, DS.gyesLZ, CD, ND. gyedDK. -DS, TC. ND, CD.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC, DS.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gyed(Chang 1971: vii.20), [Coblin 1986].so sorLZ, ND. 1. To be dispersed; to be divided. 2. To issue, proceed, spread, branch from CD. To become separate; to disperse; to be divorced DK. 1. To separate, place apart DS. To be separated, to separate, to split TC. Root given as gye < *gya < *ga (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15). cf. 'gas. 'gyog'gyogLZ, CD, DS, TC. 'gyagsLZ. bkyagsDS, TC.'gyogLZ, DS. bkyagTC.chogsLZ. khyogsDS. khyog(DS), TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.], (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137).mgron 'grul rnamsLZ. To ascend CD. To lift, hold a thing up DS. To raise, to lift, to support TC. 'gyod'gyodCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'gyodND, DK, [DS], TC.'gyodDK, [DS], TC.'gyodDK. - ND, TC.ND, TC.DS, TC. To repent; to grieve for. To lament, relent (not only for bad, but also for good actions, when the latter are attended with disadvantages) CD. To repent; to feel sorry; to befall of regret DK. To mentally suffer latter on account of an action previously done DS. To regret, to fell remorse, to feel sorry TC. 'grags'grags CD. gives as a present of grags1 and grags2 'grang'grangLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'grangsLZ, [CD], DK, DS, TC.'grangLZ, DK, DS, TC.'grangLZ. 'grangsDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC, (Gyurme 1992: 249).zas sogs kyisLZ. To satisfy with food; to satiate CD. To be full (after meals) DK. To be sated, satiated, to be full TC. 'grang2'grang [CD] gives as the present of bgrang 'grad'grad CD, DK give as the present of bgrad. 'gran'granLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.'grandLZ, DK. 'gran[DS], TC.'granLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'granLZ. 'grandDK. -TC.TC.DS, TC.sgrun[CD].phan tshun rtsal sogsLZ. To vie with, contend with; to strive (for victory) CD. To compete, to challenge DK. To contest for victory DS. To rival, to compete, to contest, to hold a test TC. 'grams'gramsCD, DK, TC. gramDK. 'gramsTC.'gramDK. 'gramTC.gramsDK. -TC.TC.TC. To spread over CD. To be spread out, dispersed, scattered DK. To pervade, to diffuse, to be agitated TC. Compare gram and 'grem 'gras'grasLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'grasLZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.'grasLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'grasLZ, DK. -ND, TC.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.dgra sogs dangLZ. To hate, to bear ill-will, to have spite against CD. To have spite; to hate DK. For the thought of fighting against an enemy to arise DS. To come to hate, to dislike TC. related to noun dgra 'enemy'. 'grig'grigLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'grigsLZ, DK, DS, TC.'grigLZ, DK, DS, TC.'grigsLZ. 'grigsDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs. Obl.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166). (Hackett 2003).'khrig(Beyer 1992: 112).sgrig[CD], (Chang 1971: vii.19), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).rten 'brel sogsLZ. To suit, agree, correspond; to be right CD. To be suitable; to be fitting; to be ok DK. 1. To agree, accord, be in harmony. 2. To be appropriate, suitable DS. 1. To suit, to be suitable. 2. To make harmonious, to reconcile TC. 'grib'gribCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. grib(Zeisler 2004: 462).'gribND, [DS], TC. 'gribsDK.'gribDK, [DS], TC.'gribsDK. -ND, TC.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgrib[CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259). 1. To grow dim; to get dark (Cs.) 2. To grow less, to decrease, to be diminished, to decay CD. To be diminished; to decay; to become smaller; to be reduced DK. To become smaller, to become fewer DS. 1. To decrease, to decline. 2. To grow dim, to be covered to set, to disappear TC.(Beyer 1992: 73) suggests comparison with rab rib 'mist, dimness'. 'grim'grimLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'grimsLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.'grimLZ, DK, DS, TC.grimsLZ. 'grimsDK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).za tugs dang chos grwa sogsLZ. To march about, perambulate; to rove or stroll about; walk round CD. To wander from place to place; to travel widely, to advance through monastic life, &c. DK. 1. To go to many places. 2. To link from one thing to another DS. To travel, to journey, to wander, to undergo, to attend TC. 'gril'grilCD, DS, TC. 'grildDK. grilCD, DS, DS. 'grilTC.'grilDK, DS, TC.grildDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgril[CD], (Rona-Tas 1978: 359), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). 1. To be twisted or wrapped round, to be collected, concentrated; to flock or crowd together. 2. To be turned, rounded, made circular or cylindrical. 3. To fall, drop down (for 'khril Sch.) CD. To roll up; to snowball DK. 1. To twist, turn. 2. (according to some dag yig 'spelling primers') To collect together, to wrap in DS. 1. To be rolled up, to recoil, to be condensed, to be assembled. 2. To roll down TC. Root given as ril (Rona-Tas 1978: 359), (Beyer 1992: 73)(Rona-Tas 1978: 359) calls 'dril 'to be turned, rolled round, twisted into a thing.' the 'passive' of this verb, in addition he suggests a connection to the adjective hril po 'round, globular, close, dense' and the noun ril ba 'scroll'. (Beyer 1992: 73) similarly suggests comparision with ril po 'round'. 'gru'gruCD. gives as the present of 'grus. 'grung'grung DK gives as the present of bgrung 'grub'grubLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'grubsDK. grubLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.'grubLZ, DK, DS, TC.'grubLZ. grubsDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).[CD], DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgrub(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).grabs 'preparation' (Simon 1971: 474).bsam don sogsLZ. (Situ 69) To be accomplished; to be made ready, to be finished CD. To be accomplished DK. 1. To become, arise. 2. To exist, stay. 3. To know, understand DS. To become accomplished, to be made, to be fulfilled, to be completed TC. 'grum'grumCD.'grumsDK.grumsDS. grumTC. drum (TC).grumsCD, DK, [DS], TC.'grumDK.grums[DS]. grumTC. grumsDK.-TC.TC.DS, TC. To pinch, nip off (the point of a thing); to cut off; to prime, lop, clip the wings (Cs.) CD. To be broken or cracked DK. To break into many pieces DS. 1. To be broken, to be damaged. 2. To be exhausted, to be worn out TC. 'grul'grulCD, DK, TC. 'gruldDK. 'grulTC.'grulDK, TC.'gruldDK. -TC.TC.TC.'khrul(Beyer 1992: 112). 1. To walk; to pass; to ravel. 2. Fig. To walk, to live, act, or behave. 3. To pass as good; to be current (of coins) CD. To journey; to go DK. To travel, to tour, to take a trip TC. 'grus'grusLZ, TC. 'gruCD.'grusLZ, [CD], TC.grusCD.'grusLZ, TC.'grusLZ, TC.TC.DS, TC.chos phyogs laLZ. To bestow pains upon a thing CD. To persevere, to be diligent TC. 'gre'greLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'gresLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.'greLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.'gresLZ, ND, DK. -ND, DS, TC.NDND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgre(Chang 1971: vii.19), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).snga phyiLZ, rigsND. To roll one's self CD. To apply a same reasoning; to adjust one's sleeping position DK. 1. To turn over the body while lying down. 2. To use previous reasoning to consider an new topic DS. 1. To be collated, to be juxtaposed, to be mixed. 2. To toss and turn. 3. (archaic) To move TC. 'greng'grengLZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'grengsLZ, DK, TC. 'grengND, [DS].'grengLZ, DK, [DS], TC.grengsLZ. -ND. 'grengsDK, TC.ND.TC. DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgreng[CD], (Chang 1971: vii.19), [Coblin 1986], (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).gyen dang lus sogsLZ. To stand CD. To rise up; to get up DK. To stand up, to rise up TC. 'gred'gredLZ, (DS), (TC). give as a present of 'dred 'grem1'gremKYT, KYN, CD, (ND), DS. 'gremsLZ, ND, DK, (CD), TC. bkramKYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.dgramKYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.khromsKYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC.khremsDK.KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gram(Gyurme 1992: 258)(Duff).rgyan dar sogsLZ, chu dang gcal duND. To spread (as of grain, for drying) CD. To scatter; to spread out DK. To spread, to lay out many things DS. To be spread out, to lay out, to distribute TC. 'grem2'gremLZ. 'gremsLZ.'gremLZ.gremsLZ.chab sogsLZ. 'grel1'grelLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bkraldLZ, ND, DK. bkralDS, TC.dgrolLZ, DS, TC. dgralND. bkralDK.'greldLZ, DK. khroldND. khrolDS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gzhung tshig sogsLZ. dgongs la khyal dang 'grelNDB.dgongs la khyal dang 'grel paNDA.1. To beg, supplicate. 2. To put in, arrange. 3. To explain, comment upon CD. To classify; to elucidate meaning; to explain in detail DK. To comment on, to elucidate the difficult points of a text TC. 'grel2'grelND. 'grelND. 'gro'groCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. songCD, DS. 'groND.phyindDK.phyinTC.'groDK, DS, TC.songCD, DK, DS, TC. rgyu (Denwood 1999)CD, DS, TC, (Goldstein 1991: 93), (Gyurme 1992: 251), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC, (Goldstein 1991: 93), (Gyurme 1992: 251).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To go, to live CD. To go, to move DK. 1. To go, to proceed, to set off, to move. 2. To be acceptable [to the senses]. 3. To hold, to contain. 4. To become. 5. To be used for TC. Root given as 'gro < ' + TB *ga + *ro, *ro < TB *ra 'to come' (Delancey 1908: 233)song < s + *ong, *ong < TB *wang (Delancey 1980: 233). The past tense song is more typical of eastern dialects whereas phyin more of central dialects (Tournadre pers. comm.). Denwood's imperative is for Lhasa dialect. For more etymological thoughts on motion verbs compare 'ong. 'grogs'grogsCD, ND, DK, TC. 'grog(DK), DS. 'grogsND, DK, DS, TC.'grogsDK, TC. 'grog(DK), DS.-ND, DS.'grogsDK, TC.ND, DS.TC. DS. TC.[Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003). To associate with; to keep company, to be in the company of; to accompnay CD. To be accompanied by; to associate with; to stay together DK. To act with mutual connection, to co-habitate, to co-operate DS. To accompany, to associate with TC. Perhaps to be compared with rogs 'help' 'grong'grongND, DSgive as the present of dgrong 'grongs'grongND.'grongsDK, TC. 'grongND. grongDK. grongs. TC.'grongDK. 'grongsTC.-ND, TC. grongsDK.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.dgrong(Chang 1971: vii.18), (Gyurme 1992: 259).ro'corpse'(Hahn 1999: 124) To die CD. (honorific) To die TC. Root given as 'g- ro - ng (Hahn 1999: 124) 'grod'grod DK gives as a present of bgrod 'grol'grolKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dgrolLZ.bkrolKYT, KYN, DK, DS, TC. bkroldTD, LZ, ND.dgrolKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. khrolKYT, DS, TC.khroldKYN, LZ, ND, DK. groldTD, LZ.KYT, KYN, TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. grol (Chang 1971: vii.18),(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). sgrol[Duff]mdud pa sogsTD,mdud bcings sogs ('grol) LZ,bcings pa sogs(dgrol) LZ, mdud pa khrims ND. To unravel, to make loose, to set free, to unfasten CD. To loosen; to set free from bondage DK. 1. (for a knot, tied rope &c.) To unravel, unwind. 2. (for a higher ranking [person]) To allow, approve DS. 1. To untie, to unravel, to liberate, to release, to unfasten. 2. To comment on, to elucidate TC. 'grol2'grol or'grold CD, DK, (Bielmeier 1988: 20)give as the present to grol. rgargaCD, DK, DS, TC. rgadDK. rgasCD, DK, DS, TC.rgaDK, DS, TC.rgasDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To be old, aged. 2. To go down, to set (of the sun) (Ja) CD. To become old; to become physically weak, to become lean and thin DK. 1. (for men or cattle) To age. 2. To become old, for time to pass DS. To age, to grow old TC. Root given as rga < *gra (Beyer 1992: 85 n.16) related to the nouns rgad po, rgad mo, rgan po, rgan mo, rgas po, rgas mo 'old man, old woman' and the verb bgres. rgalrgolLZ, ND, (DS). rgalCD, DK, DS, TC. brgaldLZ, ND, DK.brgalCD, DS, TC. brgalLZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.rgoldLZ, ND, DK. rgolCD, DS, TC. CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).sgrol[Beyer 1992: 85]chu sogs dang gzhan dangLZ, phar laND. To ford (a river), to travel through, to pass over, to surmount a pass CD. To cross the river, to cross a limit, to take a bath DK. To cross (a river, valley, pass). 2. To pass, exceed a measure. 3. To go into water DS. To cross, to traverse, to go beyond, to exceed TC. Root given as rgal < *gral (Beyer 1992: 85).CD gives rgal ba and rgal pa, the latter perhaps indicates the variant rgald pa. rgudrgudLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. rgudLZ, DK, [DS], TC.rgudLZ, DK, [DS], TC.rgudLZ, DK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rlung rta sogsLZ. To decline, to sink, grow fail CD. To decay; to decline; to become weak or smaller DK. To break down (of power, ability &c. ) DS. To decline, to deteriorate TC. rgodrgod CD, DK give as a separate verb from and DS, TC give as an an alternate present to dgod. rgolrgolKYN, CD, DK, DS, TC. brgaldKYN, DK. brgalTC.rgolCD. rgol[DS].brgalKYN, ND, DK, TC. brgolDK.rgoldKYN.rgol DK, TC.KYN, ND, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To dispute, combat, fight, make controversy CD. To find out by debating, to debate DK. 1. To fight. 2. To negate DS. To oppose, to attack, to assault, to resist TC. Whether KYN intends these forms here or a rgal cannot be known. rgya1rgyaCD, ND, TC. rgyasDK, DS.rgyasCD, ND, [DK], DS, TC.rgyaND, TC.rgyasDK, [DS].-ND, TC.rgyasND, DK.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).ND.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sangs(-) ND, sangs rgya dmigs rgya (rgyas) ND.To increase in bulk or quantity, to augment, to spread CD. To increase, enlarge, flourish DK. To increase, to multiply DS. To increase, to swell, to grow larger, to develop TC. rgya2rgyaCD. To be useful and of service, to exert oneself CD. rgyag1rgyobLZ. rgyabCD, DK. rgyag(CD Central Dialect), DK, DS, TC. rgyegND.brgyabLZ, CD, DS, TC.brgyabsND, DK, (DS). rgyag DK.brgyabLZ, CD, DK, DS. brgyagND, TC. rgyag DK. rgyobLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rgyabs DK. rgyag DK. CD, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hackett 2003).zor dang mtshon sogsLZ. rdo sogsND. To throw, to fling; to hit, to beat, to strike CD. The meaning of this verb differs according to context, e.g. to build; to shoot; to reply; to mark, etc. DK. 1. i. To strike, to hit. ii. A house, wall etc. to make new. iii. To propel to cast 2. In the colloquial language there are many definitions, used like 'jug DS. To project, propel away, send off; to enter, place inside; to do; to make TC. Root given as rgyab < *gryab (Beyer 1992: 4)DK lists two verbs rgyag, rgyag, rgyag, rgyag and and rgyab, rgyabs, brgyab, rgyabs/rgyob with nearly identical meanings. (Chang 1984) conjectures that the termination -b is original. This verb is frequently added to nouns to form new verbs, it generally indicates a voluntary verb, whereas 'thebs is used in the same way to indicate lack of volition or to show that the action was well done (Chang 1984). rgyag2rgyag TC. brgyabTC.rgyag TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC. To rise, to emit TC. rgyags1rgyagsLZ, DK, TC. rgyag DS. brgyagsLZ, DK, DS, TC.brgyagLZ, DK, DS, TC.rgyagsLZ, DK. rgyogs DS. - TC.DS.TC, (Hoshi 2003). : DS. TC.nor dang nga rgyal sogs kyisLZ. To use provisions on a journey DK. To give a bribe of wealth DS. To be full, to be satisfied, to be satiated TC.LZ evidently conflates this verb with the following. TC fits here morphologically but semantically is better at brgyags. The relationship between these three verbs (rgyags1, rgyags2, brgyags) is hardly clear. rgyags2rgyagsDK, TC. rgyagsDK, TC. rgyagsDK, TC. rgyagsDK. - TCTC. TC. To be self satisfied, to be haughty, priggish DK. To be self satisfied TC. rgyangrgyang(CD), DK. brgyangsDK.brgyangDK.rgyangsDK. To stretch, extend, stretch forth (one's hands to a person), put out (the tongue); spread; distend (the wings, a curtain) CD. To cause to be delayed; to extend DK. Root given as rgyang < *gryang (Beyer 1992: 85). Compare rgyong and rkyong. rgyanrgyanLZ, DK, DS, TC. brgyandLZ, DK brgyan DS, TC.brgyanLZ, DK, DS, TC.rgyandLZ, DK. rgyanDS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rgyan 'ornament' (Beyer 1992: 111)rgyan dang dar sogs kyisLZ. To ornament; to beautify or to decorate, to wear or to put on DK. To adorn, ornament DS. To adorn, ornament, to decorate TC. rgyabrgyabCD, DK. give as the present to rgyag. rgyal1rgyalLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. rgyaldLZ, DK. rgyal[DS], TC.rgyalLZ, DK, [DS], TC.rgyalLZ, DK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Abs. Abl/Ela.] (Hackett 2003).gzhan dang sho sogs lasLZ. To be victorious; to win; to conquer; to subdue, to overpower CD. To win, conquer, subdue DK. 1. To remain having defeated an opposing side or enemy. 2. To be superior than another DS. To be victorious, to conquer TC. rgyal2rgyal DK. gives as the present of brgyal. rgyasrgyas DK, DS give as the present of rgya. rgyurgyuCD, DK, DS, TC. rgyuDK, [DS], TC.rgyuDK, [DS], TC.rgyuDK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. To go, walk, move, wander, range (this verb is generally used instead of 'gro in Sikkim) CD. To go; to move DK. To go DS. To move, to roam, to go TC. Compare 'gyu rgyurgyu DK, DS, (TC). give as the present to rgyud. rgyug1rgyugDK, TC. rgyugDK. rgyugsTC.rgyugDK, TC.rgyugDK. rgyugsTC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To run; to race DK. 1. To run. 2. To flow. 3. To sell, engage in commerce TC. rgyug2rgyugTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brgyugsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.brgyugTD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rgyugsTD, LZ, ND, DS, TC. rgyug DK. - ND.TD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 292), (Hoshi 2003).ND.DS. TC. [Erg.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 292). [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rta sogsTD, sngon rjes sogs su LZ, rta zong dang sogs(rgyugs) NDB, rta dang zong sogs(rgyugs) NDA, zong sogs(-) ND. To run CD. To run a race; to make one run DK. To race TC. rgyugsrgyugsDK. rgyugsDK. rgyugsDK. rgyugsDK. To serve; to serve drink DK. rgyungrgyungDS. rgyungsDS.rgyungDS.rgyungsDS.DS.DS. To wash the stomach (as with cleansing medicine) DS. rgyudrgyudTD, LZ, CD, ND, TC. rgyuDK, DS, (TC). brgyusTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.brgyuTD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rgyusTD, LZ, ND, DS, TC.TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.phreng ba sogsTD, LZ. skud pa mig laND. To tie, fasten, connect together (rgyud) CD. To make a string of, to stick together (brgyus) CD. To string; to put in line DK. To put a rope or thread through a hole DS. To thread, to stringTC. rgyud2rgyud DK. gives as present to brgyud. rgyegrgyeg ND. gives as the present of rgyag rgyorgyoCD, DK, DS (dialect), TC. brgyosCD, DK, DS.brgyoCD, DK, DS.rgyosCD, DK, DS.CD, DS, (Hoshi 2003). To have sexual intercourse; (acc. to Cs.) To deflower, ravish CD. To deflower; to have sexual intercourse DK. To have sexual intercourse DS. (archaic) To have sexual intercourse TC. rgyongrgyongLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brgyang CD. brgyangsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brgyangLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rgyongsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.pags pa sogsLZ, gru sogsND. To extend, stretch forth, distend (rgyong) CD. To extend, stretch out, set out, arrange (brgyang) CD. To fill up, to stretch DK.1. To stretch, to extend, to distend. 2. To fill up TC. Root given as *rgyang < *gryang (Coblin 1986). rgyobrgyobLZ. gives as the present to rgyag rgyorrgyorCD. To kill CD. sgagsgagLZ, CD, TC. bsgagsLZ, TC.bsgagLZ, TC.khogLZ.sgogsTC.TC. TC.mna' sogsLZ. To ravish, to copulate; to embrace in sexual union CD. To bind, to tie, to fasten TC. sgangsgangCD, ND, DK. bsgangCD, DK. bsgongsND.bsgangCD, ND, DK.sgongsND. sgangsDK.ND.gangNWH.zas sogsND. To grow, become full (Cs.) CD. To cause to fill DK. Compare kheng, skong, 'geng. sgabsgabLZ, CD, TC. sgobDK.bsgabsLZ, DK. bsgabTC.bsgabLZ, DK, TC.sgobsLZ, DK. sgobTCTC. TC.'gebs[CD], (Coblin 1986).'dri dang sri sogsLZ. To cover CD. To cause to cover or to spread over; to cause to wear or patch DK.1. To cover, to conceal. 2. To protect TC. Compare the noun khebs 'a cover'. sgarsgarDK, TC. bsgardDK. bsgarTC.bsgarDK, TC.sgordDK. sgorTC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To dip fry; to solidify in oil DK. 1. To condense, solidify. 2. To attach, to fit, to insert TC. sgalsgalCD. 'gel[Coblin 1986]. To carry a load (on one's back), to cause a load to be carried on the back of a beast of burden CD. Compare the noun khal 'a load, burden'. sgugsgugTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgugsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgugLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. TD gives bsgrub, an obvious manuscript error.sgugsTD, LZ, CD, NDB, DK, DS, TC. skugsNDA.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306).rjes laTD, grogs po sogs LZ, lam du ND. To wait CD, DK. To wait for TC. This word may be a causative formed on a stem *gug. Perhaps it is cognate to 'gugs pa 'to summon' and 'gugs pab po 'one who is summoned, a waiter' (Coblin 1986). sgursgurLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bsgurdLZ, DK. bsgurTC. sgur[DS].sgurLZ, [DS]. bsgurDK, TC.sgurdLZ, DK. sgurTC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.rked pa sogsLZ. To become afraid CD. To cause to bow down, to bend down DK. Of the body, to bend forward DS. To bend, to bend down TC. sgulsgulLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsguld LZ, ND, DK. bsgulCD, DS, TC.bsgulLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sguldLZ, ND, DK. sgulDS, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC, (Gyurme 1992: 248).[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'gul[CD], (Chang 1971: vii.17), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).lag pa sogs kyisLZ, g-yo ba'iND. To move, agitate, put in motion CD. To shake; to cause to move DK. 1. To make something move, or shake. 2. To cause a transformation DS. To move, to shake, to agitate TC. sgegsgegCD. (Goldstein 2001) To brag, boast (Cs.) CD. To be charming, graceful (Goldstein 2001) sgosgoLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgosLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgoLZ, [CD], ND, DK, DS, TC.sgosLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'go(Chang 1971: vii.18) (Duff, def. 2 )dri bzang sogs skyisLZ, dka' dang dus ra dri ma sogs (?)ND. (obsolete) To say; to speak, (mostly) to bid, to order CD. To order; to cause to be predisposed; to be habituated DK. 1. To make one thing to stick to or contaminate another thing. 2. To teach to another DS 1. To command, to order, to exhort, to instruct. 2. To be contaminated, to be polluted TC.CD lists the fut seperatley with definition 'to rub with; to apply on'. (Chang 1971: vii.18) only gives the definition 'to soil, stain, defile, infect with disease'. sgogsgogCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgagsCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgagCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgogsND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.mna' ND. To make one swear (Cs.) CD. To make one swear; to cause to take an oath DK. 1. To bind tightly. 2. To restrict, prohibit. 3. To coerce, force, compel DS. To take an oath, to swear an oath TC. sgong1sgongTD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. . bsgangsTD, LZ, DS. bsgongs CD, DK, (DS), TC.bsgangTD, LZ, DS. bsgong CD, DK, (DS), TC.sgongsTD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. sgong CD.TD, CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). DS, TC.zan sogsTD, zas sogs dang gcig tuLZ. To make in tea balls to eat [sic], to make round balls of dough (Cs.). CD. To make a globular mass: to heap; to make paste for food DK. To make into a ball (barley flower &c.) DS.To make into a ball TC. sgong2sgongDS, TC. sgong[DS].bsgongs TC.sgong[DS].bsgong TC.sgongsTC TC. DS, TC. To load firewood &c. on to a fire DS. (dialect) To heap fuel onto a fire TC. sgongssgongCD.sgongsCD. To hide; to conceal (a thing) (Sch.) CD. sgobsgobDK. gives as the present of sgab. sgomsgomKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgomsKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgomKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgomsKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sgom CD.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).goms[Duff].ting nge 'dzinTD, ting nge 'dzind sogsLZ, ting 'dzinND. 1. (originally) to fancy, imagine. 2. (now, with accusative and dative) To meditate, contemplate systematically. 3. (with accusative and terminative, or with double accusative) To have; to entertain; to reproduce (in one's mind) CD. To meditate, to practice meditation; to cultivate in meditation DK. To bring to memory again and again in the mind DS. To meditate TC. sgorsgorLZ, CD, ND, DS. bsgardLZ, ND. bsgar CD, DS.bsgarLZ, CD, ND, DS.sgordLZ, ND. sgor DS.ND, DS.DS.bu ram sogsLZ, bu ramND. 1. To boil down; to condense by boiling. 2. To turn on a lathe (Ja) CD. 1. To make syrup by boiling down tree sap. 2. (dialect) To invert a vessel DS. sgyangsgyangLZ, DS. sgyongND. bsgyangsLZ, ND, DS. bsgyangLZ, NDA, DS. bsgyongNDB.sgyangsLZ, ND. sgyongsDS.DS.DS.'gyangNWH.dus sogsLZ. ring du ND. To cause a delay DS. Compare 'gyangs sgyingsgyingLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS. bsgyingsTC. bsgyingsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgyingLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgyingsTC. sgyingsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. - TC.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS. TC.'gying[CD], (Duff).nyams kyis rnam parLZ, seng ge rnam par ND. To yawn, to gape CD. To display emotion through physical posture DK. To yawn and to stretch out the limbs when tired.2. To straighten. 3. To leap, jump, to be erect. 1. To sigh, to stretch the limbs. 2. To straighten. 3. To leap, to jump, to act haughtily TC. sgyursgyurKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgyurdKYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK. bsgyurCD, DS, TC.bsgyurKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgyurdKYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK. sgyurDS, TC.KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'gyurCD, (Chang 1971: vii.20-21), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)chos sogsTD, chos sogs dang chos kyisLZ, dbang dang skad mdog bon chos ND. 1. To transform, alter, change, to correct; translate; revise. 2. To cast aside; dissuade, divert; to turn; to cause to turn. 3. To govern, steer, control (sgyur) CD. To multiply, increase (bsgyur) CD. To translate; to change; to transform; to multiply DK. 1. To change, transform (method, essence, characteristic, direction, &c.). 2. To translate. 3. To take control, power. 4. To make various kinds of sound appear (from an instrument &c.). 5. To multiply. 6. To show various styles of body (as in dance &c.). 7. To drive away, expel, repel, reverse DS. 1. To change, to transform, to alter. 2. To translate, to interpret. 3. (math) To multiply, times, fold TC. sgyelsgyelTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgyeldTD, LZ, ND, DK. bsgyelCD, DS, TC.bsgyelTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgyeldTD, LZ, ND, DK. sgyelDS, TC.TD, ND, DS, TC.CD, DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'gyelCD, (Chang 1971: vii.20), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).rtsig pa sogsTD, shing dang gyang sogs LZ, kan rkyal dang par la NDB.gan rkyal dang phar laNDA. To throw down, to overturn, to lay or put down (a bottle, a book); to thwart (the charm of an enemy); to kill (Ja) CD. To cause to fall down; to cause to break down, to overturn DK. To cause to a person or upright thing to lie horizontally DS. To cause to fall down, to bring down to overthrow, to thwart, to be thrown down TC. Compare dgyel sgyongsgyongCD. bsgyongsCD.bsgyongCD. 1. To fill, to stuff (a sausage). 2. (colloquial in West) to put into (the pocket) CD. Perhaps originally = sgong 'to hide' CD. sgyong2sgyongND gives as the present of sgyang sgrangsgrangCD, DK, DS. give as the present to sgrong sgradsgradDK. gives as the present of bsgrad sgralsgralCD. 1. To cut into small pieces, viz. the picture of an enemy one wishes to destroy (Ja). 2. To pass over or travel upon a river or sea CD. sgrigsgrigTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgrigsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgrigTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgrigsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgrigCD.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'grig(Chang 1971: vii.19), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).gral duTD, go rim sogs LZ, cho ga dang bral la ND. To arrange in order or row, to lay or put in order, to arrange, adjust; to put or fit together; to join (the separate parts), to compile (books), to stitch close [sic](books etc.) CD. To put in order; to arrange or to rectify DK. 1. To arrange in a certain plain, order. 2. To collect in one place. 3. To mutually agree, be in one house DS. 1. To arrange, to put in order, to align. 2. To compile, to collect, to edit, to assemble, to join together TC. sgrinsgrinLZ, DK, DS (archaic), TC. bsgrindLZ, DK. bsgrin DS, TC.bsgrinLZ, DK, DS, TC.sgrindLZ, DK. sgrinDS, TC.DS, TC. TC.phan tshunLZ. To have a competition; to cause to compete or to compare DK. (archaic) To contest for victory DS.To rival, compete with, to compare TC. sgribsgribTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgribsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgribTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgribsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgribCD.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'grib(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)'od sogsTD,zla nyi sogs LZ, yol bas ND. To obscure; to cover, to darken, defile CD. To cover, to hide by covering, to hide DK. To cover, hide, create an obstacle for seeing something DS. To obscure, to cover, to conceal TC. sgrimsgrimTD, LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. bsgrimsTD, LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. bsgrimTD, LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. sgrimsTD, LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.TD, ND, CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).grim (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).blo dang skud pa sogsTD, rig pa dang skud pa sogs LZ, rig las skud pa NDB. rig pa las dang skud paNDA. 1. To hold fast; to force or twist together; to endeavor; (Cs.) to squeeze in, crow in, (Sch.) to be confused CD. To concentrate; to exercise the mental power on; to pay attention; to spin or twist the threads together, to entwine DK. 1. To tightly spin (rope, thread &c.). 2. To be intelligent, careful DS. 1. To concentrate, to focus. 2. To twist together TC. sgrilsgrildLZ. sgrilCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgrildLZ, ND, DK. bsgrilCD, DS, TC.bsgrilLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgrildLZ, ND, DK. sgrilDS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'gril[CD], (Rona-Tas 1978: 359), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). 'khril NWH.thig skud sogsLZ, mar la dang gcig tu ND. To make a roll of, to roll, wrap up; to wind into a spool CD. To fold, to wrap up; to cause to fold or roll up; to combine DK. 1. To make something roll. 2. To roll up, make into a ball. 3. To twist, braid, spin (rope and thread) DS. 1. To twist, to wind. 2. To combine, to muster. 3. To stuff. 4. To barter, to convert currency, to exchange currency, exchange merchandise. 5. (math) To convert lower digits into higher numeric places TC.(Rona-Tas 1978: 359) calls 'dril 'to be turned, rolled round, twisted into a thing.' the 'passive' of this verb, in addition he suggests a connection to the adjective hril po 'round, globular, close, dense' and the noun ril ba 'scroll'. sgrugsgrugLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgrugsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgrugLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sgrugsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sgrugCD.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.](Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 276).rdo ba sogsLZ, shing sogsND. To collect, gather, pluck, pick CD. To collect; to pick up DK. 1. To gather, collect. 2. (in some dialects) To take care of, preserve DS. To pick up, to gather, to collect TC. sgrungsgrungCD, DK, DS, TC. bsgrungsCD, DK, DS, TC.bsgrungCD, DK, DS, TC.sgrungsDK, DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. To mix, to invert, to feign (Cs.) CD. To cause to purify DK. To absorb, having been wet in water DS. To dissolve TC. sgrunsgrunLZ, CD (archaic), ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgrundLZ, ND, DK. bsgrunCD, DS, TC.bsgrunLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgrundLZ, ND, DK. sgrunDS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.'gran[CD].yon tan sogs phan tshunLZ, 'bran pa'i ND. 1. To resound; to reply in the same tone; to rival. 2. To compare; emulate, vie, contend with (Cs.) CD. To have competition; to compete; to compare DK. To compete, rival DS. To rival, to compare TC. sgrubsgrubKYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgrubsKYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgrubKYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sgrubsKYT, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. sgrubCD.KYT, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC, (Gyurme 1992: 247),[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'grub[CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).cho sgrub sogsTD, cho ga dang tshe sgrub sogsLZ, bya ba chos sogs ND. To complete, finish, carry out, accomplish CD. To carry out; to accomplish; to perform DK. 1. To do an action. 2. To judge the truth, having presented arguments and scriptural citations. 3. To take on the means of religion DS. 1. To attain, to do, to perform, to carry out, to execute. 2. To procure, to gain to acquire through effort. 3. (logic) To prove, to affirm, to establish, to establish a proof. 4. (math) To calculate, to find the value of, to make. 5. To attain, to practice religion, to perfect TC. sgresgreLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgresLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgreCD.bsgreLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgresLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.'gre(Chang 1971: vii.19), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).rigs pas gong 'og sogsLZ, rigs ND. To repeat; to put or place in order; put together; collate CD. To yoke; to apply the same method DK. 1. To compare a known situation in order to know a similar situation. 2. To churn something inside a liquid (such as water) DS. To collate, to juxtapose, to assimilate TC. sgregsgregCD. sgregsCD. To belch CD. sgrengsgrengTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgrengsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgrengTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgrengsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sgrengCD.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'greng[CD], (Chang 1971: vii.19), [Coblin 1986], (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).rgyal mtshanTD, rgyal mtshan sogsLZ, rgyal mtshan dar sogsND. To lift, hoist, rise up CD. To make stand up, to make erect DS. To erect, to raise up, to hoist TC. sgrosgroCD, DS. bsgrosCD, DS.bsgroCD, DS.sgroCD, bsgrosDS.CD, DS.DS, TC. To debate, discuss, chatter freely CD. 1. 'go bar bya pa'i [to make into a head], e.g. 'go nad mi la ma bsgo. 2. To speak to others (e.g. a teacher to students) DS. sgrog1sgrogKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgragsKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgragKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sgrogsKYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. sgragCD. sgragsCD.KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).grags(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).dam tshig dang dril buTD, dam tshig dang bka' shog sogs LZ, skad sgra ND. To call, shout forth, publish, proclaim, declare CD. To read; to announce; to declare; to proclaim, promulgate DK. 1. To make a large noise. 2. To make known to all by speaking from the mouth or presenting in writing DS. To call out, to shout out, to roar, to proclaim, to read aloud TC. sgrog2sgrogDK, DS, TC. bsgrogsDK, DS, TC.bsgrogDK, DS, TC.sgrogsDK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To mend; to re-stitch DK. To bind with a rope &c. the feet and hands of men and cattle DS. 1. To sew, to stitch. 2. To tie, to fasten, to attach TC. sgrongsgrong TD, LZ, ND, TC. sgrangCD, DK, DS. bsgrangsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgrangTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgrongCD. sgrongsTD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC. TC.bgrangNWH. grangs dang phreng ba sogsTD,gzhan gyis grangs sogsLZ, grangs suND. To enumerate; to reckon up separately CD. To make someone count DK. To count, calculate, find out by working with numbers DS. To deem, to consider, to estimate, to count TC. sgrodsgrodLZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. bsgrodLZ, ND, TC.bsgrodLZ, ND, TC.sgrodLZ, ND, TC.TC. TC.bgrod[CD], [DS].phan tshunLZ, lam laNDB, shing khams lam sogsNDA. (rare) To go CD. (in some dag yig 'spelling primers' a way of spelling bgrod) 1. To go. 2. 'dod spyadDS. To engage in sexual intercourse TC. sgronsgronCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgronCD, DS, TC. bsgrondND, DK.bsgronCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgrondND. bsgrondDK. sgronDS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.na bza'ND. To cover, lay over, adorn, decorate; to light, kindle CD. To cause to wear or put on DK. 1. To set on fire. 2. (honorific) To ornament with ornaments, have wear attire DS. 1. (honorific) To offer. 2. (honorific) To wear. 3. (honorific) To report. 4. (honorific) To lay out, to set out. 5. To light a fire, to kindle, to ignite, to set fire to TC. sgrolsgrolKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bsgralKYT, CD, DS, TC.bsgraldKYN, TD, LZ, DK. bsgralKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. sgrolKYT, KYN, DS, TC. sgrold TD, LZ, DK.KYT, KYN, TD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).grol(Gyurme 1992: 259). rgal [Beyer 1992: 85]dgra dang 'khor baTD, dgra bo dang 'khor ba sogs las LZ. To save, rescue, deliver; to set free; to liberate CD. To save, rescue; to set free; to liberate DK. 1. To set free from (fear &c.). 2. To sentence to death DS. To liberate, to free, to deliver, to release, to cross over TC. brgyagsbrgyagsDS.brgyags[DS].brgyags[DS].DS. 1. To be satisfied with food and drink. 2. (of bodily flesh) To be fatty, corpulent DS. Compare rgyags brgyalbrgyalLZ, CD, DS, TC. rgyalDK.brgyaldLZ, DK.brgyal[DS], TC.brgyalLZ, DK, [DS], TC.brgyalLZ. rgyaldDK.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.dug sogs kyisLZ. 1. To fall down senseless; to lie senseless, to sink down unconscious, to faint. 2. To howl, of a fox (Sch.) CD. To become unconscious; to faint; to become weary; to tire DK. To become unconscious; to faint; to become weary; to tire DS. To faint, to become unconscious TC. brgyudrgyud[CD], DK. brgyud LZ, DS, TC.brgyudLZ, [CD], DK, [DS], TC.brgyudLZ, DK, [DS], TC.rgyudDK. - TC. brgyud LZ.TC. (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. DS.gcig la gcig LZ. To descend; to send, arrive by way of; to do indirectly; to continue without interruption DK. 1. (trans.) To pass many stages. 2. (intr.) A. To pass through a place on one's way somewhere else. B. To transmit consecutively DS.To pass through, to conduct, to transmit, to pass down, to hand down, through care of, by way of TC. bsgombsgomND. bgomsND.bgomND.bkomsND.ND.gom pasND. a baffling list of principal parts, presumably he has conflated sgom, and bgom. bsgyingsbsgyingsTC gives as the present to sgying. bsgrangbsgrangCD.grangNWH. To cause to get cold CD. bsgradsgradDK. bsgradLZ, CD, [DS], TC.bsgradLZ, DK, TC.bsgradLZ, DK, TC.bsgradLZ.sgradDK. bsgrodTC.TC. TC.bgradNWH.mig sogsLZ. To open wide CD. To cause to open (eyes, mouth &c.) DK. To open the eyes wide (alternate orthography of bgrad) DS. 1. To open wide. 2. To set apart, to spread open TC. bsgralbsgralCD. To pass, cross over CD. perhaps a specialization of sgrol, or a varient of rgal.
nga ngar ngar DK, DS, TC. ngard DK. ngar [DS], TC. ngar DK, [DS], TC.ngard DK. - TCTC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To strengthen the mental power; to be vigorous; to be active DK. To become increasingly hot DS. To be encouraged, to be inspired, to be stimulated, to be excited, to be inflamed TC. ngal ngal LZ, CD, DK, TC. ngald LZ, DK. ngal TC. ngal LZ, DK, TC.ngald LZ, DK. - TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). lus sogs LZ. To be fatigued, wearied, prostrate with exercise of the body CD. To feel tired; to be weary DK. To be tired, to be exhausted TC. ngu ngu LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. ngus LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. ngu LZ, DK, DS, TC.ngu LZ. ngus DK, DS, TCDS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. nyam thag pa sogs kyis LZ. To cry, weep CD. To cry; weep DK. 1. To shed tears and make a noise of suffering because of pain, illness, or sadness. 2. To make a noise like crying, sobbing DS. To weep, to cry TC. ngur ngur CD, DS, TC. ngur [DS], TC. ngur [DS], TC.- TC.TC.DS, TC. sngur [CD]. To grunt (of pigs and yaks) CD. For a yak or dri to make a sound DS. To grunt (used of pigs and cattle) TC. nger nger TC. nger TC. nger TC. - TC.TC. TC.(li yung khrang 1988). To growl, to snarl, to roar (used of dogs and so forth) TC. nges nges LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. nges LZ, DK, [DS], TC. nges LZ, DK, [DS], TC.nges LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). blo la LZ. To be the sum of a mathematical calculation, i.e. to hold it as a certain result CD. To be confirmed; to be certain DK. 1. To hold in mind having come to know. 2. To decide, resolve DS. To determine, to ascertain, to be certain; (preceded by a verb) will, would certainly do; to must, to ought to [sic] TC. ngom ngom CD, DK, DS, TC. ngoms CD, DK, TC. ngom [DS]. ngom DK, [DS], TC.ngoms DK, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To satisfy one's self with gain, to be contented CD. To be satisfied; to be content; to quench DK. To show and make other understand your own qualities and merits DS. To show off TC. ngoms ngoms ND, DS, TC. ngoms ND, [DS], TC. ngoms [DS], TC.- TCTC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To be satisfied, appeased DS. To be satisfied, to be satiated TC. dngang dngang LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dngangs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. sngangs CD. dngang LZ, DK, DS, TC.dngangs LZ, DK. - DS, TCDS, TC.DS, TC. yid sogs LZ. 1. To be out of breath, to pant, to feel oppressed (e.g. when plunged into cold water, but especially when frightened and terrified). 2. To be frightened, to fear, to be afraid of CD. To suffocate, to be out of breath; to choke, to be frightened DK. Same as sngangsDS. To gasp, to pant [out of fear]. 2. To be afraid, to be terrified TC. Perhaps not to be separated from sngang I have given dngangsND, and sngangsCD in both places. See note at sngang. dngar dngar LZ, CD, DK, TC. dngard LZ, DK. dngar TC. dngar LZ, DK, TC.dngar LZ. dngard DK. - TC.TC.TC. go rim sogs legs par LZ. To put in order, arrange properly CD. To put in order, to put in a line, to arrange properly; to line up or to be in a line DK. To line up, put in rows TC. dngom dngom LZ. dngoms LZ. dngom LZ.ngoms LZ.(Goldstein 2001). yon tan dang nor sogs LZ. To boast, to show off (Goldstein 2001). mngag mngag LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. mngags LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. mngag LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. mngag LZ. - ND. mngags DK, DS. mngogs TCND.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 227), (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Erg. Obl. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 227). gzhan du LZ, las la ND. To commission, charge, send, delegate (a messenger commissary &c). CD. To send a delegate or a message; to give instructions, to keep as a servant DK. To entrust, commit someone to go to do an action DS. 1. To entrust, to assign, to commission, to appoint. 2. To send, to dispatch TC. mngan mgan CD. To curse, to execrate (Ja) CD.(Stein 1942: 317-218) connects this with the adjective ngan 'evil'. He notices the alternate spelling ma ngan 'accursed' of a nominal use in Gesar, and suggests mngan is a contraction of mo ngan 'evil woman.' Other dictionaries DS, TC list the word only as an archaic noun 'sin, fault.' mnga'1 mnga' CD, ND, DK, DS. mnga' ND, DK. mnga' DK.mnga' DK.[Abs. Obl.] 'to have dominion over' (Hackett 2003). [Obl. Abs.] 'to have' (Hackett 2003). 1. To own, possess. 2. (honorific) To be, exist CD. To own, possess; to have something in mind, to have knowledge of; to remember DK. To be (yod), to have (ldan) DS. mnga'2DS. To be (yod), to have (ldan) DS. mngar mngar LZ. mngar LZ. mngar LZ.mngar LZ.(Hoshi 2003). bza' ba'i ro sogs LZ. [To be ] sweet(Hoshi 2003). mngon mngon LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. mngond LZ, DK. mngon ND, [DS], TC. mngon LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.mngond LZ, DK. - ND, TC.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). rtags mtshan sogs LZ, mthong ba'i ND. To be evident, to appear clearly CD. To manifest, to observe, to become visible DK. To become clear DS. To become clear, to become visible, to become evident, to appear TC. rnga rnga KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brngad [CD]. brngas KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brnga KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.rngos KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). btsas ma sogs TD, rtswa dang btsas ma sogs LZ, btsas ma ND. To mow, reap, cut with a sickle CD. To mow, reap; cup with a sickle; harvest DK. To cut down grain DS. To cut, mow, harvest TC. rngan rngan LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. rngon DS. brngand LZ, ND, DK. brngan CD, DS, TC brngan LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rngan LZ, DK. rgnond ND. rngon DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. mchod pa dang nor sogs LZ, gla rdan ND. To pay hire to, to pay wages or remuneration; (sometimes) to bribe, corrupt (rngan) CD. To honor, worship (brngan) CD. To reward; to award; to give a present, to give a prize; to bribe DK. To give a person salary for work performed DS. To bribe TC. rngab1 rngab CD, DK, [DS], TC. brngabs DK, TC. brngab [CD]. brngab DK, TC.rngabs DK. - TC.TC.TC. 1. To be hungry, to be greedy, have a craving appetite. 2. (cf. rnam) to crave, to desire earnestly; acc (Ja) CD. To feel greedy; to crave DK. (archaic) To be hungry DS. 1. To be hungry. 2. To be greedy for, to crave for, to have an appetite for TC. rngab2 rngab CD 3. (In West) To mow, reap, cut down with a sickle CD. Compare rnga rngab3rngabDS. gives as the present of sngab rngam rngom LZ, ND, (TC). rngam CD, DK, DS, TC. brngams LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. brngam LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rngams DK. rngom LZ. rngoms ND, DS. - TC.ND, DS. TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). lus srog sogs la LZ. dgra dang las la ND. 1. To rage at; be furious; devastate. 2. To breathe violently, to pant for, to desire ardently CD. To feel greedy, to crave DK. To be angry DS. To want, to crave, to be desirous of. 2. To be hostile, to be ferocious TC. rngam rngam DS. rngam [DS]. rngams [CD]. rngam [DS].DS. To hunger, crave [CD]. To thirst for, crave DS. rngub rngub LZ, CD (archaic), ND, DK, DS, TC. brngubs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brngub LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rngubs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. du ba sogs LZ, kha sna ru ND. To draw in, inhale, breathe in CD. To breathe, to inhale, sniff DK. To draw inside the mouth (breath, smoke &c.) DS. To sip, to inhale, to breath in TC. rngul1 rngul LZ, DK, DS, TC. rnguld LZ, DK. rngul [DS], TC. rngul LZ, DK, [DS], TC.rnguld LZ, DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. sman dang dub pas LZ. To perspire DK. To sweat, perspire DS, TC. rngul2 rngul CD, DK brngul CD. brnguld DK. brngul DK.rnguld DK.rngul1[DK] To sweat, perspire CD. To cause to perspire DK. rngo rngo CD. To be able (Cs.) CD. rngod rngod TD, CD, DS, TC rngo (TD), ND, DK, TC. rngos (TD) brngos TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brngod [CD] brngod TD, CD, DS, TC . brngo (TD), (CD Ja, Cs.), ND, DK, TC.rngos TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rngod CD.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC., (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 227), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 227).ngho(macron)o(grave) (Chang 1971: ii.5, see note). nas sran sogs TD, yos ND. To parch (barley, wheat, or rice); to bruise, to roast; to fry (e.g. meat in a pan) (rngod)CD. (barley) To be cropped (Situ 77) (brngod) CD. To roast barley, fry meat, &c. DK. Having put (foot &c.) in a frying pan to heat and cook DS. To parch, to roast, to fry TC. The spoken Tibetan non-causative nghoo has no written Tibetan correspondent, and may be a secondary derivative, formed by analogy to such pairs as par 'to cause to be increased', phar 'to be increased' (Chang 1971: ii.5). rngod rngod TD, [CD?], DK, TC. brngod TD, CD, DK, TC. brngod TD, DK, TC.brngod TD, DK, TC.TD, TC. TC. gzhan sgyu babs kyis dring pa TD. (acc. to Cs.) To desire (rngod) CD. To seduce, deceive (Situ 75) (brngod pf.)CD. to seduce; deceive DK. To delude, deceive TC. rngon rngon LZ, DK, DS, TC. brngond LZ, DK. brngon CD, DS, TC. brngon LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.rngon LZ, DS, TC. rngond DK.DS, TC.DS, TC. ri dwags sogs LZ. 1. To pursue wild beasts, to hunt. 2. To seduce, especially to sensual indulgences (Ja) CD. To hunt; to chase wild animals for killing DK. To catch and slay a beast DS. To hunt TC. rngon2rngon DS gives as the present of rngan. rngob rngob CD. To do, to be able (vide rngo) CD. rngomrngomLZ, ND, (TC). give as the present of rngam. snga snga CD, DS. sngas CD. snga [DS]. snga [DS].(Hoshi 2003).DS. To be the first, to come first, to be beforehand CD. To happen at a certain early time DS. sngagsngagCD, DS. give as the present of bsngags sngang sngang DK, DS. dngang ND. sngangs CD, DK, DS. bsnangs ND. sngang DK, DS. bsngang ND.sngangs ND, DK. - ND. sngongs DS.DS.ND.DS, TC. skrag pa'i (-) ND. bred pa'i (sngangs) ND. 1. To be out of breath, to pant, to feel oppressed (e.g. when plunged into cold water, but especially when frightened and terrified). 2. To be frightened, to fear, to be afraid of CD. To fear; frighten; suffocate DK. To be suddenly afraid DS.ND lists this verb twice, his conjugation seems unlikely but compare sbyin / byin. I would like to see three verbs: (1) sngang, sngangs, sngang, sngnags (2) sngang, bsngangs, bsngang, sngangs, (3) dngang, dngangs, dngang, dngangs but the evidence does not warrant. sngab sngab DS. rngab (DS). sngab [DS]. rngab [(DS)]. sngab [DS]. rngab [(DS)].DS. To very much crave DS. sngam sngam LZ, DS. bsngam LZ. sngam [DS]. sngam LZ, [DS].sngam LZ.DS. dbugs sogs LZ. To breath deeply DS. sngal sngal DK. bsngal CD. bsngald DK. bsngal DK.sngald DK.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be faint or exhausted (Cs.) CD. To exhaust, to cause to be weary DK. sngassngasDK. gives as the present of bsngas. sngur sngur LZ, CD. bsngurd LZ. sngur LZ.sngurd LZ. ngur [CD]. gnyid kyis LZ. To snore CD. sngo1 sngo KYT, KYN, TD, CD (Cs.), ND, DK, DS, TC. sngod CD. bsngos KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsngo KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sngos KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). rge rtsa sogs TD, dge ba ND. I. To bless, pronounce benedictions. 2. To design, intend (sngo) CD. To make a firm resolve to go the way of Nirvana, or do any act of piety (bsngos) CD. To dedicate one's virtue; to transfer, multiply DK. 1. To give or send with the mind. 2. To explain the reason DS. To calculate, to enumerate, to estimate, to investigate TC. sngo2 sngo CD (Cs.), DK, TC. sngod CD. bsngos CD, DK, TC. bsngo CD, DK, TC.sngos CD, DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC. To become green CD. To make blue DK. To become blue or black TC. sngog sngog LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. bsngogs LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. bsngog LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. sngogs LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.ND, CD, DS, TC, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). skyon dang mtshang sogs LZ, 'khrugs pa'i skyo ND, smyu gu snag tshar NDB, snyu gu snag tshar NDA. To vex, annoy, cause petty irritation, disturb from rest CD. To excavate, search; find out, discover a mistake DK. 1. To speak critically (mtshang dang skyon rjen par bshad pa) 2. To dig, excavate DS. To rummage through, to search, to empty out, to extract TC. sngogsngogND gives as the present of bsngag. brngad brngad CD. brngab (CD def. 1) 1. To crop barley. 2. To tempt (Situ 77). 3. To seduce deceitfully (a woman or man) (Sch.); to draw out; distill; extract the juice of CD. brngabbrngabCD. gives as a present of brngad brngog brngog CD. To point out another's faults; seek out faults; to search for a lost article CD. probably a xylograph error for bsngog future of sngog. bsngags bsngags LZ, DK, TC. sngag CD, DS. sngags CD. sngog ND. bsngags LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsngags LZ, DK, TC. bsngag CD, ND, DS.bsngags LZ, DK, TC. sngog CD. sngogs ND, DS. CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).ngag 'speech, talk, word' (Chang 1971: ii.4). yon tan dang bkas LZ, bstod pa'i ND. To praise, commend, extol, recommend CD. To praise, eulogize DK. To speak well of a man, deed, or thing DS. To praise, to eulogize, to glorify TC. bsngas sngas DK. bsngas CD, DS. bsngas, DK. {DS]. bsngas DK, [DS].sngas DK.DS.ngas 'pillow, cushion'NWH. To place the head or body upon a cushion, to recline CD. To rest on a pillow; to lean on or support DK. One's own body not falling down is supported by another object DS.
ca can can DS. To have, posses DS.DS is wrong to think of this as a verb, rather than a nominal suffix NWH. cercer LZ. gives as the present of 'cher. cog cog CD. To have leisure CD.DS, and [Li shi'i gur khang] consider this to be particle added to the reduplicating a sentence final particle, meaning tham cad 'all' or yod tsad 'quality' cong cong CD. To raise wailings, loud lamentations CD.CD probably infers this verb from the word gcong skad 'a cry, lamentation' which may also be spelled cong skad. gcar1 gcar LZ, DS. bcard LZ. bcar DS. gcar LZ, DS.gcord LZ. gcor DS.DS.DS. gam du LZ. In the presence of, near to DS. gcar2 gcar DS. gcar DS. gcar DS.gcor DS.DS.DS. To hit or strike DS. gcal gcal CD. To spread, display; lay out (e.g. precious stones, jewels on a table or the ground (Ja)). CD.probably the substantive gcal 'flat, surface'. gci gci LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gcid CD. gcis LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bcis (DK). gci LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bci (DK).gci LZ, DK. gcis CD, (DK), DS, TC.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.gcin 'urine'NWH. gcin LZ. To discharge urine, to make water; to piss CD. To urinate DK, DS, TC . Root gci (= gtoei) < *gtsyi < *g-tsi < *tsi (Beyer 1992: 83). gcir gcir DS, TC. bcir DS. gcir TC. gcir DS, TC.chir DS. gcir TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. To press flat DS. To squeeze, to press TC (Duff).'chir and 'tshir gcilgcilCD, DS. gcil [DS]. gcil [DS].DS. To spoil, destroy (Sch.) CD. To cut (meat &c.) with a knife DS. gcis gcis ND. gcis ND. NDAA seems to have gces, a carvo. ND. a variant present for gci? gcu gcu LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. gcud CD, DK. gcus LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bcus ND. lcus CD. gcu LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. lcu CD.cus LZ, ND. 'chus DK. gcus DS, TC.ND, DC, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. ske dang gyas gyon du LZ, lag pas ND. To squeeze, strain, whirl, turn round like the twisting of a screw (gcud) CD. To turn, to turn round, to twist, to twine, to plate, to braid (gcu) CD. To twist, to turn aside DK. To make something change from being straight DS. To twist around, to wring, to screw in TC (Duff). gcugs gcugs LZ, DS. gcugs LZ, [DS]. gcugs LZ, [DS].gcugs LZ.DS.DS. mdza' grogs sogs dang LZ. 1. (intrans.) To be emotionally close, in harmony. 1. (trans.) To love DS. gcud gcud DS. gcud [DS]. gcud [DS]. DS. To wrap, enclose inside of something DS. gcungcunCD, ND give as a present of 'jun gcur gcur LZ, ND, TC. bcur CD. 'jur DS. 'chur [TC]. gcurd LZ. bcurd ND. bcur DS, TC. gcur LZ, ND, DS. bcur TC.churd LZ. curd ND. chur DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. phug dang dka' sar LZ, phug tu ND. 1. To be flattened down (Sch.). 2. (colloquial) To bar, obstruct, block up by snow obstructing a roadCD. To become helpless DS. 1. To squeeze into, inside some place. 2. To be trapped, helpless TC (Duff). Compare 'jur and 'churd gcus gcus CD. To interfere, to meddle with (Nag) CD. gcemgcemDK. gives as the present of bcem gcer gcer DK. bcard DK. bcar DK.gcerd DK. To squash, squeeze DK. Compare bcer gces gces LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. gces LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC. gces LZ, DK, [DS], TC.gces LZ, DK. - ND, TC.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). rang gzhan la LZ. To have attachment, to love CK. To feel sympathy or pity for DS. To value, cherish, prize, respect TC. gcog gcog LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcag LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gcog LZ, DS. gcag ND, DK, TC.gcog LZ. cog ND, CD, TC. chogs CD, DK, DS, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). 'chag [CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259). sgo nga dang rdo sogs LZ, rdo sogs ND. To break, to burst asunder, to cleave, to split, blast, to violate CD. To break, split DK. 1. To break something hard into many pieces. 2. To recover from illness. 3. To not respect, not comply, not agree to. 4. To make fewer DS. 1. To break, split, fragment. 2. To oppress, to suppress. 3. To reduce, deduct, lower. 4. To contradict, to break a pledge, to disobey TC. gcong gcong CD. bshongs CD. 1. To excavate, wash out, undermine through the action of water. 2. To get faint, languid wearied in mind (Ja) CD. Compare gshong gcod gcod KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcad KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gcad KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.chod KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gcod CD.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'chad [CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). shing sogs TD, srog dang don thag sogs LZ, gri tshar stangs dang nam 'phang tha ga dang mcams khrims sogs ND. To cut, to cut asunder, to cut down, to fell; (variety of metaphorical uses) stop, hinder, judge, avoid, lock, to wake from sleep CD. To hew or cut; to decide a case DK. 1. To cut a long thing into a short one. 2. To settle, determine. 3. To follow pursue something gone earlier. 4. To examine a circumstance and come to have knowledge. 5. To sever, stop, cut off. 6. To quite (a bad habit &c.). 7. To block, obstruct. 8. To kill. 9. To break off a previous mutual connection. 10. To annihilate, get rid of. 11. To arrive at a goal. 12. To understand a profound meaning having analyzed and argued. 13. To block of the end (of a hole &c.) by stuffing in something round DS. 1. To cut, to shear, to shave off. 2. To kill. 3. To intervene, to interrupt. 3. To give up, to abandon, to stop, to break off. 5. To close, to block off, to impede. 6. To establish, to determine. 7. To implement, to execute, to exact. 8. To explore, to investigate, to pursue. 9. To differentiate, to discriminate, to scrutinize, to analyze, to discern. 10. To traverse, to arrive after a journey TC. gcomgcomLZ, ND, DS, TC. gcomsLZ. bcam ND. bcams DS, TC. 'chams DS. gcom LZ, bcamNDB, TC.gcam NDA. bcomDS.coms LZ. 'choms ND, DS. gcoms TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. gros sogs LZ, gros ND. (archaic) To negotiate DS. To promise, to make a promise or contract TC. gcor gcor LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcor LZ. bcard LZ, ND. bcar [CD], DK, DS, TC. gcar LZ, DK, DS, TC. bcar LZ, ND.gcord LZ, DK. bcord LZ. cord NDA. chord NDB. chor DS. gcor TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. sku mdun sogs su (gcor) LZ, mig sogs (bcor) LZ, mig sogs ND. To spread, scatter, disperse (Cs.) (gcor) CD. 1. To squeeze to press. To crowd, to throng. 2. To pull or force down, to wrest (bcar) CD. To maker closer, to cause to meet DK. To squash, squish DS. 1. To go to meet, to approach, to draw near. 2. To crush, to squeeze TC. gcol gcol TC. gcol TC. gcol TC.gcol TC.TC.TC.'chol (Duff). To scatter, to disperse, to cause disruption TC. bcas bcas DS. bcas [DS]. bcas [DS].DS. [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368). To have DS. bca'bca' DS gives as the preset of 'chos1 bcirbcirLZ. gives as the present of 'chir bcubcuLZ,CD. give as the present of 'chu bcum bcum CD. (= bskum also bzung) 1. To become contracted. 2. (acc. Sch.) To use artifices; to chicane CD. bcurbcur CD. gives as the present of gcur. bcembcemLZ, TC. 'chems CD (archaic). gcem DK. bcemsLZ, CD, DK, TC.bcemLZ, CD, DK, TC.bcem LZ. gcems DK. bcems TC.TC.TC. so yis bca' ba sogs LZ. To chew (Medical, Ja) CD. To crush with teeth; to squash or press together DK. To chew TC. bcer gcer [CD], bcer CD, DS, TC. bcer TC. bcer TC.TC. TC. 1. To heap, to pile up; collect in one place. 2. To glare at. 3. (colloquial = bcir) to squeeze, press CD. (archaic) To heap, pile up DS. To heap, to pile up TC. Root bcer < *btyer < *bter (Beyer 1992: 84) cf. gter 'treasure.' bcobcoCD. bcos CD.bcos CD. (properly the root of the future tense of 'chos, but in the West the usual word for byed) To make, to perform CD. bcogbcogCD. To reduce, cut down CD. bcorbcor LZ. gives as the present of gcor lcigslcigsDS, TC. lcigs [DS], TC. lcigs [DS], TC.- TC.TC.DS TC. To be able, capable DS.To understand, realize TC. lceb lceb LZ, CD, DS, TC. lcebs LZ, DS, TC. lceb LZ, DS, TC.lcebs LZ, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. brag gyang sogs la LZ. 1. To kill oneself, to commit suicide. 2. (used of insects that fly into a flame) CD. To end ones own life DS. To commit suicide (especially by jumping off a high place), to take one's own life TC. lcogs lcog CD. lcogs CD, DS, TC. lcogs DK, [DS], TC. lcogs DK, [DS], TC.lcogs DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC. 1. To be agitated, shaken, to tremble. 2. To be able CD. To be able, capable DS. To have time for or to have time to. 2. To handle, to be able to cope TC.
chacha chas LZ, DS, TC. cha CD, DK, (TC). chas LZ, CD (see def.), DK, [DS], TC. cha LZ, DK. chas [DS], TC.chos LZ. chas DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). gzhan du LZ. 1. To adorn, bedeck, wear (S. Lex). 2. (archaic) To go away, to start, to leave (a place) (cha) CD. (chas, originally the past of cha but always used as a separate verb) 1. To set forth, depart. 2. To prepare for, to set about, to start (chas) CD.To go, to compose DK. To go on a path DS. To go, to set out, to depart TC. Ja. gives this as the normal verb 'go' in the west, the past and imperative song having replaced chas. chagchag TC gives as the present of 'chag chags1 chags LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. chags LZ, DK, [DS], TC. chags LZ, DK, [DS], TC. chags LZ, DK. - TC.TC, [Hoshi 2003].DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 'dod yon la LZ. 1. To be fond of, to be attached to, to love; to cling to. 2. To be begotten, produced CD. To be attached to, to rest upon, to love, to lust DK. To become attached to, to be loyal to etc. DK. To become desirous, to feel loyal &c. DS. 1. To be attached to, to be in love. 2. To be situated, to be settled TC. chags2 chags TC. chags TC. chags TC.- TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hoshi 2003). TC. [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117). To become, to occur, to form, to be created, to come into being TC. chags3 chags (Takeuchi 1995: 49). (Takeuchi 1995: 49). [Abs All.] (Takeuchi 1995: 49). A loan of (something abs.) was made to (someone all.) (Takeuchi 1995: 49). Takeuchi appears to understand this verb as a specialization of the preceding. chags4 chags (Takeuchi 1995: 49). (Takeuchi 1995: 49). [Erg. Abl. Abs.] (Takeuchi 1995: 49). (in Old Tibetan) To borrow (something abs.) from (someone abl.) (Takeuchi 1995: 49). as frequently occurs in Old Tibetan the allative can substitute for the ablative in this construction (Takeuchi 1995: 49). chad chad CD. 1. To open, to separate, liberate, to give out. 2. To promise, bind one's self. 3. To be descended from; to be born of or with (generally with nas or las) CD. chaschas LZ, DS, TC. give as the present to cha chibschibs ND. gives as the present to 'chib chugchugDK. chugsDK.chugDK.chugsDK.(Hoshi 2003).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To come under; to be included DK. To allow (Hackett 2003). To be able to distinguish, tell the difference (Hoshi 2003). chud chud CD, DS, TC. 'chud DK. chud DK, [DS], TC. 'chud DK. chud [DS], TC.chud DK.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To get into, to enter, to put into, insert CD. To get in; to be included, admitted DK. 1. To fit, hold inside. 2. To congregate in. 3. To be certain, confident in mind. 4. To finish preparations DS. 1. To be included, to get into, to be inserted. 2. To understand. 3. To fit, to hold, to have room TC. Compare 'jud chun chun CD. To bunch or bundle together CD. chub chub ND, DS, TC. chub [ND], [DS], TC. chub [ND], [DS], TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To understand, comprehend DS. To be perfected, to have perfect comprehension, to comprehend, to master TC. chum chum CD (archaic), TC. chum [TC]. chum [TC].TC. To be frightened, also to shrink CD. To shrink in fear, to cower TC. che che CD. ches CD.(Hoshi 2003). [To be great] CD.Root che (= toehe) < *thye < *the (Beyer 1992: 83). ches ches TC. ches TC. ches TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC. To believe (used with yid) TC. chog1 chog CD, DK, TC. chog DK, TC. chog DK, TC.chog DKTC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To be permitted, to be allowable (in books generally with the instrumental particle). 2. To suffice, to be sufficient CD. To be permissible; to be allowed DK. 1. To be sufficient, to suffice, to be enough. 2. To be suitable, to be fit for, to be ready, to be able, to be permitted, to be allowed TC. chog2 chog DS. To be suitable, appropriate, acceptable DS. chod chod CD, DK, DS, TC. chod DK, [DS], TC. chod DK, [DS], TC.chod DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). 1.To be cut off. 2.To be decided, settled fixed. 3. To cover over, to put into shade CD. To cut off; to be decided DK. 1. (of an action) To be able to perform it. 2. To cut off DS. To be cut off, to be separated, to be broken off TC. chom chom CD, TC. chom TC. chom TC.- TC.TC. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be finished, accomplished (in West, Ja) CD. To be subdued, to be vanquished, to be overcome, to be beaten down TC. mchi mchi LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. mchis LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. mchi LZ, DK, DS, TC.mchi LZ. mchis DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). skyabs 'og sogs su LZ. (elegant) To come, to go CD. To take refuge, shelter, to take asylum, to go for protection DK. To go or come DS. (archaic) To go TC. mchid mchid LZ. mchid LZ. mchid LZ.mchid LZ. 'phros pa 'os rigs LZ. possibly a variant of mched. mchis mchis [CD],DK, TC. mchi DS. mchis DK, DS. mchis DK. mchi DS.mchis DK.DS.[Obl. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To be; to have DK. To exist, posses, to stay DS. To be, to exist TC. as a copula verb stems should not be differentiated. mched mched LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. mched LZ, [ND], DK, [ND], TC. mched LZ, [ND], DK, [ND], TC.mched LZ, DK. - [ND], TC.[ND], TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). me lce sogs LZ. To spread, gain ground, increase, multiply (seldom used except for fire, plague &c.) CD. To spread over, to increase DK. To rapidly grow greater, spread DS. To spread, to increase, to become widespread TC. mchog mchog ND. mchog [ND]. mchog [ND].- [ND][ND] Probably a verbal use of the adjective 'excellent, fine'. mchong mchong LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. mchongs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. mchong LZ, DK, DS, TC.mchong LZ. mchongs DK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. brag gyang sogs la LZ. 1. To leap, jump. 2. To bathe in water CD. To jump; leap DK. To leap DS. To jump, to leap, to leap across TC. mchod mchod KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. mchod KYN, LZ, [ND], DK, [DS], TC. mchod KYN, LZ, [ND], DK, [DS], TC.mchod KYN, LZ, DK, TC.KYN, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137).[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). lha sogs LZ. To honor, worship CD. To offer, to worship; to respect or praise; to eat DK. 1. To lay out food in remembrance of the dead. 2. To burn in a fire, or scatter to the sky, or spread on high food &c. in a superstitious liturgical procedure thought to make offerings to gods and demons. 3. (in Buddhism) To religiously offer food &c. DS. To offer, to worship, to make offerings. 2. (honorific) To eat, to drink, to wear TC. mchor mchor LZ, ND. mchord LZ. mchor ND. mchor LZ, [ND].mchord LZ. - [ND].[ND]. gos rgyan sogs kyis LZ. To be elegant, well appareled NWH. A verbal use of the adjective. mchol mchol ND. mchol ND. mchol [ND].- [ND].[ND]. 'chag1 'chag KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. chags CD. bcags KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcag KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. chogs KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYN, TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). zhabs kyis TD, LZ, ND. To tread, walk, move CD. 1. To walk, to visit. 2. To wash a new cloth DK. To step on, to walk DS. 1. To walk on, to step on, to treat, to visit, to travel. 2. To reduce, to slow down. 3. (dialect) To beat gently, to pat TC. 'chag2 'chag CD, DK, DS. 'cheg CD. chag TC. chag CD, DK, DS, TC. chags CD. 'chag DK, DS. chag TC.chag DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gcog[CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259) 1. To break, be broken. To cut in twain, cleave, split. 2. To abate, beat down from the price CD. To be broken DK. 1. To break apart, be broken. 2. To not do what was to be done at a certain time [i.e. to be interrupted]. 3. To decrease, become less DS. To break, to fragment, to be broken. 2. To be interrupted TC. 'chag3 'chag DS. 'chags DS. 'chag DS.- DS.DS.DS. 1. For one thing to be on top of another thing 2. To cover or stick to the outside of something DS. 'chags bshags LZ. 'chags CD, DK, DS, TC. 'cheg CD. bshags LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bshags LZ. bshag CD, DS, TC. bshags DK.bshags LZ. shogs (LZ). shog CD, DS. 'chags DK. bshogs TC.CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). sdig pa sogs LZ. 1. To explain, lay open. To confess, to acknowledge (Ja). 2. To be afraid of CD. To confess, to lay one's heart open and speak DK. 1. Having recognized and regretted past sins, to commit not to do them. 2. (of water &c.) To move [splash?] DS. To confess, to admit TC. 'chang 'chang TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. bcangs TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. bcang TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. chongs TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. chong CD.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). yid dang lus la TC. rang sems dang lus la LZ. lag tu ND. 1. To hold, to take hold of, to keep, to bear. 2. To carry, wear. 3. To have, to assume (e.g. body of a goddess). 4. To bite, bark at CD. 1. To hold with the hand. 2. To hold in mind without forgetting DS. To hold, to grasp to seize, to maintain, to assume. 2. To keep in mind, to retain TC. 'chad1 'chad LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. chad LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. chad LZ. 'chad DK, DS, TC.chad LZ, DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).[CD], DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gcod [CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). srog dang thag pa sogs LZ. 1. To cut into pieces, to decay, to break off, separate, to break asunder. 2. To cease, end, stop, die CD. To be broken off, be cut off; to discontinue; to be tired DK. 1. For a long thing to break into pieces. 2. To separate into many sections. 3. To be omitted, discarded. 4. To degenerate, decay, cease to exit DS. To be interrupted, to be broken, to be cut off. 2. To be incomplete, to be missing TC. Compare (Takeuchi 1995: 223). 'chad2 'chad KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. shod TC. bshad KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bshad KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. shod KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). chos dang gtam sogs LZ. bon chos gtam ND. To explain CD. To speak, tell, mention DK. 1. To explain verbally. 2. To give an commentary or exegesis. 3. To speak of good and evil DS. To discourse, to teach, to explain, to speak TC. 'chab 'chab LZ, CD (archaic), ND, DK, DS, TC. bcabs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcab LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.chobs LZ. chob CD. 'chobs ND, TC. 'chabs DK. chobs DS.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. lhung ba sogs LZ. nyes pa ND. To conceal, to keep secret CD. To conceal, to hide DK. To keep a misdeed secret DS. To conceal, to hide, to keep secret TC. 'cham1 'cham CD, DK, DS. 'chams TC. bcam CD. 'chams DK, DS, TC. 'cham DK, DS. 'chams TC.'chams DK. 'choms DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003). To dance CD, DS,TC. To dance; to take a walk DK. 'cham2 'cham CD. 'chams TC. bcam CD. 'chams TC. 'chams TC. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To accord, to agree CD. To get along with, to agree with, to be compatible TC. Root given as 'cham (= '?Sham) < *'thyam < 'tham 'grasp, embrace, join' (Beyer 1992: 84). 'cha'1 'cha'LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.bcas LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.'chas CD. bca' LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.chos LZ, CD, ND, DS. 'cha' DK. 'chos TC.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To draw up, prepare, construct, adjust. 2. (with dam) To make a vow, to promise, assert. 3. (with zhen pa or chags pa) To be attached to CD. 1. To make. 2. To vow, take an oath DK. 1. To resolve, determine (rules &c.) 2. To make a place for staying, supporting.3. To promise, take an oath DS.1. To establish, to draw up, to construct, to invent, to prepare. 2. To uphold, to promise, to keep TC. Compare 'chos. 'cha'2 'cha' TC. bcas TC. bca' TC. - TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be settled down, to be established, to be set up, to be made TC. 'cha'3 'cha' CD, DS,TC. 'chos DS, TC. 'cha' DS, TC. 'cho DS. 'chos TC. CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). gnas sogs LZ. gnas dang khrims dam gtor ma ND. To snap at, mangle, gnaw CD. To chew, to gnaw, to bite TC. To chew hard food with the teeth DS. 'char 'char LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. shar LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'char LZ, DK, DS, TC.'char LZ. shard DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).shar 'east' NWH. nye zla sogs dang blo la LZ. To arise, to start up, become visible, shine CD. To rise, to start DK. 1. (for the light of sun, moon, or stars) To spread, come out from the snyom thig of the east. 2. For the flower of a fruit tree to bloom. 3. (of a new era) To arrive. 4. To know or remember. 5. To reflect in a mirror &c. DS. 1. To arise, to emerge, to occur, to dawn, to bloom. 2. To become. 3. To recollect. 4. To be calculated, to be given, to be left (made in an arithmetic calculation) TC. 'chal 'chal CD, DS, TC. 'chald DK. chal DK. 'chal [DS], TC. 'chal DK, [DS], TC.chald DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To loose one's wits, to be confused, to be in disorder. 2. To hesitate, fluctuate in mind, be irresolute. 3. To fornicate, to commit adultery CD. To be out of order, to be disorderly or to be in a state of confusion DK. 1. To deteriorate in good activity of body and speech. 2. To deteriorate in understanding. 3. To be slanted (of a wall face) DS. To lose control, to be or become deranged. 2. (dialect) To tilt, to be unstable. 3. To be promiscuous, to fornicate TC. 'chi 'chi CD, DK, DS, TC. shi CD, DK, DS, TC. 'chi DK, DS, TC.shi DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To die, to expire, to go out (as light, fire) CD. To die, to end one's life DK. For a life to end DS. 1. To die, to perish. 2. To expire, to die out, to perish TC. 'ching1 'ching KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. 'chings DK. bcings KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcing KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.chings KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'chings CD. 'ching CD.KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). zhags pa sogs kyis TD. thag pa sogs kyis LZ. dam du ND. To bind, tie up, make fast, exorcise CD. To tie with a rope, bind DK. 1. To tie (a rope &c.). 2. To be a rule, standard DS. To bind, to tie, to fasten TC. 'ching2 'ching DK. chings DK. ching (DK). 'ching DK.chings DK. To be tied, fasted; to be unruly DK. 'chib 'chib LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'chibs CD. chibs ND. bcibs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcib LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.chibs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Byams pa rdo rje 1996), [Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).chibs 'horse' (Beyer 1992: 111) rta sogs LZ. rta sogs la ND. (respectful) To mount a horse or carriage CD. To ride a horse, &c. DK. (honorific) to ride a horse DS, TC. 'chir bcir LZ. 'chir (CD), DK, TC. cir (CD). bcird LZ. bcir (CD), DK, TC. bcir LZ, TC. gcir DK.bcir LZ. 'chird DK. 'chir TC.TC.TC. rlan sogs kyis LZ. To press, squeeze CD. To squeeze, press, interrogate DK. To squeeze, to press, to wring out TC.Root chir (= toehir) < *tshyir < *tshir (Beyer 1992: 83). Compare gcir and 'tshir. 'chir 'chir DK. chir DK. 'chir DK. chird DK. To go in between; to be pressed DK. 'chu1 'chu LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcu LZ,CD. bcus LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcu LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gcu LZ.chus LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcus LZ.CD, ND, DS, TC. DS, TC. chu 'water' (Simon 1971: 474), (Beyer 1992: 111). dbyibs kyis skyogs su ('chu) LZ. chu dang ja sogs (bcu) LZ. chu sogs ND. To scoop up, to ladle (water), to irrigate, to water ('chu) CD. 1. To draw out water, to irrigate. 2. To distill (Situ 75) (bcu) CD. To draw out water, to fetch water DK. To pick up sand, water &c. with a ladle &c. and pour it into a vessel DS. 1. To fetch with a vessel. 2. To loose appetite. 3. (archaic) To plunder TC. related to the noun bcud 'humor, elixir' (Stein 1942: 205). Related to the nouns chab 'water' and bca 'drink' by ablaut (Simon 1971: 474). 'chu2 'chu CD, DK, DS. 'chus TC. 'chus CD, DK, DS, TC. 'chu DK, DS. 'chus TC.'chus DK. - DS, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be twisted, distorted CD. 1. To be crooked, to be distorted, twisted. 2. To lose one's appetite DK. 1. To loose appetite. 2. To become crooked or in the shape of a twisted conch DS. To be or get twisted, to sprain, to be or get sprained TC. 'chug 'chug ND, DK, DS, [TC]. 'chugs ND, DK, DS. 'chug ND, DK, DS.- ND, DS. 'chugs DK.ND, DS.DS.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). don sogs ND. To be mistaken, to be in a wrong direction DK. To make a mistake, to be confused (similar to 'phyug) DS. To make a mistake, blunder, go wrong (alternative orthography of 'phyug) TC. Compare 'phyug. 'chugs 'chugs [TC]. (Skorupski 2001). (archaic) To settle a dispute TC. 'chud'chud DK. gives as the present of chud 'chun1 'chun CD, DK, TC. chun DK, TC. 'chun DK, TC.chund DK. - TC.TC. TC.'jun (Beyer 1992: 112).'chun pa 'under one's control' CD. To be tamed, subdued, made to yield CD. To be under control, to be subdued, to be able to contain DK. To become tamed, to become disciplined TC.CD suggests this verb is a denominal use of the adjective 'chun pa 'under one's control'. 'chun2'chun LZ gives as the present of 'jun. 'chum 'chum LZ, CD, TC. 'chums DK. 'chums LZ, TC. chum DK. 'chum LZ, DK, TC. 'chums LZ. chums DK. - TC.TC.TC. rgyu nor sogs la LZ. To wish, to long for CD. 1. To be attached to. 2. To be frightened, to contract, to become small DK. To be attached to, to be fond of, to be addicted to. 2. To shrink, to shrivel TC. 'chums 'chums DS. 'chums [DS]. 'chums [DS].DS. 1. To enforce a given command by force. 2. Having established authority to make someone listen DS. 'chur 'chur TC. (Skorupski 2001). (archaic) To arrive TC. 'churd 'churd DK. chur DK. 'chur DK.churd DK. To be able to contain, to suffice in capacity DK. Compare gcur. 'chus'chus TC. gives as the present to 'chu2 'che 'che LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'ches LZ, DS, TC. bces CD. ches DK. 'che LZ, DK, DS, TC. bce CD.'ches LZ, DS, TC. ches CD, DK. CD, DS, TC.DS, TC. 'ches [DK] dam bca' ba'i ched khas LZ. To attest, to promise CD. To promise DK, DS. To promise, to make a promise, to affirm TC. 'cheg'cheg CD. gives as the present of 'chag2 'chel 'chel (Hackett 2003). chel (Hackett 2003). chel (Hackett 2003).[Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003). To fixate (on), to be fixated (on) (Hackett 2003). 'chor1 'chor LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. shor (DK). shord LZ, DK. shor CD, DS, TC. shor LZ, DK. 'chor DS, TC.'chor LZ. 'chord DK. shord (DK). - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[(Erg.)Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). la rgya dang sdom pa sogs LZ. 1. To escape, flee, steal away. 2. To flow out CD. To be let loose (a dog, &c.). 2. To lose, be stolen. 3. To escape, run away DK. 1. To escape from bondage. 2. To deteriorate, become weak. 3. To be unable to protect, or block. 4. To be unable to control the sense faculties DS. 1. To be robbed of, to be lost, to be deprived. 2. To make a slip TC. 'chor2 'chor CD. bshor CD. gshor CD. To pursue, chase, go after CD. 'chol1 'chol KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcold KYN, LZ, ND, DK. bcol CD, DS, TC. bcol KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'chold KYN. chold LZ, ND, DK. 'chol DS. chol TC. KYN, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). 'phrin las LZ. lam sogs ND. To entrust, lay open, commit a thing to another's charge, to make, appoint CD. To entrust, rely upon DK. 1. To give something to another, and have him take care of it for some time. 2. To request another to attend to one's affairs in one's stead. 3. To have another attend to an affair having given something to another DS. To entrust, to charge with, to leave in someone's charge, to deposit TC. 'chol2 'chold DK. 'chol [DS], TC. chol DK. 'chol [DS], TC. 'chol DK, [DS], TC.chold DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).[DS], TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be disorderly, to be in a state of confusion DK. Similar in meaning to 'chal DS. To be disorderly, to be mistaken, to be confused. 2. To totter, to stagger TC. Compare 'chal. 'chos1 'chos LZ, CD (archaic), ND, DK, (DS), TC. bca' DS. bcos LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'chos CD. bco LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS. bcos TC.chos LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). gtor ma sogs LZ. bzo bos ND. To make, make ready, prepare, construct, build CD. To make, manufacture, build DK. To make, prepare, make ready DS. To make, create TC. Compare 'cha'1 'chos2 'chos LZ. bcos LZ. bca' LZ.chos LZ. khrims sogs LZ. Doubtless identical to the previous.
jamjal mjol KYN. mjal LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. mjald KYN, LZ, ND, DK. mjal DS, TC. mjal KYN, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.mjold KYN, LZ. mjol CD, DS, TC. - ND. mjald DK. ND, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117).CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.DS. [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368). [Obl. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117). [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). bla ma'i zhal sogs LZ. bla ma ND. (honorific) To meet, interview, wait on, pay ones respects CD. To have interviews, meet DK. (honorific) To meet DS. (honorific) To meet, see, visit TC. mjed mjed DK, DS. mjed DK, [DS]. mjed DK, [DS]. mjed DK.DS.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To cause to be intolerable, to be intolerable DK. To be irritating or unbearable DS. mjol mjol KYN. gives as the present of mjal. 'jag 'jag CD. jags CD (Cs.). (Sch.) To establish, settle, fix, found CD. 'jags1 'jags LZ, TC. 'jag DK. 'jags LZ, DK, TC. 'jags LZ, TC. 'jag DK.'jags LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. gtam snyan sogs yid la LZ. To be settled, become calm DK. 1. To remain in the mind, to remember. 2. (honorific) to be seated. 3. To settle, to calm down, to become still, to remain unchanged TC. 'jags2 'jags CD. ND, DK, DS. bcags ND, DS. gcags [CD], DK. gcags ND, DS. gcag DK.chog ND. 'jags DK. chogs DS.ND, DS.DS. yid la ND. To remember, keep in mind ('jags) CD. (A. K. 1. 24) 1. 1o apprehend, to grasp (with the understanding); to impress (generally with yid la 'on the mind'). 2. relative to persons it may be synonymous with chags pa 'to love' (gcags) CD. To keep in mind, to memorize DK. To bear in mind, hold in mind DS. 'jags3 'jags CD. (in Central Tibet) To give, to make a present, to formally present (Georgi's Alphabetum Tibetanum ) CD.I find no entry for 'jags in the index of (Giorgi 2001). 'jang 'jang CD, TC. 'jang TC. 'jang TC.- TC.TC.TC. To devour, swallow (Sch.) CD. To have diarrhea. 2. (archaic) To eat, to drink TC. 'jab 'jab LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bzhabs LZ, CD (probably), DK, (TC archaic). 'jabs DS, TC. bzhab LZ, CD, DK (DS). gzhab (DS), (TC archaic). 'jab DS, TC.bzhob LZ. 'jab (LZ). 'jabs DK. 'jobs DS, TC. bzhabs (DS).DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. nyams ma tshod bar LZ. 1. To sneak, slink, creep privily. 2. To lie in wait, in ambush CD. To hide, conceal DK. To act as to not be noticed by another DS. To hide, ambush, lie in wait for TC. 'jam 'jam ND, (Hoshi 2003).gzham DK. 'jam ND. bzhams CD, DK, [DS], [TC]. gzhams [(CD)], [DS]. bzham DK.- ND.gzhams DK.(Hoshi 2003).To stroke, caress CD. To advise on religious practice, to give advice at the time of admission into the higher order of Buddhist monk-hood. To contain, subsume [TC]. 1. To be soft, smooth, quiet. 2. To cool down, become cold (Hoshi 2003).[DS] gives bzhams, and gzhams as archaic equivalents of 'jam bo 'soft, tender'. CD gives no indication of which stem his forms are assigned to. 'ja' 'ja' CD, DK, TC. zha DS, TC. zha DK,[DS], TC. 'jas TC. 'ja' DK. TC. zha [DS], TC. 'ja' DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To bespeak, to concert, to confederate (Sch.) CD. To be maimed in feet or hands, to become lame, to be a cripple DK. To go lame DS, (zha) TC. To be lame, disabled, crippled, weak ('ja') TC. 'jar 'jar CD, DK, [DS], TC. 'jard DK. 'jar TC. 'jar DK, TC.'jard DK. - TC.TC.TC. To stick together, to cohere CD. To go nearer, be nearer; to touch DK. (archaic) To patch, mend DS. 1. To hide. 2. To be close to, to associate with, to hand out with. 3. (archaic) To patch, to mend TC. 'jal 'jal KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcal KYT, CD, DK, DS, TC. bcald KYN, TD, LZ, ND. gzhal KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'jol KYT, CD, DS, TC. 'jold KYN, TD, LZ, ND. 'jald DK.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). tshad kyis TD. tshad dang bu lon sogs LZ. blo yis ND. 1. To weigh, measure, appraise. 2. To tax. 3. To pay, pay back, repay. 4. To ponder. CD. 1. To repay, give in return. 2. To measure, estimate, ascertain DK. 1. To account for whether a thing is heavy or light, long or short, many or few etc, with instruments. 2. To analyze and understand. 3. To pay (e.g. taxes, a loan) DS. 1. To measure, weigh. 2. To appraise, examine. 3. To repay, to return TC. 'jig1 'jig LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. zhig LZ, CD, DK, TC. bzhig CD. 'jig [DS]. gzhig [LZ]. 'jig DK, [DS], TC.zhig [LZ]. zhigs DK. - TC.TC.CD, DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'jig2(Gyurme 1992: 261) bskal ba sogs LZ. To be lost, undermined, to decay, perish CD. To ruin, decay, to be destroyed, perish DK. To deteriorate, become nonexistent DS. To perish, decay, disintegrate, come to ruin TC. 'jig2 'jig TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK., DS, TC. bshig CD. bshig TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bshigs CD. bzhig CD. gzhig TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS. bshig TC.zhig TD, LZ. shig CD, ND, TC. shigs DK, DS.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'jig1(Gyurme 1992: 261) rdza 'um sogs TD. mkhar dang brag sogs LZ. brag sogs ND. (Rdo. 46) To destroy, to devastate, to devour, to abolish, to do away with, dissolve (an encampment) CD. To destroy, break into pieces DK. 1. To tear down. 2. To not adhere to, not support; to destroy, ruin, annihilate: 3. (dialect) To undo, untie DS. To destroy, exterminate, demolish TC.(Skorupski 2001) amends TC's future to gzhig. Compare shig1. jig3jig CD (Sch.). gives as an alternate present to 'jib2 'jigs 'jigs CD, ND, DK, TC. 'jigs ND, DK, TC. 'jigs DK, TC.'jigs DK. - ND, TC.ND, TC.TC.[Abs. Instr.] (archaic) CD. [Abs. Obl.] CD, (Hackett 2003). To fear, be afraid, be terrified CD. To be terrified, to be afraid of DK. To be afraid, to fear, to be terrorized TC.The supine is 'jigs su and not 'jigs par CD. 'jib1 'jib LZ. 'jibs LZ. 'jib LZ. 'jibs LZ. bcud sogs LZ. 'jib2 'jib LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'jibs CD. 'jig CD (Sch.) bzhibs LZ, CD, DS. gzhibs CD, TC. bzhib DK. gzhib LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bzhib CD.jibs LZ. 'jibs DK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. nu 'zho dang rkang sogs LZ. 1. To suck. 2. To taste, relish CD. To such juice, to suck with lips DK. 1. To draw (water &c.) inside with the mouth or nose. 2. To soak up DS. To suck TC. 'jil1 'jil TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcild TD, LZ, ND. bcil CD, DK, DS, TC. gzhil TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. cild TD, LZ. child ND. 'jild DK. cil DS. chil TC.TD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. nyon mongsogs TD. me dang nyon mong sogs LZ. phyin la ND. To expel, eject, remove, turn off CD. To take out, remove, give up DK. To put out (a fire) DS. To expel, to shed, to banish, to extract, to remove TC. 'jil2 'jil CD, TC. 'jil TC. 'jil TC.- TC.TC. TC. To shed blood CD. To be damaged TC. 'ju1 'ju LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'jus LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'ju LZ, DS, TC. jus LZ. 'jus DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC. lus sogs la LZ. (used with la [Dag 8]) To seize, grasp, lay hold of CD. 1. To hold (with the hand). 2. (for a dog) To bite. 3. To save, spare DS. To hold, catch, grasp, seize TC. 'ju2 'ju DS, TC. zhu DS, TC. 'ju DS, TC. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To digest DS, TC. 'ju3 zhu LZ. 'ju CD, ND, DK, DS. bzhu TC. bzhus LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. zhus CD. bzhur TC (see note). bzhu LZ,CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.zhu DK. zhus LZ, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). zhu (Gyurme 1992: 261), (Duff). mar sogs LZ. mar khu ND. To melt, digest CD, DK. To liquefy, melt down DS. To boil, liquefy, having set a fire TC.TC notices bzhur as an alternate from Si tu sum rtag 'grel chen 'jug1 'jug CD, DK, DS, TC. zhugs CD, DK, DS, TC. zhug DK. 'jug DS, TC.zhugs CD, DK, DS, TC.CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To go into, enter (generally used with terminative case, but sometimes occurs with la). 2. To begin, to set about (always coupled to participle by la) CD. 1. To enter or practice. 2. To follow or go DK. 1. To affix (a letter to a syllable). 2. To affix (a grammatical morpheme to a syllable). 3. To go, arrive DS. To enter, to join, to set out, to embark on TC. 'jug2 'jug KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcug KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'jugs (CD). gzhug KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. chugs KYT, KYN, LZ, ND, DS. chug TD, CD, DK, TC.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC., (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265), (Hackett 2003).zhugs (Gyurme 1992: 259). nang du dang btan pal TD. tshogs dang nang du LZ. nang du ND. 1. To put into, insert, infuse. inject. 2. To appoint, constitute, manifest, place out, settle. 3. To command, induce. 4. To permit, allow suffer (in sense 3 and 4 with the terminative case of root of verb [sic]) CD. 1. To put in, insert, to admit. 2. To cause to enter to make or to allow to do DK. 1. To make go inside from outside (e.g. sheep). 2. To put a thing in its container. 3. To be put in order, series (e.g. a student into a particular class). 4. An auxiliary verb indicating the double causative. 5 (when prefixed by kha) To speak DS. 1. To insert, to place in, to put in, to infuse, to inject. 2. To introduce, to induce, to admit into, to induct, cause to enter. 3. To engage in, to participate, to undertake. 4. To encourage, to let, to permit, to allow, to cause to TC. Root given as jug (= ?xug) < *dzyug < dzug cf. 'dzugs (Beyer 1992: 84). 'jug < (='-d-zhug < *'zhug) NWH. 'jud 'jud CD (archaic), DS, TC. (Skorupski 2001), (Goldstein 2001). [To go into, enter]CD. (archaic) To enter, put inside DS. (archaic) To cause to enter, to insert, to induce TC. Compare chud. 'jud2'jud DK. gives as the present of bzhud 'jun 'jun LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'chun LZ. gcun CD, ND, DS, TC. bcund LZ, ND. bcun CD, DK, DS, TC. gcun LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. gzhun CD.cund LZ, ND. gcund DK. chun DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.'chun (Beyer 1992: 112). thags dang sngags dang thabs sogs ('jun) LZ. g.yog 'khor sogs ('chun) LZ. rtsad nas ND. (acc. Cs.) To subdue, make tame. To make confess. To make soft, soften. To punish (by words or blows). To convert CD. To subdue, control, subjugate, restrain DK. To make (someone or something) obey a command, using force DS. 1. To subdue, to take, to discipline, to shape. 2. (archaic) to keep in mind TC. 'jun 'jun DS. 'jun [DS]. 'jun [DS]. DS. After having made a promise, or done a fault, to deny DS. 'jum 'jum CD, ND, DK, TC. 'jums DS, (TC). bcums ND, DS. bcum CD, (ND), DK, TC. 'jum CD (see note). gzhum CD, TC. 'jum ND. gcum DK. bcum DS.chum CD, TC. chums ND, DS. 'jums DK.CD, ND, TC.CD, TC.DS.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). chud du ND. Properly to cause to shudder, but frequently as neutral verb to contract CD. To make smaller, contract DK. To become shorter DS. 1. To contract, to shrink. 2. (archaic) To reduce pride TC.CD gives 'jum as the past in his main entry, but transliterates it as the impossible bjum, he lists bcum separately as the past of this verb, and perhaps that is what was meant to appear in the main entry as well. 'jums'jumsDK. gives as the present of zhum. 'jur1 'jur LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'chur [TC]. bcurd LZ. bcur CD, DK, DS, TC. bcur LZ. gcur DK, DS, TC. curd LZ. 'jurd DK. chur DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'jur mig dang dka' gnas sogs la LZ. 1. To draw tight. 2. (= 'dzur) To evade, to shun, to go out of the way CD. To draw tightly, to channel, to discipline, control DK. To extrude, draw out (a metal wire) DS. 1. To interrogate, to discipline. 2. To draw through or into. 3. (archaic) to arrive TC. Compare gcur. 'jur2 'jur DS. 'jur [DS]. 'jur [DS].DS. For a part of something to emerge or protrude outside from a hole DS. 'jur3 'jur DK. bzhur DK. gzhur DK.'jurd DK. To tame, subdue; to check, examine; to draw tightly DK. 'jebs 'jeb ND. 'jebs TC. 'jeb ND. 'jebs TC. 'jebs TC.- TC.TC.TC. To be pleasing, to be agreeable TC. 'jem 'jem ND. 'jem ND. Probably a verbal use of the adjective 'jem pa 'skilled, capable'. 'jo1 'jo LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gzho (CD). bzhos LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bzho LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. zhos LZ, ND, DK. 'jos CD, TC. gzhos DS.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.zho 'yoghurt' (Beyer 1992: 112 n.11) 'o ma sogs LZ. 'o ma ND. To milk CD, DK. To take milk from the breast of a milch animal DS. 1. To yield, extract, to milk. 2. To satisfy, to fulfill. 3. To captivate, to bewitch TC. 'jo 'jo LZ, DS. 'jos LZ. 'jo [DS]. 'jo LZ, [DS].'jo LZ.DS. 'dod pa sogs LZ. 1. To satisfy, fulfill. 2. To rain, or many desires to be fulfilled DS. 'jog1 'jog KYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bzhag KYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gzhag KYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. zhogs KYT. zhog TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. KYT, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC., (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159)., (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159), (Hackett 2003).zhags pa 'lasso'(Chang 1971: viii.3) gnas su TD, ND. dam bca' dang gnas sogs su LZ. 1. To put, place, make a place, settle, to assign. 2. To leave, leave behind CD. 1. To keep in place. 2. To leave, give up DK. 1. For a thing to remain in its own place. 2. To give an example. 3. To make a success 4. To add, augment (e.g. lud). 5. To go into retreat DS. 1. To fix, to settle, to keep, to place, to put down, to arrange. 2. To establish, to found, to make, to sign. 3. To leave or to have. 4. To leave aside, to put aside, to neglect, to reject TC. 'jog2 zhogs LZ. 'jog CD, TC. zhogs CD. bzhogs LZ, CD, TC. bzhog LZ. gzhog CD. TC.zhog CD. zhogs LZ, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.mar zhog 'a part cut off, one half of a mar ril (i.e. a globular piece of fresh butter)' (Chang 1971: viii.4). shing sogs LZ. To cut, hew, to square (a pen, timber &c.); to carve, chip CD. To carve, plane, chip, strain TC. 'jog3 'jog LZ. 'jogs LZ. 'jog LZ.'jog LZ. them skas sogs la LZ. 'jog4'jog DS. gives as an alternate present to gshag. 'jong 'jong TC. 'jangs TC. 'jang TC.'jongs TC.TC.TC. To gulp down TC. 'jom'jom DK. gives as the present of zhom 'joms 'joms KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcom KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcoms CD. gzhom KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. zhom ND.choms KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS. chom CD, TC.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).zhom NWH. bdud kyi dpung sogs TD. nyon mongs dang gyul sogs LZ. 'dud sogs ND. 1. To conquer, subdue, put down, suppress. 2. To oppress, tyrannize over, plunder CD. To destroy, to put an end to, to conquer, defeat, quell DK. 1. To destroy, to defeat. 2. To annihilate, remove, cure DS. To subdue, to quell, to plunder, to defeat, to suppress, to damage TC. 'jol2 'jol CD, DS, TC. 'jol [DS], TC. 'jol [DS], TC.- TC.TC.DS, TC. 1. To hang down. 2. (for 'byol) To turn aside, to make way CD. To hang down, to dangle DS. To sag, to hand down, to drag down, to trail down, to dangle TC. rjid rjid DK. rjid DK. rjid DK. rjid DK. To become weak and thin, to decay, diminish DK. Compare rjud. rjud rjud DK. rjud DK. rjud DK. rjud DK. To become weak and thin, to decay, diminish DK. Compare rjid. rje rje LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. brje CD, DK. brjes LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brje LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.rjes LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. brjes CD.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 258), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 258), (Hackett 2003). dngos po sogs phan tshun LZ. phan tshun ND. To change, barter, to give or take in exchange CD. To exchange, change DK. To exchange DS. To exchange, to change TC. rjed1 rjed CD (archaic), DK, DS, TC. brjed LZ. brjed LZ,CD, TC. rjed DK, [DS]. brjed LZ, CD, TC. rjed DK, [DS].rjed DK, TC. brjed LZ.TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rje 'master, lord' (Beyer 1992: 112 n. 11) bcol gtad sogs LZ. To honor, reverence CD. To offer, to respect DK. (archaic) To pay compliments, respect DS. To respect, to venerate, to revere, to honor TC. rjed2rjed CD, DS. give as a present of brjed rjod1 rjod KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brjod KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brjod KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rjod KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. KYT, KYN, TD, ND, DS, TC. DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). ngag gis TD. ngag dnag tshig gis LZ. tshig ND. To say, recite, pronounce, utter, announce, promulgate, enumerate, set forth CD. To express; to say, speak DK. To say, speak DS. To say, to tell, to express, to pronounce, to utter, to recount TC. rjod2 rjod (Hackett 2003). brjod (Hackett 2003). brjod (Hackett 2003).rjod (Hackett 2003). [Obl. Abs.](Hackett 2003). To be expressed (by), to be called (Hackett 2003). ljen ljen CD. To enter, penetrate CD. brjid brjid CD, DK, TC. brjid DK, TC. brjid DK, TC.bjid DK. - TC.TC.TC. [Obl. Abs.](Hackett 2003). To shine, glitter CD. To brighten, beautiful; to be glorious DK. To be majestic, to be mighty, to be splendid TC. brjebrje DK. gives as the present of rje brjed1 brjed CD, DK, TC. rjed (CD), DS. brjed CD, DK, DS, TC. brjed CD, DK, DS, TC.brjed DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC. [Obl. Abs.](Hackett 2003). To forget CD,DS, TC. To forget, to neglect DK. brjed2brjed LZ. gives as the present of rjed.
nyanya nya TC. nya TC. nya TC.- TC.TC.TC. (of celestial bodies) To be full TC. nyan1 nyan KYN,LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. mnyan DK. mnyand (Thomas 1935-63.II: 97 and 157 qtd. in Coblin 1976:50), KYN, LZ, ND, DK. nyand DK. mnyan DS, TC. mnyan KYN,LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. nyan DK.nyond KYNcw, LZ, ND, DK. nyon KYNz. CD, DS, TC. mnyand DK.KYN,CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] nyan(Hackett 2003). [Obl. Abs.] mnyan(Hackett 2003).chos sogs LZ. bon chos gtam ND. To hear, to give ear to, to listen CD. To listen, obey (nyan) DK. To listen to, to cause to listen (mnyan) DK. To hear DS. To be attentive to, to listen to TC. nyan2nyan CD, DK, TC. - CD.(Hoshi 2003). To be able CD. To be suitable, fitting, possible DS. To be fit for TC. nyan2[CD], DS.Used as a formative, added to the root of a verb, signifying capability, possibility &c. CD.1. (when following certain words such as bshad 'say') To willingly accomplish. 2. (when prefixed by kha this verb, added to another verb) To promise DS. nyams nyams ND, DK, DS, TC. nyams ND, DK, [DS], TC. nyams DK, [DS], TC.nyams DK. - [ND], TC.[ND], TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003). To deteriorate, to grow weak, to decline DK. To deteriorate, decline, perish, come to ruin DS. To degenerate, to decline, to deteriorate TC. nyar nyar DK, DS, TC. nyard DK. nyar [DS], TC. nyar DK, [DS], TC.nyard DK. nyor TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To keep, preserve DK. To keep, take care of, preserve, conserve DS. To keep TC. nyal nyal LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. nyald LZ, DK. nyal DS, TC. nyal LZ, DK, DS, TC.nyold LZ, DK. nyol DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.mal sogs su LZ. To lie down, to sleep CD,DK. 1. (of men and cattle) To rest, lying on the side of the body. 2. To sleep. 3. (of twigs and chaff) to fall upon the surface of the ground DS. To lie down, to rest, to fall asleep, to go to sleep, to stop, to come to a halt TC. Root given as nyal < *nal (Beyer 1992: 84) cf. mnal 'to sleep.' nyil nyil DK, DS, TC. gnyil CD, DS. nyild DK. nyil [DS], TC. gnyil [DS]. nyil DK, [DS], TC. gnyil [DS].nyild DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. snyil CD, (Gyurme 1992: 260), (Beyer 1992: 116). To be desiccated, to crumble away, to thaw CD. To fall apart, to become old, to be ruined DK. 1. To crumble, collapse. 2. To fall down as many droplets (nyil) DS. To become dull, less sharp (gnyil)DS. To collapse, to crumble, to pour or flow down, to erode TC. nyug nyug LZ, DK, DS, TC. nyugs LZ, DK, TC. nyug [DS]. nyug LZ, DK, [DS], TC.nyugs LZ, DK, TC.TC.DS, TC. [Erg. Obl.](Hackett 2003).rkang pa dang lag pa sogs kyis LZ. To anoint, apply oil or ointment DK. 1. To touch. 2. To apply, anoint DS. 1. To touch, to grope for, to stretch out. 2. To apply, to smear, to put on TC. nyung nyung ND. nyung ND.(Hoshi 2003). To be few [ND]. nyul nyul CD, DK, DS, TC. gnyul CD. nyuld DK. nyul [DS], TC. nyul DK, [DS], TC.nyuld DK. nyul TC.TC.DS, TC. To wander, rove about; to step gently, steal through, creep CD. To wander DK. To go without having a goal DS. 1. To roam, to wander, to search for. 2. (archaic) To delay, to linger, to loiter TC. Compare gnyul. nye nye CD, DK. nye DK. nye DK.nye DK. [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).nye 'near' NWH. To be near, to approach CD. To go nearer, to be near; to become close friends DK. nyednyed (CD), DS, TC. gives as the present of mnyed nyen nyen CD, DK, DS, TC. nyend DK. nyen [DS], TC. nyen DK, [DS], TC.nyend DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. To be pained, pinched, pressed hard (e.g. by hunger); to labor, to drudge CD. To be in danger DK. To suffer DS, TC. nyes nyes LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. nyes LZ, DK, [DS], TC. nyes LZ, DK, [DS], TC.nyes LZ, DK - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC. [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).gnod ba sogs kyis LZ. To commit an offence (commoner usage is with -byed) CD. To be spoilt, to become useless DK. To harm, damage &c. DS. To be defective, to be flawed, to be wrong, to go wrong TC. nyo nyo LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. nyos LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. nyo LZ, DK, DS, TC.nyos LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.CD, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159). (Hackett 2003).ja mar sogs LZ. To buy, obtain by payment CD. To purchase, buy DK. To exchange money for something DS. To buy, to purchase TC. nyog nyog DK, DS. nyogs DK. nyog [DS]. nyog DK, [DS].nyogs DK.DS, (Hoshi 2003). [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003). rnyog [CD]. snyog (Gyurme 1992: 260). 1. To become muddy, to be unclean or obscure. 2. To feel dull DK. To be disorderly, disarrayed DS. nyob nyob DK, DS, TC. nyob DK, [DS], TC. nyobs (DK). nyob DK, [DS], TC.nyob DK. nyobs (DK). - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To become lazy, inactive. To be idle or disinterred DK. To be unable (in mental capacity, or mental and physical activity) DS. To be tired, to be run down, to be weary, to be exhausted TC. nyor nyor DK. nyord DK. nyor DK. nyord DK.(Hoshi 2003). To fall down slowly, to collapse DK. To become overripe, squishy (Hoshi 2003). gnyid gnyid ND, DS, TC. gnyid ND, [DS], TC. gnyid [DS], TC. - [ND], TC.[ND], TC.DS, TC. To fall asleep DS. To sleep, to fall asleep TC. gnyilgnyilCD, DS. give as the present of nyil gnyul gnyuld LZ. gnyul CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. nyul CD. gnyuld LZ, DK. nyuld ND. gnyul [DS], TC. gnyul LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.gnyul LZ, TC. nyuld ND. gnyuld DK. ND, TC.DS, TC.yul sogs su rtog dpyid kyis LZ. rgyal khams sogs ND. To search, find, to spy, to wander DK. To look around, search about, to wander DS. To transverse, to wander, to roam, to travel TC. Compare nyul. gnye gnye CD. gnye CD. To woo, court CD. gnyeg gnyeg DK. gnyags DK. gnyag DK.gnyegs DK. To press down DK. gnyer gnyer LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gnyerd LZ, DK. gnyer [DS], TC. gnyer LZ, DK, [DS], TC.gnyer LZ, TC. gnyerd DK.TC.DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).don sogs LZ. To tend, to take care of, to provide for; to seek for, to procure, to acquire CD. To keep, preserve; to get into, to seek DK. 1. To keep after (good qualities &c.). 2. To become wrinkly DS. 1. To strive for, to work for, to provide for, to procure. 2. To look after, to manage, to supervise, to take care of. 3. To gnash the teeth, to frown. 4. (archaic) To summon TC. gnyelgneyl CD, DS. gives as an alternative present of mnyel. gnyog1 gnyog LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. bnyags LZ. gnyag ND. gnyags DS, TC. gnyag LZ, ND, DS, TC.nyogs LZ. gnyog ND. gnyogs DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. snyog [CD Ja.]bza' btung gi phyir LZ. mtho dang bza' phyirNDA. . mtho dang zab phyir NDB. To desire, wish earnestly (Cs.) CD. To chew DS. To chew, to masticate, to munch. 2. To whip, to strike, to beat, to pound TC. gnyog2 gnyog DS. gnyog [DS]. gnyog [DS].DS. To hit, strike, beat DS. mnyanmnyan DK. gives as a present of nyan mnyam mnyam LZ, ND, DK, DS. mnyam LZ, ND, DK, [DS]. mnyam LZ, DK, [DS].mnyam LZ, DK.(Hoshi 2003).DS.snyom (Beyer 1992: 117 n. 13).mtho dman sogs LZ. To be alike, to be equal DK. To be similar, to compare DS. Compare bnyam in (Takeuchi 1995: 314). mnyed mnyed LZ, CD, ND, DK, (DS), TC. nyed (CD), DS, TC. mnyes LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. nyed TC. mnye LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. nyed TC.mnyed LZ, DK. mnyes CD, DS, TC. mnyos ND. nyed TC.LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.lus sogs la rdzas kyis LZ. ko lpags ND. 1. To rub between the hands or feet (e.g. ears of corn). 2. To tan, curry, dress. 3. To coax (Cs.) CD. To rub; to tan; to tame; to crush, grind; to knead DK. To make a hard thing (e.g. leather, hide) supple by rubbing DS. To tan, to rub (mnyed) TC. To massage, to rub gently (nyed) TC. mnyen mnyen LZ. mnyend LZ. mnyen LZ.mnyen LZ.rtsa rgyus sogs LZ. Likely a deverbal use of the adjective mnyen 'soft, flexible, mild.' mnyel mnyel LZ, CD (archaic), DK, DS, TC. gnyel (CD), (DS). mnyeld LZ, DK. mnyel [DS], TC. mnyel LZ, DK, [DS], TC. mnyel LZ. mnyeld DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.zhu don sogs LZ. To be tired, fatigued; to get tired CD. To be tired DK. (honorific) To be tired DS. To be tired, to be exhausted TC. mnyes mnyes LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. mnyes LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC. mnyes LZ, DK, [DS], TC.mnyes LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abl. Obl.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hackett 2003).mchod yul sogs LZ. (honorific) To be glad, to take delight in CD, DS. To be fond of, to be happy, pleased DK. (honorific) To rejoice, to be glad, to delight, to be pleased TC. rnya rnya DK, DS, TC. brnyas DK, DS, TC. brnya DK, DS, TC.rnyos DK, DS, TC.DK, DS, TC.DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003). 1. To borrow (Nag 30). 2. To take on lease (Nag 30). 3. To seize (by force), to usurp (Sch.) CD. To lend, borrow DK. (archaic) To lend, borrow DS. To borrow, lend TC. Root given as rnya < *r?K?ya <*?K?ya (Beyer 1992: 83). Compare rnyan. rnyang rnyang CD, DS. brnyangs DS. brnyang DS.rnyongs DS.DS.DS. 1. To rinse. 2. (in West) To suffer from diarrhea CD. To have diarrhea DS. rnyan rnyan LZ, DK, TC. rnyon ND, DS. brnyand LZ, ND, DK. brnyan CD, DS, TC. brnyan LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rnyond LZ, ND. rnyand DK. rnyon DS, TC.TC. TC.chos gos sogs gzhan las LZ. gos sogs ND. To borrow CD. To lend, borrow DK, DS,TC. Compare rnya. rnyabrnyab DS. gives as the present of rnyob rnyasrnyas DK. gives as the present of brnyas. rnying rnying CD, ND, DK, DS. brnyings CD, ND, DK. rnyings DS. brnying ND, DK. rnying DS.rnyings ND, DK. - ND, DS.ND, DS, (Hoshi 2003).ND.DS.zad pa'i (rnyings) ND. zas gos sogs (-) ND. To age, wax old CD. To cause to become old, to cause to wear out DK. To wear out, show the passage of time DS. rnyid rnyid CD, DS, TC. brnyid CD. brnyis CD, (DS). rnyid [DS], TC. gnyid CD. brnyid (DS). rnyid [DS], TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD (Sch.), DS, TC. 1. To whither, fade. 2. To grieve CD. To whither DS. 1. To wither, to shrivel. 2. To be discouraged, to be dispirited, to be fed up TC. rnyil1 rnyil ND. brnyild ND. brnyil ND.rnyild ND.ND.so yi ND. certainly derived from the noun rnyil 'gums', though of uncertain meaning. rnyil2 rnyil CD. gives as an alternative present to snyil rnyis rnyis ?CD (archaic). rnyis ?CD (archaic). To be worn out, become old, faded CD. The entry is unclear about what ???? refers to. rnyed rnyed CD, DK, DS, TC. brnyed CD. brnyes CD, DK. rnyed [DS], TC. brnyed CD, DK. rnyed [DS], TC.rnyes DK. - TC.TC., (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265), (Hoshi 2003).DS, (Skorupski 2001).TC.[Obl. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210).[Erg. Abs. ](Hackett 2003). To find, discover, acquire, meet with, get CD. 1. Having searched, to acquire at hand. 2. To newly know an unknown meaning DS. To procure, to get, to find DK. To find, to discover, to obtain, to get TC. rnyog rnyog CD, DK, (DS). brnyogs CD, DK, (DS). brnyog CD, DK, (DS).rnyog DK. rnyogs (DS).(Hoshi 2003). [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).nyog [CD]. To trouble, to stir up (Cs.) CD. To make dirty, to cause to get into bad habits DK. To make impure, unclear through the agitation of liquid DS. Compare snyog2. rnyong1 rnyong LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS. brnyongs LZ, CD, DK, DS. brnyangs ND. brnyong LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS. brnyang LZ.rnyongs LZ, CD, DK, DS. snyongs ND.ND, CD, DS.DS.rkang lag sogs LZ. don gzhan dang mi 'khral tshe brnyang sogs rung ngo LZ rkyong shad ND. 1. To ensnare, to trap (Cs.). 2. To stretch out CD. To stretch one's legs, &c. DK. 1. To understand, examine closely. 2. To stretch out (hand and feet) DS. rnyong2 rnyong DK, TC. brnyangs DK, TC. brnyang DK, TC.rnyongs DK, TC.TC.TC. To discharge, loose motion, to loosen bowels DK. To stretch out, to set, to lay, to share TC. rnyonrnyon ND, DS. give as the present to rnyan rnyob rnyob ND, DK, TC. rnyab DS. brnyabs ND, DK, DS, TC. brnyab ND, DK, DS, TC.rnyobs ND, DK, DS. - TC.ND, DS. TC.DS. TC.lag pas ND. To reach out, to cause to touch DK. To grasp with the hand DS. 1. To reach. 2. To take TC. snya snya DS, TC. [DS], (Skorupski 2001). (for body or mind) To become dull, fatigued (an orthographic variant of rmya) DS. (archaic) To fall asleep, to faint TC. snyag snyag CD, DK. bsnyags DK. bsnyag DK.snyags DK. [Erg. Abs. ](Hackett 2003). (colloquial for snyeg) To follow CD. To follow DK. snyad bsnyad LZ. snyad CD, DS. snyod CD, ND, TC. bsnyad LZ,CD, ND, DS, TC. brnyad [CD]. bsnyad LZ,CD, ND, DS, TC. brnyad [CD].bsnyad LZ. snyod CD, ND, DS, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).lo rgyus sogs LZ. gtam sogs ND. To relate, to report, to tell, relate CD. (archaic) To explain, tell about DS. To tell narrate, describe relate TC. snyab snyab CD. To smack with the lips (Sch.) CD. snyam snyam CD, DK, DS, TC. snyam DK, [DS], TC. snyam DK, [DS], TC.snyam DK. - TC.TC.DS. TC. [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003). To think, consider, imagine CD. To think, to suppose DK. 1. (when affixed to some verbs) To want to. 2. To have finished experiencing DS. To think, to wish, to want, to feel, to imagine, to wonder TC. snyal1 snyald DK. bsnyald DK. bsnyal DK.snyald DK. To wash DK. snyal2snyal DS. gives as the present to snyol. snyig snyig LZ, DK, DS, TC. bsnyigs LZ, DK, DS, TC. bsnyig LZ, DK, DS, TC.snyigs LZ, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.lhung bzed sogs LZ. To pollute, to cause to be impure DK. To segregate to one side what is unclean within something DS. To discard, to set aside, to reject (as a sediment, scum or dregs) TC. snyigs snyigs LZ. snyig DS. snyigs LZ. snyig [DS]. snyigs LZ. snyig [DS].snyigs LZ.DS.dus dang sems can sogs LZ. 1. To sink into deep water. 2. To become bad, evil (e.g. the times). 3. To be left behind (e.g. a sheep) DS. snyil snyil LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnyild LZ, ND, DK. bsnyil CD, DS, TC. bsnyil LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.snyild LZ, ND, DK. snyil DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. nyil (Gyurme 1992: 260), (Beyer 1992: 116).tshogs pa'i nang nas phyir LZ. phyir la ND. To push, throw down, to break, destroy; to squander CD. To expel, to remove, take out by force, to tear, slash DK. 1. To overcome, destroy, bring down. 2. To drift down, to tumble down (e.g. snow). 3. To fall, cascade (e.g. rain, dirt) DS. 1. To destroy, to fragment, to crush. 2. To expel, to drive out TC. snyug snyug LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnyugs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnyug LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.snyugs LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.mar sogs kyis LZ. mar khu ND. To dip in, to immerse CD. To vomit, to anoint DK. (archaic) To apply oil, anoint DS. 1. To smear to apply. 2. To vomit. 3. To immerse, submerge, drop to the bottom TC. Compare smyug. snyung1 snyung LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnyung LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnyung LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.smyung LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.nyung 'few' (Gyurme 1992: 260), (Beyer 1992: 116).yo byad sogs LZ. yo byad snyung gnas NDA. yo byad dang snyung gnas NDB. To make less, reduce, to diminish, (acc. Sch.) to disparage CD. To cause to decrease, to reduce in number DK. (archaic) To reduce, make fewer DS. To reduce, to diminish TC. snyung2 bsnyung LZ. snyung CD, ND, DS, TC. bsnyungs LZ, CD, ND, TC. snyung [DS]. bsnyung LZ,CD, ND, TC. snyung [DS].bsnyungs LZ.snyungs [ND]. - TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300). nad kyis sku sogs LZ. yo byad snyung gnas NDA. yo byad dang snyung gnas NDB. To be ill, sick, indisposed CD. To be ill, sick DS. (honorific) To be ill TC. surely related to snyun. snyun snyun LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bsnyund LZ, DK. bsnyun CD, DS, TC. bsnyun LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.snyund LZ, DK. snyun DS. - TC.DS. TC.DS, TC.nad kyis LZ. To be ill, to labor under a disease CD. To cause to become ill; to be ill DK. To be ill DS. (honorific) To be ill, to be sick, to be unwell TC. surely related to snyung2. snyul snyul ND, DK. bsnyuld ND, DK. bsnyul [CD archaic] bsnyul ND, DK.snyuld ND, DK.ND.lag pa ND. 1. To be rubbed (Nag 30). 2. To wash CD. 1. To cause to wander, to make to roam about. 2. To wash DK. snye snye ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnyes ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnye ND, DK, DS, TC.snyes ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.sngas la ND. To lean on, lean against DK. To lean on, be supported by DS. To lean against, to rest against TC. snyeg snyeg KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnyegs KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnyeg KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.snyogs KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS. snyegs DK, (DS), TC.KYN,TD, CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. [Erg. Abs. ](Hackett 2003).gnas su TD. bu lon dang rjes sogs LZ. rjes su ND. 1. (with accusative) To hasten after, run after, pursue. 2. To overtake. 3. (with dative) To hasten (to some place). 4. To strive, struggle for, to aspire to CD. To follow DK. 1. To go somewhere with a specific goal. 2. To follow after. 3. To arrive at DS. 1. To pursue. 2. To reach, to scale. 3. To follow TC. snyeng1 snyeng LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. snyengs CD. bsnyengs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnyeng LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. snyeng CD.snyengs LZ, ND, DK, DS. - TC.ND, DS. TC.DS. TC.sdug bsngal dang me mtshon sogs la LZ. 'jigs pa ND. To fear, to be afraid of CD. To frighten, fear, cause to be afraid of DK. (archaic) To produce fear DS. To be afraid TC. snyeng2 snyeng CD, DS, TC. bsnyengs DS, TC. bsnyeng DS, TC.snyengs DS. - TC.DS. TC.DS. TC. To stretch CD. (archaic) To stretch DS, TC. snyen bsnyen LZ. snyen CD, DK, DS, TC. bsnyend LZ, DK. bsnyen [CD[, DS, TC. bsnyen LZ, DS, TC.bsnyend LZ.snyend DK. snyen DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.nye 'near' (Gyurme 1992: 260).nye ba dang lha sogs LZ. 1. (with dative) To come, go near, approach. 2. To gain, procure. 3. To propitiate, soothe, satisfy (e.g. a deity). 4. To accept, receive, admit CD. To cause to be close, near, to bring nearer DK. To bow in a place near to DS. To attend upon, to serve, to practice TC. snyems snyems LZ, CD, DK, TC. snyem ND, DS. bsnyems LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnyem LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.snyems LZ, ND, DK, DS. - TC.ND, DS. TC.DS. TC.sgeg nyams kyi LZ. don la mnga' nga rgyalNDA. . don la mnga' dang brgyal NDB. To be proud, arrogant, to boast CD. To cause to be haughty, self satisfied, to cause to be come proud DK. To demonstrate the characteristic of haughtiness, pride DS. To be proud, to be arrogant TC. snyer snyer LZ, DK, DS, TC. bsnyerd LZ, DK. bsnyer [CD], DS, TC. bsnyer LZ, DK, DS, TC.snyerd LZ, DK. snyer DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.gnyer ma 'wrinkle' NWH.khong khros pas ngo 'dzum LZ. To make grimaces, gesticulation CD. To cause to wrinkle, frown DK. To wrinkle DS. To frown, grimace, snarl TC. snyel bsnyel CD (archaic), TC. snyel DK, DS. bsnyeld DK. bsnyel DS TC. bsnyel DK, DS, TC.snyeld DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. (honorific) To forget CD. To forget DK, DS. snyosnyoCD. gives as a present of smyo. snyog1 snyog DS, TC. bsnyags DS, TC. bsnyag DS, TC.snyogs DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. To collect payment DS. To pursue, to pester TC. snyog2 snyog LZ, ND, DS, TC. bsnyogs LZ, ND, DS, TC. bsnyog LZ, ND, DS, TC. snyogs LZ, ND, DS, TC. ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.nyog (Gyurme 1992: 260).zas sogs khar LZ. kha ND. To make impure, unclear through the agitation of liquid DS. To agitate, to stir, to churn, to disturb TC. Compare rnyog. snyogs snyogs CD. bsnyog [CD]. To wish earnestly, to crave for, to implore CD. Compare brnyog. snyod1 snyod LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnyod LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnyod LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.snyod LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.zas sogs LZ. zas sogs khas ND. To feed, to give to eat and drink CD. To give food from mouth to mouth (as a mother feeds her baby); to give or feed DK. To give food to, feed (e.g. a young child) DS. To feed, to nourish, to spoon feed TC. snyod2 snyod CD, TC. bsnyod CD, TC. bsnyos CD. bsnyod CD, TC.snyod TC.TC.TC. To draw out and twist as in spinning (Ja) CD. To spin evenly, to twist TC. snyod3snyod CD, ND, TC. give as the present to snyad. snyon snyon LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bsnyond LZ, DK. bsnyon CD, DS, TC. bsnyon LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.snyond LZ, DK. snyon DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).tshig don sogs la LZ. To deny, disavow (dishonestly) CD. To make a false charge, accuse without basis DK. To make (someone) obey a command, using force DS. To make a false statement, to dissimulate, to contradict deceitfully TC. snyob snyob LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bsnyabs LZ, DK, DS, TC. bsnyobs CD. bsnyab LZ, DK, DS, TC. bsnyob CD. snyobs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.me tog dang 'bu sogs LZ. 1. To stretch forth. 2. To reach by stretching oneself out. 3. To arrive at CD. To reach out, to cause to touch DK. To take something with outstretched hand DS. To reach out for, to stretch out for TC. snyom(s) snyoms LZ, CD, DK. snyom ND, DS, TC. bsnyams LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnyoms CD. bsnyam LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnyom CD.snyoms LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003). mnyam (Beyer 1992: 117 n. 13).mtho dman sogs LZ. che chung ND. 1. To make even, to level. 2. To equalize (different things), to arrange uniformly CD. To equalize DK. 1. To make what is uneven even, to plane. 2. To make of equal measure, equalize DS. To equalize, to regulate, to make even, to make level, to balance TC. snyor snyor LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnyord LZ, ND, DK. bsnyor DS, TC. bsnyor LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.snyor LZ, DS, TC. snyord ND, DK. ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.gro nas sogs LZ. nas sogs ND. To knock down, destroy, pull down, beat DK. To take care of, protect, take charge of DS. 1. To hit, to strike. 2. To crush, to squeeze, to compress. 3. To care for, to tend, to nurse TC. snyol snyol LZ. [CD], ND, DK, (DS). TC. snyal DS. bsnyald LZ, ND, DK. bsnyal CD, DS, TC. bsnyal LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.snyold LZ, DK. snyald LZ. snyol LZ, ND, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.nyal [CD].ru mtshon sogs (snyold) LZ. lag pa sogs (snyald) LZ. chanb phab sogs (snyol) LZ. mal du ND. 1. To lay anything down. 2. To bed a person, assign him to a couch, bed CD. 1. To put to bed. 2. To lay out for fermentation (e.g. to make beer, curd) DK. 1. To make sleep. 2. To process (meal, beer &c) by adding a fermenting agent, and setting it in a warm place. 3. To bring down, throw down DS. 1. To ferment. 2. To lay down, to put to sleep. 3. To suppress, fell TC. brnyas brnyas LZ, DS, TC. rnya DK, TC. brnyas LZ, DK, [DS], TC. brnyas LZ, DK, [DS], TC.brnyas LZ. TC. rnya DK. rnyos TC.TC.DS, TC. [Erg. Obl. ](Hackett 2003).dman pa sogs la LZ. To insult, look down upon, disparage DK. To ridicule, belittle DS. To abuse, to harass, to mistreat (brnyas) TC. To bully (rnya) TC. brnyes brnyes LZ, DS, TC. brnyes LZ, [DS], TC. brnyes LZ, [DS], TC.brnyes LZ. - TC.TC.DS, TC.yon tan sogs LZ. 1. To attain, acquire. 2. To start, found DS. To be attained, to be founded, established TC. brnyog brnyog TC. brnyogs TC. brnyog TC.- TC.TC.TC. To be addicted to, to be partial to CD. perhaps to be connected with snyogs. bsnyadbsnyad LZ. gives as the present to snyad. bsnyigs bsnyigs CD. To return, restore, deliver up (Cs.) CD. bsnyungbsnyung LZ. gives as the present of snyung bsnyug bsnyug CD. bsnyugs CD. To become full (Sch.) CD. bsnyenbsnyen LZ. gives as the present of snyen. bsnyelbsnyel CD, TC. give as the present of snyel bsnyor bsnyor CD. To sort, sift, divide (Nag 30) CD. bsnyol bsnyol TC. (Skorupski 2001). (archaic) To fear TC.
tatron tron LZ. trond LZ. tron LZ.trond LZ.tron 'discipline'NWH.dge ba'i chos sogs la LZ. Having worked very hard at virtue, and being allied with the disciplinary officer in a temple to assist with his work (ngag dbang tshul khrims 1997). gtag gtag DS. gtags DS. gtags DS.gtag DS.DS.DS. To hit, strike DS. gtan gtan DS. gtan [DS]. gtan [DS].DS. To tighten a door DS. gtam1 gtam LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gtams LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gtam LZ, DK, DS, TC.tams LZ. gtams DK. thoms DS. gtoms TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.nor rdzas sogs gzhan la LZ. To be surety for a security (K. du. da 200) CD. To entrust, rely on DK. To entrust to, give over for the care of DS, TC. gtam2 gtam CD, DK, DS, TC. gtams CD, DK, DS. btams TC. gtam DK, DS. btam TC.gtams DK. gtoms DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. To appoint, to commission (Ja) CD. To tell DK. To say, to tell DS, TC. gtams gtams LZ, TC. gtam CD, DK. gtams LZ, CD, DK, TC. gtams LZ, TC. gtam DKgtams LZ, DK. gtoms TC.TC.DS, TC.'od dang nor sogs kyis LZ. 1 To fill up, make full (acc. Ja frq. spelt bltams) CD. To fill up DK. To fill CD. Compare ltems. gta' gta' TC. (archaic) To hit, strike TC. gtar gtar LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gtard LZ, ND, DK. gtar DS, TC. gtar LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. gtar LZ. gtord ND. - ND. gtard DK. gtor DS, TC.ND, DS, TC. ND.DS, TC.khrag sogs LZ. khrag sogs (gtord) ND. khrag sogs (-) ND. To bleed, blister (human beings, animals &c.) in the way of medical treatment CD. To let out blood from a vein, to take out blood DK. To take puss, blood from the body of a diseased person DS. To let blood TC. gti gti CD, DS, TC. (archaic) To question, to speak CD. (archaic & dialect) To speak, tell, say DS. (archaic) To say, speak, tell TC. gtig gtig ND, DS, TC. gtigs CD, DK. btig CD. gtigs ND. btigs CD, TC. btig DK, DS. gtig ND. gtig DK, TC. btig DS.gtigs ND, DK, DS, TC. - ND.ND, DS, TC.ND.DS, TC.'thig [CD].thigs 'droplet' NWH.chu sogs (gtigs) ND. chu sogs (-) ND. To trickle down, to fall in drops, to drip CD. To cause to drip, to let fall in drops DK. To make something moist (e.g. water) fall down individually in droplets DS. For water droplets to fall TC. gtib gtib LZ,CD, DS, TC. gtibs CD, DK. gtib DK. gtibs LZ, DS, TC. gtib LZ,DK, DS, TC (see note).tibs LZ. gtibs DK, DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).'thib (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).du ba dang sprin sogs LZ. To be gathered (of clouds) CD. To make overcast, to pile up, crowd together DK. (for a haze of vapor &c.) to obscure a line of vision DS. To pile up, come together; to darken, obscure TC.TC has gtug an obvious misprint in the verb tables, but has gtib in the text. gtimgtimDS. gives as alternate present to stim,CDrefers it to thim but perhaps intending it as a separate verb. gtug gtug LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gtugs LZ, CD, DS, TC. btugs ND. btug CD, DK. gtug LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC (see note).gtugs LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.thug CD, (Duff).gtugs (Duff).drung du LZ. zhabs la ND. 1. To reach, meet with, fall down to, touch, join. 2. (acc. Sch.) to sue, to bring an action against a person CD. 1. To touch, cause to come into contact. 2. To reach the climax of an appointed time. 3. To file a case DK. 1. To mutually meet (someone). 2. To arrive. 3. To mutually come in contact, encounter. 4. To search for the source, origin. 5. To take the matter of a dispute to a higher authority or national government office for a decision. 6. To cause a fight DS. 1. To touch, meet. 2. To visit, meet, attend on. 3. To meet, match, take on. 4. To take the matter of a dispute to higher authority for a decision TC (Duff).TC's verb tables has gtugs for the future, but the text and (li yung krang 1988) have gtug. gtugs gtugs TC. gtugs TC. gtugs TC (see note).- TC.TC. TC. To reach the end of, to run out TC.TC's verb tables give the future as gtub, but (li yang krang 1988) gives gtugs, as is implied from the silence of TC's text. gtub gtub LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'thub (TC). gtubs LZ, CD, DS, TC. gtub LZ, DS, TC.tubs LZ. gtubs DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.shing sogs sta re lta bus LZ. To cut to pieces, cut up, chop, mince CD. To cut something up into pieces DS. To chop up, cut into pieces TC. Compare 'thub. gtumgtum LZ, CD, TC. give as the present of 'thum2. gtum gtum LZ, ND. gtum LZ, ND. gtum LZ.gtum LZ. - ND.ND.rgyud dang rang bzhin sogs LZ. To be fierce, harsh, stern (Goldstein 2001). gtur gtur LZ. gturd LZ. gtur LZ.turd LZ.thur 'a stick' NWH.mig sogs nang du shing thur sogs kyis LZ. To poke, jab (?) NWH. gtul gtul CD, DS, TC. gtul [DS], TC. gtul [DS], TC.gtul TC.TC.DS, TC.'thul (Gyurme 1992: 259). To grind, pulverize (colors, medicinal substances &c.) CD. To grind something into powder on top of something else DS. 1. To make smoke (e.g. by burning incense). 2. To grind something into powder on top of something else TC. Compare 'dul, 'thul. gtog gtog LZ, CD, DK DS, TC. gtogs LZ, DS, TC. gtog DK. gtog LZ, DK DS, TC. togs LZ. gtog DK. gtogs DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.se gol sogs LZ. 1. To grab, pluck, gather, tear out. 2. To snap the fingers CD. To snap ones fingers DK, DS, TC. gtog gtog LZ. btags LZ. gtag LZ.thogs LZ.sde dang khyim sogs la LZ. gtogs gtogs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gtogs LZ, DK, [DS], TC. gtogs LZ, DK, [DS], TC.gtogs LZ, DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).khoms dang sder LZ. 1. To assign, classify. 2. To belong to, appertain to CD. To belong, include, appertain DK. 1. To belong to. 2. To have power. 3. To meet, adhere to a standard, limit DS. To be included with, to belong to TC (Duff). gtong1 gtong KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btang KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, (ND), DK, DS, TC. btangs ND. gtang KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.thongs KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS. thong CD, TC.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Obl. Abs.] 'send,' [Erg. Abs.] 'let go' (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117). [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).sbyin pa sogs TD, LZ. blos ND. To send, to let go, to permit to go, to dismiss CD. To dispatch, send DK. 1. To free from bondage and let roam independent. 2. To do. 3. To use (e.g. money). 4. To discard, give away. 5. To confer (e.g. a letter, message). 6. To emit, excrete (e.g. breath, urine, excrement) DS. 1. To give, hand over. 2. To abandon, discard. 3. To release, let go, leave off. 4. To send, dispatch, appoint, commission. 5. To drive, steer. 7. To do TC. gtong2 gtong TC. btang TC. gtang TC.thong TC.(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117). Added to nouns in order to form compound verbs, especially common in the colloquial NWH. Similar to rgyag paTC. gtod1 gtod LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gtad LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. btad CD, DK. gtad LZ, CD, ND. DK, TC. gtod DS.gtod LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btod CD.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).lag tu LZ, ND. To deliver up, hand over, to commit to another, to bestow, confer CD. To give a responsibility, to entrust a duty, to aim, to concentrate, imagine DK. 1. To believe. 2. To entrust, commit. 3. To open up. 4. To face. 5. To be undistracted, unwavering DS. To entrust to, give to. 2. To face. 3. To concentrate, remain undistracted TC. gtod2 gtod LZ, TC. 'dod DS. btod LZ, DS, TC. gtod LZ, TC. gdod DS.btod LZ. thod DS. dod (DS). gtod TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.grub mtha' sogs kyi srol LZ. 1. To newly establish (a road, tradition &c.). 2. To produce, to make DS. To newly make, newly found TC.in the colloquial language the three: past, future, present, are not distinguished but are all btod DS. gtorgtor CD, DS, TC. give as the present of 'thor1 gtol gtol LZ, CD, DK, TC. btold LZ, DK. gtol LZ. btol DK.gtol LZ. gtold DK.gnas dang yul du LZ. (acc. Sch.) To perforate, pierce; to discover, disclose CD. 1. To pierce, prick. 2. To ascertain. 3. To familiarize, acquaint, find solutions, methods DK. (archaic) 1. To route out wrongdoings. 2. To pierce, open a hole TC. btigbtig CD (Cs.). gives as a present to gtig. btungs btungs CD, TC, (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997). To kill CD, TC, (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997). btubbtug LZ, CD, DS. give as a present to thub. rtag1 rtag ND. rtag ND.ND. rtag2rtag ND. gives as the present to rtog. rtab rtob LZ. rtab CD, DK, DS, TC. stab (CD). brtabs LZ. rtabs DK, DS, TC. brtab LZ. rtab DK, DS, TC.rtobs LZ, DS. rtabs DK.- TC.DS. TC.DS, TC.rta sogs kyis LZ. (acc. Ja = stab) To be in a hurry. 2. To be confused, frightened, in a state of alarm CD. 1. To cause to be in a hurry, to hurry. 2. To cause to be afraid. 3. To apprehend DK. To become restless, impatient DS. To be afraid, terrified TC. rtas rtas LZ, ND, DS. brta CD, DK, TC. brtas LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. brta LZ, ND, DS, TC. - CD (see note). brta' DK. rtas LZ, ND, DK, DS. - TC.ND, DS.TC.DS. TC.lus dang khams sogs LZ. nyams ND. To grow wide, expand, be copious, abundant CD. To cause to grow up, to increase, enlarge DK. To grow in size, spread DS. To grow, increase TC. rtib rtib CD,DS. brtibs CD,DS. brtib CD,DS.rtibs CD,DS. rtib CD.DS.DS.rdib [CD]. 1. To break, pull down. 2. (in Sikkim) To beat thoroughly, thrash CD. To indent, make a mark on something DS. rtung rtung CD. brtungs CD. brtung CD. To make less, to shorten, to contract (Ja) CD. Compare the variant of this verb stungCD, (Beyer 1992: 75). rtun rtun LZ, DK. brtund LZ, DK. brtun LZ, DK.rtund LZ.dge chos sogs la LZ. To try hard, to make constant effort DK. rtul rtul LZ, ND, DK TC. brtuld LZ, ND, DK. brtul TC. brtul LZ, ND, DK, TC.rtuld LZ, ND, DK. rtul TC.ND, TC.TC. [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).spros pa rnams LZ. rno man NDB. rno minNDA. . To blunder, cause to become blunt, cause to become foolish DK. 1. To conclude, draw to a close, to gather up, draw together. 2. To tame. 3. (archaic) To strive, exert TC. rten rten KYN,CD, DK, DS, TC. rtend LZ. brtend KYN,LZ, DK. brten CD, DS, TC. brten KYN,LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.rtend KYN,LZ, DK. rton CD. rten DK, DS, TC.KYN,CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).gnas dang yul sogs bzhan la LZ. To keep, hold, adhere to, lean on CD. To base on, depend on, rest upon DK. To rely on, depend on DS. 1. To rely on, use as a support. 2. To stay, remain, live TC. rtog rtog KYT,LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. rtag ND. brtags KYT,LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brtag CD. brtag KYT,LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rtogs KYT,LZ, ND, DS, TC. rtog CD. rtags DK. KY, CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).bzang ngan sogs LZ. legs par ND. To consider, examine, search into, muse upon CD. To examine, interrogate, experiment DK. 1. To make a small idea deeper. 2. To make judgments, after carefully examining the good and bad qualities of something DS. To coarsely investigate, analyze, judge TC. rtogs rtog LZ, ND. rtogs CD, DK, DS, TC rtogs LZ, DK, [DS], TC. rtog ND. rtogs LZ, DK, [DS], TC.rtogs LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC. [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).shes bya'i gnas tshul sogs LZ. To perceive, to know, to understand CD. To ascertain, confirm, to understand DK. To understand a meaning after analysis DS. To know TC. rtod rtod LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brtod LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. brtod LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rtod LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.rta sogs LZ. phur bus rta sogs NDB. phur busNDA. . To fasten, secure, tether CD. To tie, to fasten with pegs DK. To fasten cattle with a long rope in a grassy place to let them pasture DS, TC. rton rtond LZ, ND. rton CD, DK, DS, TC. rtond LZ. brtond ND. brton CD. brtan CD, DS, TC. brtand DK. . rton LZ. brton ND, DK. brtan (DK), DS, TC.rtond LZ, ND, DK. rton DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. [Erg. Obl.](Hackett 2003).chos dang don sogs la LZ. yid ND. To place confidence in a person, to rely on, to adhere to, to act in accordance with CD. To trust, to have faith DK. To believe DS. To trust, have confidence in, believe TC. rtobrtob LZ. gives as the present of rtab rtol1 rtol LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brtold LZ, ND, DK. brtol CD, DS, TC. brtol LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rtold LZ, ND. DK. rtol DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. rdol (Gyurme 1992: 260).rnag dang skrang pa sogs LZ. chu bur sogs sgong ND. 1. To bore, to pierce, to perforate. 2. To be present in, at, to reach CD. 1. To pierce, to penetrate, hollow out, to prick holes DK. 1. To make a hole. 2. To show clearly DS. To dig, bore, dig out TC. rtol2 rtol DK, DS, TC. brtold DK. brtol DS, TC. brtol DK, DS, TC.rtold DK. rtol DS. - TC.[DS]. TC.[DS]. TC. To arrive, to reach a place, destination DK. To arrive DS, TC. lta1 lta KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bltas KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. ltas (CD). blta KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.ltos KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. blta CD. ltas (CD).KYT, KYN, TD CD, ND, DS, TC. (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159), (Hackett 2003).mig gis TD, ND. gzugs dang ltad mo sogs LZ. 1. To look, take a look at, espy. 2. (common in West) To look for, to search for. 3. To view mentally, to consider, look into, examine, investigate CD. To look, to see DK. 1. To see with the eyes. 2. To examine, investigate. 3. To visit, see, call on. 4. To desire, crave, love. 5. To think, consider, ponder DS. 1. To see, know with the eyes. 2. To research, examine, analyze. 3. To desire, crave, love TC. lta2 lta (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159). (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159). [Erg. Abs.](Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159). To read (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159). ltan ltan TC. (archaic) To come, arrive, receive, get TC. ltabltab CD, ND, DK, (DS). give as a present to lteb ltam bltams LZ, TC. ltam CD, DK, DS, (TC). bltams LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bltams LZ, TC. bltam CD, DK, DS.bltams LZ. ltams DK. ltoms DS. - TC.DS. TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).sku sogs LZ. (honorific) To be born CD. To cause to be born, to give birth to DK. (honorific) To give birth to a child DS. To bear a child, give birth to a child TC. ltung ltung LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. ltung LZ, DK. lhung CD, DS. ltungs ND, TC. ltung LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.ltung LZ, DK. ltungs ND. - ND, DS, TC.ND. ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).nyes pa sogs kyi LZ. ngan 'gror (ltungs) ND. ngan song(-) ND. To fall, to fall down CD. To cause to fall down DK. 1. To fall down. 2. To become smaller, fewer DS. To fall down TC, (Duff). Root given as ltung < t + lhung (Hahn 1999: 125). Perhaps to be connected to the noun klung 'valley'. Compare also the syllable slungs occurring in the entries from (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997)slungs stod smad 'place name' and slungs tshangs 'the lower juncture of a road' NWH. lteb lteb LZ, (CD), (DK), DS, TC. ltab CD, ND, DK, (DS). bltabs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bltab LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.ltebs LZ, (DK), DS. ltob CD. ltobs ND, TC. ltabs DK.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.leb 'flat' (?) NWH.gos dang na bza' sogs LZ. gos sogs ND. To fold, gather up, to lay together, put together CD. To fold up (clothes &c.) DK. To bend a flat thing and stack one of its two faces upon the other DS. To bend something back and forth and stack one of its two faces upon the other TC. ltem ltem TC. ltem TC. ltem TC.- TC.TC.TC. (honorific) To be sick TC. ltems ltam CD, DK. ltems DS. bltams CD, DK,DS. bltam CD, DK,DS.ltams DK. ltoms DS.DS.DS. To be full CD. To fill DK. 1. To fill up a vessel with something. 2. To attain, obtain much DS. Compare gtams. ltogs ltogs CD, DS, TC. ltog DK. ltogs DK, [DS], TC. ltog DK. ltogs [DS], TC.ltogs DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003). 1. To be hungry. 2. (acc. Sch.) To regret CD. To feel hungry DK. To want to eat food when the stomach is empty of food DS. The feeling which arises when there is no food TC. ltos ltos CD, DS, TC. ltos [DS]. bltos TC. ltos [DS], TC.- TC.(Hoshi 2003).TC.DS, TC. [Abs. Obl.]CD, (Hackett 2003). To attend to, look at, on, to (akin to lta) CD. To examine, compare, evaluate DS. To mutually interact, for one thing to depend upon another TC. stangstangTCgives as the present of stangs. stangs stangs LZ. stang TC. bstangs LZ, TC. bstang LZ, TC.stongs LZ, TC.TC.DS, TC.phan zhing brtse bas LZ. To help, to aid, to give help TC. stad stad CD, DK. bstad CD, DK. bstad CD, DK.stad CD, DK. To load, to put on, to lay on CD. To turn, to turn one's face, to give, to get ready DK. rtab rtab CD. (acc. Sch.) To suffer, tolerate, yield CD. star star LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. bstard LZ, ND, DK. bstar CD, TC. bstar LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC.stard LZ, DK. stor CD, TC. stord ND. CD, ND, DS, (Hoshi 2003).TC. [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).gral dang sa gzhi sogs LZ. legs par ND. 1. To file on a string (e.g. pearls), to tie, fasten to. 2. To clean, polish CD. 1. To practice, take an action. 2. To arrange, line up. 3. To put on. 4. To clean DK. 1. To set up, arrange. 2. To take in hand, do. 3. To decorate, adorn, embellish TC. perhaps not to be divided form stor, and in the meaning 'to clean' compare star. sti sti CD, DK, DS, TC. bsti LZ, CD. bstis LZ,CD, DK, DS, TC. bsti LZ,CD, DK, DS, TC.stis LZ,CD, DK, DS, TC.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC. gnas su LZ. 1. To rest, take rest, repose, refresh oneself. 2. To honor CD. To take, have rest, to stay restfully, to cause to situate DK. (archaic) To rest, relax, vacation DS. To stay in order to rest, relax TC. sting sting CD, DS, TC. bstings CD, DS, TC. bsting CD, DS, TC.stings CD, DS, TC.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC. To rebuke, scold, abuse CD. (archaic) To threaten, menace, scold, insult DS. 1. To verbally point out faults in an abusive manner. 2. To belittle, disparage TC. Compare steng. stib stib CD, DK. stibs CD. bstibs DK. bstib DK.stibs DK. (rare) To offer (sacrifice) (Ja) CD. To offer, worship, cause to collapse DK. stim stim KYN,LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bstims KYN,LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bstim KYN,LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.stims KYN,(LZ), CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. thim LZ.KYN,CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. 'thim CD, (Beyer 1992: 116).ye shes pa sogs LZ. gzugs pa NDB. gzugs laNDA. . To enter, penetrate, pervade, be absorbed in CD. To absorb, cause to merge DK. 1. To mix, combine into an undifferentiated essence, to cause to dissolve, combine. 2. To give, send DS. To combine, mix, dissolve as undivided, inseparable TC. stir stir DK. bstird DK. bstir DK.stird DK. To take, have a rest DK. Likely a derivative of sti. stug stug DK. bstugs DK. bstug DK.stugs DK. To thicken, make thicker DK. Perhaps to be compared with bstugs. stung stung TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bstungs TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bstung TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.stungs TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.TD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.thung 'short' (Gyurme 1992: 260).thug ngur byas pa TD. rtsis nges dang thag pa sogs LZ. sna sogs ND. To shorten, to near, draw near CD. 1. To make shorter. 2. To make fewer DS. To make shorter TC. Compare the variant of this verb rtungCD, (Beyer 1992: 75). stud stud LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bstud LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bstud LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.stud LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. mthud (ngag dbang tshul khrims 1996).slar yang LZ, ND. To repeat, reiterate, give, offer repeatedly CD. To piece on to join, to bow in greeting DK. To interrupt, cut a continuum, interstices DS. To break, cut a continuum TC. stun stund LZ. stun CD, DK, DS, TC. bstund LZ. bstun CD, DS, TC. stund DK. bstun LZ, CD, DS, TC. stun DK.stund LZ, DK. stun DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003). mthun (Gyurme 1992: 260).dgongs pa dang yul sogs LZ. To agree, to be accordant with CD. To smash in a mortar with a pestle DK. To be in harmony, accord, to follow after DS. To rely on, accord with another TC. steg steg DS. steg [DS]. steg [DS].DS. To dance &c. DS. steng steng LZ. bstengs LZ. bsteng LZ.stengs LZskyon nam brnyas thabs sogs kyis LZ. the autograph almost certainly read sting quid vide. sten sten TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsten TD, CD, DS, TC. bstend LZ, ND, DK. bsten TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.stend TD, LZ, ND, DK. sten CD, DS, TC.TD, ND, CD, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hackett 2003).bshes gnyen sogs TD. bshes gnyen sogs rang gis LZ. bla ma lha sogs ND. 1. (akin to rten but with accusative) To keep close to, adhere to, to retain, depend upon. 2. To side with, partake of. 3. To attend, wait upon, serve CD. 1. To accompany, keep as a teacher. 2. To cause to be together DK. 1. To request to be a student. 2. To do, behave, use. 3. To be firm in mind, find key mental points DS. To stay near, serve, accompany TC. stem stem CD, TC. stems CD. stems CD. (seems to occur in popular literature and in colloquial) To shut, fasten (a door), to block (with a beam, bar) CD. (archaic) 1. To press. 2. To hit, strike. 3. To close a door TC. ster ster CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sterd ND. bster CD. bsterd DK. ster [DS], TC. ster ND, [DS], TC. bster CD, DK.sterd NDA,DK. - ND. ster TC. ND.ND, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hackett 2003).phar la (sterd) ND. gzhan la (-) ND. 1. To grant, give, bestow. 2. (in the West) to feed, give food, drink (Ja) CD. stong stong LZ, DK, DS, TC. stongs CD. stongs LZ, DK, DS, TC. bstangs CD. stong LZ, DK, DS, TC. bstang CD.stongs LZ, DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs. Instr.](Hackett 2003).bskal ba sogs LZ. To make empty, to be empty, become waste or desolate CD. To become empty, be empty DK. To finish, become nonexistent DS. To be empty, become finished. TC. stongs stongs CD, DK. stong DS., TC. bstangs CD. bstongs DK, DS. stongs TC. bstang CD. bstong DK, DS. stong TC.stongs DK, DS. - TC.DS.DS. 1. To accompany CD. To help, benefit DK. To give help, aide DS. To ripen, mature, help, give aide TC. stod stod LZ, ND, DS, TC. bstod CD. bstad LZ, ND, DS, TC. bstad LZ, ND, TC. stod DS.stod LZ, ND, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.'gro chas dang sga sogs LZ. 'gro chas ND. To tether cattle (such as horses) (Situ 75) CD. 1. To saddle, affix a saddle on an animal. 2. To fly high (as a bird or airplane) DS. 1. To make preparations. 2. To turn toward TC (Duff). ston ston KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bstan KYT, KYNZ, CD, DS, TC. bstand KYNCW, LZ, ND, DK. bstan KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.ston KYT,CD, DS, TC. stond KYN, LZ, ND, DK.KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hackett 2003).chos dang gdams ngag sogs LZ. bon chos don ND. To show, indicate (acc. of thing shown, dat. of person shown to) CD. To show, guide, preach DK. 1. To make someone see a goal. 2. To speak, tell. 3. To make someone understand or see something manifest DS. 1. To speak, tell. 2. To make someone understand something manifest TC. stob stob LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bstabs LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bstab CD. bstob CD (Cs.). bstab LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bstob CD (Cs.).stob LZ, CD. stobs ND, DK, DS, TC. thob (ND).CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).bza' bca' dang nor sogs LZ. zhal dang byin len sna sogs ND. 1. To put into another's mouth, to feed. 2. To offer, make a donation CD. To give, give and take DK. To give, offer something to another (e.g. food) DS. To offer, give TC. stor1 stor DK,DS, TC. bstord DK. bstar DS, TC. bstor DK. bstar DS, TC. stord DK.stor DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).'thor (Duff). To destroy, crush DK. To join together with rope or twine and bring together DS. 1. To break, scatter, disperse. 2. To clean TC. perhaps not to be divided from star. stor2 stor CD, ND, DS, TC. stord ND. stor [DS], TC. stor ND, [DS], TC.stord ND. - ND, TC.ND. ND, TC.DS. TC.bor ba'i ND. To go astray, to be lost CD. To leave behind DS. To leave behind, loose TC. stos stos TC, (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1996). (archaic) To give TC. To give, grant, distribute (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1996). brtabrta CD, DK, TC. give as the present of rtas brtan brtan LZ. brtand LZ. brtan LZ. brtand LZ.rten dang zhabs pad sogs LZ. Surely to be linked with rton or rten. brtul brtul CD. To conquer CD. bltamsbltams LZ, TC. give as the present to ltam. bstar bstar CD, DS. bstar [DS]. bstar [DS].DS. 1. To sweep, clean, cleanse. 2. To appreciate, be aware of (Lic) CD. 1. To practice, experience take in hand. 2. To purify, make clean DS. Compare star. bstibstiLZ. gives as the present to sti. bstu bstu CD. To bring together discordant elements, to collect in one heap things unlike one another CD. bstugs bstugs CD To maker lower, to lower (Sch.) CD. bstun bstun CD, DK. bstund DK. bstun DK.bstund DK. To be compared CD. To accord with, to cause to comply DK. not to be differentiated from stun. bstod bstod LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. stod CD, (DK). bstod LZ, CD, DK, [DS], TC. bstod LZ, DK, [DS], TC.bstod LZ, (DK), TC. stod DK.DK, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).bla ma dang lha sogs la LZ. To praise, commend, laud CD. To praise, to express one's admiration DK. To say good things about qualities DS. To praise TC.
thathad thad (Hoshi 2003). thad (Hoshi 2003). thad (Hoshi 2003). thad (Hoshi 2003).(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210) [Abs] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210). (honorific)To go (Hoshi 2003).(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210) give this as a non honorific form of theg. thams thams CD. 1. To lock together, hold fast with the arms (either in love or with anger). 2. To stick fast CD.(Hahn 1973: 430) suggests a verbal root tham 'to be complete' to which the adjective tham pa 'complete' and the adverb tham cad 'all together' are referable. thar thard LZ. thar CD, DK, DS, TC. thard LZ, DK. thar [DS], TC. thar LZ, DK, [DS], TC.thard LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS.TC.[Abs. Abl/Ela.] (Hackett 2003).'khor ba sogs las LZ. 1. To be freed, to be liberated. 2. To escape, get through, be able, pass CD. To be freed, liberated, to get through, cross a bar DK. To become free, to escape, slip away DS, TC. thal thald LZ, CD, DS, TC. thel CD. 'thal CD. 'thald DK. thald LZ. thal DK, [DS], TC. thal LZ, [DS], TC. 'thal DK.thald LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).bya bye sogs ha cang LZ. 1. To pass, to step by, to step beyond, miss a mark. 2. To elapse, be passed, to change, pass from. 3. To go, pass through. 4. To come, to get to, to arrive at. 5. To be over, past, finished, done CD. To cross a limitation, to pass beyond DK. To leave, go away DS. 1. To exceed the limit, overdo. 2. To go. 3. To go unimpeded TC. thig thig DS, TC. thig [DS], TC. thig [DS], TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS.TC. To be able to meet, adhere to a standard, limit DS. To know a standard, be able to adhere to a standard TC. thigs thigs DS. thigs [DS]. thigs [DS].DS. To fall down (as droplets of water &c.) DS. Compare 'thig, thing things DS. thing TC. things [DS], TC. things [DS]. thing TC.- TC.TC.DS, TC. 1. To come clearly to the ear. 2. To come, arrive, to receive, obtain DS. To arrive, meet, reach TC. thimthim CD, (DS), TC. give as the present of 'thim thu thu CD. To pluck, collect flowers CD. thug1 'thug LZ. thug CD, DK, DS, TC. thug LZ,DK, [DS], TC. thug LZ,DK, [DS], TC.thug LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hoshi 2003).(Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368). [Obl. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117).phan tshun LZ. 1. To reach, arrive at, come to. 2. To interview, to encounter, to meet, to light upon CD. To meet DK. 1. To meet. 2. To arrive DS. To meet TC. thug2 thug CD, DK, DS, TC. thug DK, [DS], TC. thug DK, [DS], TC.thug DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). (colloquial) To touch, to hit, strike against CD. To touch, reach DK. To touch DS. To touch TC. thub1 btub LZ, CD, DS. thub (LZ), DK. btubs LZ, DK. btub [DS]. btub LZ, DK, [DS].btub LZ. thub (LZ), DK.DS.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). thub2NWH.bya ba dang yin brtan sogs LZ. To be able CD. To enable, to make able DK. To be able DS. thub2 thub CD, DK, DS, TC. thub DK, TC. thub DK, TC.thub DK. - TC.[CD], DS, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 149).TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).thub1NWH. (potential verb with accusative or root of another verb) To be able, capable of, to withstand, to be equal to CD. To be able, to be capable of DK. (when suffixed to the present or future of a verb) To be able to do that verb DS. To have an opportunity to, to be able to TC. thub3 thub DS. thub [DS]. thub [DS].DS. (when suffixed to a noun) To prevail, withstand that noun DS. thul thul CD, TC. thul TC. thul TC.thul CD. - TC.TC.DS.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). 'dul (Duff). To restrain, tame, curb, check CD. To be made suitable for an action, to become soft TC. the the CD, DS, TC. thi CD (in Central Tibet, Ja). 'the DK. thes CD. the DK, [DS], TC. the DK, [DS], TC.thes DK.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. 1. To belong, appertain to. 2. To occupy oneself with a thing, to meddle with, interfere. 3. To pertain to, be applied to, to be of use CD. To cause to involve, to cause to interfere DK. To be included in, belong to, to come together, be together DS. To be included in, to belong to, be placed in TC. theg1 theg CD, DK, DS, TC. 'thegs (CD). thegs DK. theg [DS], TC. theg DK, [DS], TC. thegs DK- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.'degs NWH. 1. To support. 2. To lift, raise, hold up. 3. To endure, to be able to carry CD. 1. To bear, endure. 2. To lift. 3. To have a trip. 4. To be floated DK. To withstand, endure DS. To endure, to withstand, to carry, bear TC. theg2 'thegs CD. theg DK, DS. 'degs TC. thegs TC. thegs DK, TC. bteg DS, TC. theg DK bteg DS. gteg TC. thegs TC.thegs DK, DS. theg TC. - TC.DS, [TC], (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210).TC.DS, TC. [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210). 1. To prepare for a journey, to pack up. 2. To depart ('thegs) CD. To have a trip DK. To leave to, to depart for DS. (honorific) To go (thegs) TC. To go ('degs) TC. theng theng TC. thengs TC. theng TC.- TC.TC. TC. To reach, complete, arrive at, pass (of a certain number or period of time) TC. thed thed DS. thed [DS]. thed [DS].DS. To rip, tear (of wool &c.) DS. then then DS. then [DS]. then [DS].DS. To love, be affectionate, friendly DS. thebs thebs LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'theb CD, DK. 'thebs (DS). thebs LZ, CD, DK, [DS], TC. 'thebs [(DS)]. thebs LZ, [DS], TC. theb DK. 'thebs [(DS)].thebs LZ. 'thebs DK - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).[CD], DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 'debs CD, (Beyer 1992: 113).sku rim sogs LZ. 1. To reach, arrive at. 2. To collect, assemble. 3. To be taken, be captured, to fall into. 4. To adjust, fit, cause to fit, make appropriate, make suitable (thebs) CD. 1. To be thrown, overthrown, seized by or with. 2. To be opened out, spread about. 3. (Sometimes used as an active verb instead of 'debs) ('theb) CD. 1. To be fallen in the hand of or in traps. 2. To fall sick. 3. To be accurate or required answers [sic.]. 4. To be hit at marks [sic] DK. To be struck by, contaminated, despoiled, to catch (a disease) DS. To reach, meet with, be struck by TC. This verb is frequently added to nouns to form new verbs, it generally indicates an involuntary verb or to show that an action was well done, whereas rgyag/rgyab is used in the same way to indicate volition (Chang 1984). themthem CD. gives as a present of 'thems thems thems DS. 'thems (DS). thems [DS]. 'thems [(DS)]. thems [DS]. 'thems [(DS)].DS. To get, obtain DS. thelthel CD. gives as a present to thal thogs1 thogs LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'thog DK. thogs LZ, DK, [DS], TC. thogs LZ, [DS], TC. 'thog DK. thogs DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gdos bcas sogs la LZ. To strike, stumble, run against, to throw against, to be impeded, delayed CD. To be struck, blocked DK. 1 To meet an obstacle. 2. To take the hand, bind the body. 3. To exist, be present, become, be produced. 4. To be fond of, love, be friendly toward. 5. To block, impede, prevent DS. 1. To be delayed, made late. 2. To meet an obstacle. 3. To appear, be present, become, be produced TC. thogs2 thogs CD, TC. 'thog CD, DK. 'thogs CD. thogs DK, TC. thog DK. thogs TC.thogs DK, TC.TC. TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To bear aloft (thogs) CD. 1. To take, bear away, carry. 2. To receive. 4. To name, to call ('thog)CD. To hold in ones hand DK. To carry, take TC. thong thong TC. thong TC. thong TC.- TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). (An intransitive verb similar in meaning to gtong) TC. To be given (Hackett 2003). thobthob CD. gives as the present of 'thob. tholthol (CD) gives as the present of mthol. thos thos LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. thos LZ, DK, [DS], TC. thos LZ, DK, [DS], TC.thos LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS.TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gzhung tshig sogs LZ. 1. To hear. (originally had the sense of hearing at second hand, thus -) 2. To hear of, to have word of, to understand CD. To hear, to listen DK. To perceive sound with the ear DS. To listen, understand with the ears TC. mthug mthug ND. mthug ND.- ND.[ND]. A verbal use of the adjective mthug po 'thick, dense' NWH. mthud mthud LZ, (CD), DK, DS, TC. 'thud CD. mthud LZ, DK, [DS], TC. mthud LZ, DK, [DS], TC.mthud LZ, DK, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.chad pa dang sne sogs LZ. To add on, make longer, piece on, prolong CD. To join, add on, continue, carry on, be carried DK. 1. To connect the ends (of something). 2. To make a distance shorter DS. To connect, link, join TC. mthun mthun LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'thun (CD). mthund LZ, DK. mthun [DS], TC. mthun LZ, DK, [DS], TC.mthun LZ. mthund DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003). stun (Gyurme 1992: 260).khams dang thugs sogs LZ. To agree with, to be accordant, to be on par with CD. To agree, to be in agreement, to become similar DK. 1. To be alike, similar. 2. To agree. 3. To be alright, be harmonious. 4. To help, assist, give aid DS. To be friendly, harmonious TC. mtho mtho LZ, CD, ND. mtho LZ, ND. mtho LZ.mtho LZ.(Hoshi 2003).mnga' thang dang dbu rmog sogs LZ. To be high (Ja) CD. mthong mthong LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. mthong LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC. mthong LZ, DK, [DS], TC.mthong LZ, DK. - ND, TC.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).ltas sogs LZ. 1. To see, view. 2. To witness, observe (mentally). 3. (colloquial) To experience, endure CD. 1. To see. 2. To comprehend DK. 1. To see, know with the eyes. 2. To experience DS. To see, know, appear TC. mthol mthol LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'thol (CD), (DS). thol (CD). 'thold DK. mthold LZ. mthol [DS], TC. thol DK. 'thol [(DS)]. mthol LZ, [DS], TC. 'thol DK. 'thol [(DS)].mthol LZ. - TC. thold DK. TC.DS.TC.thal mo 'palm of the hand' CD.ltung ba sogs LZ. To confess CD. To reveal, come outward, confess DK. To tell ones faults openly DS. 1. To announce, proclaim, speak not secretly. 2. To speak openly about faults TC. 'thag 'thag KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'thog CD (Sch.). btags KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btag KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'thag (ND).thogs KYN,TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS. thog CD. 'thog TC. 'thags (DK).KYN,TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265).thags dang phye mar TD. phye sogs LZ. zhib tu ND. 1. To grind, crush. 2. To weave CD. To weave, grind DK. To produce cotton cloth, silk cloth, woolen cloth &c. from threads of wool, flax, cotton, silk, &c DS. 1. To destroy. 2. To make fine. 3. To weave cotton &c. TC. To attach (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265). 'thag 'thag DS, TC. 'thag [DS], thag TC. 'thag [DS], TC.- TC.TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To reduce by boiling DS. To dry up, dry out TC. 'thad 'thad CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'thad ND, DK, [DS], TC. 'thad DK, [DS], TC.'thad DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be delightful, pleasant, agreeable, well pleasing. 2. (not governing a case) To please, to be acceptable, to be considered as good, to be (generally) admitted CD. To be delightful, to be pleasant, agreeable DK. 1. To come to a unanimous decision. 2. To want, desire. 3. To be alright, suitable. 4. To be in harmony, to accord DS. To be alright, suitable, allowed. 2. To want, desire, like, enjoy TC. 'thab 'thab LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'thab LZ, ND, [DS]. 'thabs DK, TC. 'thab LZ, DK, [DS], TC.'thab LZ. 'thabs DK. 'thobs TC.TC.DS, TC. [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368).[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).dgra sogs dang LZ. To fight, quarrel, dispute, brawl CD. To fight, struggle DK. 1. To brawl, fight, argue. 2. To strive, exert DS. 1. To fight. 2. To balance a budget TC. 'tham 'tham CD, ND, DS, TC. 'thams DK. 'thams CD, ND, DS, TC. thams DK. 'tham DK, DS, TC.thams DK. - DS. 'thoms TC.DS.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC. 1. To seize, to lay hold of, to clutch, to attach oneself to, to realize mentally. 2. To join together, enlock CD. 1. To grasp, hold tightly. 2. To shut, close DS. 1. To hug, embrace. 2. To grasp tightly with the hand. 3. To close tightly, not to open once closed TC. Compare 'thems (?) NWH. 'thams 'thams TC. (archaic) 1. To love, be kind. 2. To not finish, conclude. 3. To blame, scold TC. 'thal'thalCD, DK. give as the present of thal. 'thas 'thas ND. 'thas ND. Probably a verbal use of the adjective 'thas 'hard, solid' NWH. 'thig1 'thig CD. btigs CD. btig CD.CD. To cause to fall in drops, to distill (Ja) CD. 'thig2 'thig CD, DS. 'thigs DK. 'thigs CD, DS. thigs DK. 'thig DK, DS.thigs DK. - DS.DS.[CD], DS. To fall in drops, to drip from CD. To leak through DK. (for droplets of water) To fall down DS. Compare thigs. 'thib 'thib LZ, DS, (TC). 'thibs CD, DK, TC . 'thibs LZ, DS, TC. thibs CD. thib DK. gtibs CD. 'thib LZ, DK, DS, (TC). 'thibs TC.thibs LZ, DK. - DS, TC.DS,TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gtib (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).mun pa dang blo dbang sogs LZ. To be covered, darkened CD. To be cloudy, gloomy DK. To thicken, roll in (of clouds and smoke) DS. To thicken, obscure TC. 'thim thim CD, (DS), TC. 'thims DK. 'thim DS. thim DK, [(DS)], TC. 'thim [DS]. 'thim CD, DK, [DS]. thim [(DS)], TC.thims DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). stim CD, (Beyer 1992: 116). (with la or nang du) To be lost (in something else), to melt down, be dissolved in, vanish CD. To merge into DK. To mix into an un-differentiable essence DS. To sink, dissolve, vanish TC. 'thu1 'thu LZ, CD, DK, TC. 'thus LZ, CD, TC. thu DK. 'thu LZ, DK, TC. thu DK.'thu LZ. thus CD. thu DK. 'thus TC. CD, TC. TC. TC.'du (Beyer 1992: 112)'thun 'gatherer' NWH.shing dang lci ba sogs LZ. To gather, collect, pick up CD. To collect, pick up, to collect wood for fuel DK. To gather collect TC.TC gives as transitive in its verb tables, but as intransitive in the text. 'thu2 'thu LZ, DK. 'thus LZ, DK. gdu LZ, 'thu DK.thus LZ. 'thus DK.zas sogs la LZ. To be included DK. 'thu3 sdus LZ. 'thu CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btus LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btu LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sdud LZ. thus ND, DS, TC. 'thu DK.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.TC.me tog dang gces par ND. To gather, collect, pick up CD. To group, to collect, to pick up DK. To bring together in one place a thing laying in pieces DS. 1. To gather, collect. 2. To gather, assemble TC.TC gives as transitive in its verb tables, but as intransitive in the text. 'thug'thug LZ. gives as the present of thug 'thung 'thung LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'thungs LZ, CD. DS. btungs (LZ), ND, DK, (DS), TC. btung LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.thungs LZ, ND, DK, DS. 'thungs TC.ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hoshi 2003).DS.TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hackett 2003).ja chang sogs LZ. skom du ND. To drink, to imbibe fluid CD. To drink DK. To imbibe liquid in the mouth DS. [To drink] TC. 'thun'thun CD. gives as a present of mthun. 'thub 'thub LZ, CD, ND, DK. btubs LZ, ND, DK. 'thubs CD. btub CD. gtub LZ, CD, ND, DK.thubs LZ. 'thub CD. thub ND. 'thubs DK.CD, ND.shing dang lus kyi yan lag sogs dum bur LZ. dum bur ND. To cut into pieces, to split CD. To hew, chop, cut to pieces DK. Compare gtub. 'thum1 'thum CD, DK, DS, (TC). 'thums TC. 'thums CD, DS, TC. thum DK. 'thum CD, DK, DS, (TC). 'thums TC.'thum CD. thums DK. - DS, TC.DS,TC.DS, TC. To cover, lay over, put over, wrap up, envelop CD. To be covered DK. To be cognitively unclear DS. 1. To have difficulty breathing. 2. To be mentally unclear TC. 'thum2 gtum LZ, CD, TC. 'thum LZ, CD, ND, DS. gtums LZ. btum DK, CD. btums LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. gtum LZ, ND, TC. btum LZ, CD, DS. gtums DK.thums LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'thum CD.ND, DS,TC. DS, TC.'thum1NWH.thum 'a cover'NWH.mgo sogs (gtum) LZ. gos dar sogs kyis ('thum) LZ. gos kyis ND. To wrap round, wrap up, envelope, veil, cover (gtum) CD. To cover, lay over, put over, coat, wrap up, envelop ('thum)CD. To warp in, to cover DK. 1. To put a cover on the outside of something. 2. To be similar to covering with an outer cover (e.g. a mountaintop with mist) DS. To wrap, wrap up TC, (Duff). 'thul 'thul LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'thuld DK. btuld LZ. thul DK, DS. 'thul TC. gtul LZ. 'thul DK, DS, TC.'thuld LZ. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.'dul (Gyurme 1992: 260). gtul (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).spos sogs LZ. To raise, to spread, to smell of CD. 1. To be fumigated. 2. To be tamed DK. Once tamed, to act appropriately DS. To emerge, arise, occur (of smoke or smell) TC. Compare gtul. 'thus 'thus DK, DS, TC. 'thus DK, [DS], TC. thus (DK). 'thus DK, [DS] TC.'thus DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. To be permissible, to be right DK. To be capable, able, sufficient, effective DS. To be able permissible, all right TC. 'the'the DK. gives as present of the 'thegs'thegs CD. gives as present of theg2 'theng 'theng CD, DS, TC. 'thengs (DS). 'theng [DS]. 'thengs [(DS)], TC. 'theng [DS], TC. 'thengs [(DS)].- TC.TC.DS, TC. To be lame, to go lame CD. For feet and hands to go lame DS. To be crippled, to be lame TC. 'then 'then LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'then LZ, [DS], TC. thend DK. 'then LZ, [DS], TC. then DK.'then LZ, TC. 'thend DK.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 243), (Hackett 2003).thag pa dang dbyangs sogs LZ. 1. To draw, to pull. 2. To stop, to stop short, to halt (Ja). 3. (in West) To lean, recline upon CD. To pull, draw, delay, reduce, derogate DK. 1. To inhale. 2. To take, take out. 3. To pull, to drag. DS simply gives 'rope &c.' my translation based on (Goldstein 2001). 4. To fall in rank. 5. To collect, draw together. 6. To recite, sing DS. To pull, draw, lead. 2. To asses taxes. 3. To take longer, to prolong. 4. To inhale TC. 'theb'theb CD, DK. give as the present of theb 'thems 'thems CD, DK, DS. them CD. 'them TC. them DK. 'thems [DS]. thems TC. 'them DK, TC. 'thems [DS].thems DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. 1. To shut in, comprise, cover, include. 2. To suffice ('thems) CD. 1. To be full, complete. 2. (in West) To be sufficient, enough (Ja) (them) CD. To be completed, to be filled, to be careful DK. To be tight, compact (of flesh and bone &c.) DS. To be complete TC. Compare 'tham (?) NWH. 'thog1 'thog TD, LZ, ND, DS, TC. btogs TD, LZ, ND, DS, TC. btog TD, LZ, (ND), DS, TC. 'thog ND.thogs TD, LZ, ND, DS. 'thogs TC.TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).spu sogs TD, ND. sha rus sogs LZ. 1. To pick, pluck (a fruit, flower &c.). 2. To depilate. 3. To peck (with the beak of a bird) DS. To cut, remove with the hand, to pluck, pick TC. Compare the syllable tog in the words sil tog 'fruit', shing tog 'fruit', me tog 'flower', lo tog 'harvest.' 'thog2'thog CD, DK. give as the present to thogs2. 'thog3'thog DK. gives as the present to thogs1. 'thon1 'thon LZ, CD, DS. 'thond DK. thond LZ. thon CD, DK, DS. thon LZ. 'thon DK, DS.thond LZ, DK. - DS.DS, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228), (Hoshi 2003).DS. [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'don (Beyer 1992: 112), (Gyurme 1992: 260).nang nas phyir LZ. 1. To go out, come forth. 2. (in West, colloquial) To come, to arise. 3. To occur (Ja) CD. To go out, to come forth DK. 1. To come out from within. 2. To arrive. 3. To achieve, success DS. 'thon2 'thon LZ, CD, DS, TC. thon CD, DS, TC. 'thon DS, TC.- DS. thon TC.DS. TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228). 1. To depart. 2. (in West, colloquial) To come, to arise. 3. To occur (Ja) CD. 1. To arrive. 3. To achieve, success DS. 1. To go. 2. To appear, arise. 3. To dawn, rise. 4. To arrive TC. 'thob 'thob LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. thob LZ, DK, DS, TC. thob LZ, DK. 'thob CD, DS, TC.thob LZ. 'thobs DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rgyal ba'i go 'phang sogsLZ. 1. To find, get, obtain (especially in West and Sikkim unacceptable in classical). 2. To get, obtain, procure, receive (in classical). 3. To become CD. To obtain, get DK. 1. To come in hand. 2. To take, seize. 3. To be worthy, suitable, conform to, comply with DS. To find TC. 'thom 'thom LZ, CD, DS. 'thoms DK, TC. 'thoms LZ, CD, DS, TC. thoms CD. thom DK. 'thom LZ, DK, DS. 'thoms TC.thoms LZ, DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.mgo sogs LZ. 1. To be confused, puzzled, to grope, to be stunned. 2. (in West) To doze, slumber (Ja) CD. To be bewildered, be confused, to be puzzled DK. To be confused, ignorant concerning things DS. To be confused TC. 'thor1 'thord LZ, DK. gtord (LZ). gtor CD, DS, TC. 'thor CD, (TC). thord LZ. btor CD. gtord DK. gtor [DS], TC. gtor LZ, CD, DK, [DS], TC.thord LZ. 'thor CD. gtord DK. gtor TC.CD, TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.'dor (Beyer 1992: 112).thor bu 'liitle piece' NWH.me tog sogs LZ. 1. To be strewn, scattered. 2. To be dispersed, desiccated, burst (of a gun) ('thor)CD. 1 To scatter, strew, spread over (Mon). 2. To cast, throw, throw out (gtor) CD. To spread over, strew, scatter DK. To spread out, separate individually. 2. To throw to the ground DS. To scatter, throw in small bits. 2. To tear apart, destroy TC. Compare stor. 'thor2 'thor DK, DS, TC. thor DK, DS. 'thor TC. 'thor DK, DS, TC.thord DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. 'thor1NWH. To be separated, scattered DK. 1. To be individually separated. 2. For something to fall down DS. To fragment, become pieces, go in sundry directions TC. Compare stor. 'thol'thol (CD), DK, (DS). give as the present of mthol.
dadwangs dwangs DK, DS, TC. dwangs DK, [DS], TC. dwangs DK, [DS], TC.dwangs DK. - TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300). To be clear, to become clear, to awake to DK. To get rid of (filth, darkness &c.) DS. To clean, clear away TC. To heal, recover (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300). dad dad CD, DK, DS, TC. dad DK, [DS], TC. dad DK, [DS], TC.dad DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To believe, to have faith CD. To have faith, to have interest in, to long for DK. For earnest desire or delight to arise DS. 1. To believe faithfully. 2. To be happy, to love, be fond of, to crave TC. (Ja) suggests a relationship with 'dod. dar dar LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. dar LZ, [DS], TC. dard DK. dar LZ, DK, [DS], TC.dard LZ. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).bstan pa dang chos sogs LZ. To be diffused, grown up, to spread CD. To become popular, to become common, to spread out, to be increased DK. 1. To grow, increase upward. 2. To have a good coat, a good sheen, to grow fat, to put on flesh (for animals) DS. To grow, make larger TC. dugs dugs CD, DS. dugs [DS]. dugs [DS].DS. 1. To make warm, to warm. 2. To light, to kindle (Ja) CD. To alternate between hot and cold things on the body in order to cure some diseases DS. dung dung DS. dung [DS]. dung [DS].DS. To become clear, clean DS. dungs dungs ND, DS. dung (DS), TC. gdungs ND. dungs [DS], TC. dung [(DS)]. gdung ND. dungs [DS]. dung [(DS)], TC.dungs ND. - TC.TC.DS, TC.brtse bas ND. To love, be fond of DS. To cling to, carve, desire TC. dud1 dud CD, DS, TC. gdud CD. 'dud DK. dud CD, DK, [DS], TC. 'dud DK. dud [DS], TC.dud DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. 'dud (Duff). To stoop, to bend CD. To hang down, to bend down, to be suspended from DK. To bend down DS, TC. dud2 dud CD. To tie, to knit CD.(Stein 1942: 205) suggests this verb is connected to 'du 'gather together, unite, be married' sdud 'join, unite, marry' mdun ma 'spouse', 'dun ma 'council, association, society, fiance' mdud pa 'knot' and the word 'dun ma 'assembly' found Dunhuang texts with the variants 'dun tsha, 'dun sa, mdu tsa, bdun tsa. (Beyer 1992: 97) adds sdud 'fold of a garment' dub dub LZ, CD, DK, TC. 'dubs (DK). dub LZ, DK, TC. dub LZ, DK, TC. 'dub (DK).dub LZ, DK. dubs (DK). - TC.TC.TC.khur sogs kyis LZ. To be fatigued, to be tired CD, DK. To be warn out, tired (in body, mind) TC. dur dur CD, DK. durd DK. dur DK.durd DK. To dispose of the dead, to keep a dead body CD. To keep a dead body, to bury, to eat DK. dul dul DK. duld DK. dul DK.duld DK.(Hoshi 2003). 'dul NWH. To become peaceful, to be tamed, make peaceful minded, to sober DK. ded ded DS. ded [DS]. ded [DS].DS. To travel towards a goal, after looking at a path, road marker DS. do do TC. do TC. do TC.- TC.TC. TC. To be able TC. dogs dogs CD, DS, TC. dwogs DK. dwogs DK. dogs [DS], TC. dwogs DK. dogs [DS], TC.dwogs DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To fear, dread, apprehend CD. To doubt, to be uncertain, to be afraid of DK. To examine, avoid DS. To doubt TC dod dod CD, DK, TC. dod DK, TC. dod DK, TC.dod DK. - TC.TC.TC. (often with 'bur du) To project, to be prominent CD. To jut out DK. To stick out (like a form, design) TC. don1 don DK. dond DK. don DK.dond DK.(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228), (Hoshi 2003). [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228). To come out DK. To leave, depart (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228). 1. To get out, be away from, cross (a river). 2. To pretend. 3. To play (a role) (Hoshi 2003). don2 don (Hoshi 2003). don (Hoshi 2003).(Hoshi 2003). 1. To come out, emerge. 2. To have a boil. 3. To excrete, perspire, transpire. 4. To reach a state, condition, be destroyed, found. 5. To be published. 6. To get elected (Hoshi 2003). dradra CD, DK. give as the present of 'dra drag drag LZ, DK, DS, TC. drags LZ. drag DK, [DS], TC. drag LZ, DK, [DS], TC.drag LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).nad sogs LZ. To recover from illness, to become better DK. 1. To recover from illness. 2. (dialect) To be without harm, without defect DS. To be clear of illness TC. drags drags DS. (suffixed to verbs and adjectives) To past beyond measure DS. dran dran LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. drand LZ, DK. dran [DS], TC dran LZ, DK, [DS], TC.drond LZ. drand DK. dron DS. dran TC.DS, TC. (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).bla ma'i sku drin sogs LZ. 1. To think, ponder. 2. (with yid la) To remember, recollect. 3. To become conscious. 4. To think of with love or affection, to be attached to, to long for CD. To remember, recollect, to think of, to ponder DK. 1. For an earlier affair to come to mind again. 2. For an affair to come to mind. 3. To love, be affectionate toward DS. To not forget, to turn again and again in the mind TC. drasdras CD gives as a present of gras drubdrub CD, TC. give as the present of 'drub2 dregs dregs DK, TC. dregs DK, TC. dregs DK, TC.dregs DK. - TC.TC. TC. To be self-satisfied, to be haughty, to pride DK. To be full, bloated TC. dred dred DS. dred [DS]. dred [DS].DS. To not avoid, to not be suspicious DS. dro dro CD, TC. dros DS. dros [CD], [DS], TC. dro TC. dros [DS].- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. sro (Chang 1971: iv.9). To be warm CD. To heat up, warm because of sunlight, fire &c. DS. To be hot TC. gdang gdang LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gdangs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gdang LZ, DK, DS, TC.gdongs LZ, DS, TC. gdangs DK.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.kha sogs LZ. To gape, to open wide (the mouth and nostrils), to stretch CD. To open widely, to open mouth [sic], to cure a disease DK. For an opening to open wide DS. To open TC. gdamgdam (DS) gives as a present to 'dem gda' gda' CD, DS. gda' [DS]. gda' [DS].DS. (honorific) 1. To be, to be there. 2. (with terminative infinitive of another verb) Expresses possibility of being or of doing CD. To stay, remain, exist DS. gdal1 gdal [CD], DK, DS, TC. bdal CD, TC. bdald DK. bdal DS, TC. bdal DK, DS, TC. gdald DK. gdol DS. bdol TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. 'dal (Duff). To spread forth, to expend CD. To give away wealth, to cause to spread over, cover up DK. 1. To spread out. 2. To increase area by flattening DS. To spread, lay out TC. gdal2 gdal TC. gdal TC. gdal TC.- TC.TC.TC.rdal (Duff). To spread, pervade TC. gdas gdas LZ, DS, TC. gdas LZ, [DS], TC. gdas LZ, [DS], TC.gdas LZ, TC.TC.DS, TC.gtam dang chos don sogs LZ. To speak DS. To speak, request, understand TC. gdu1 gdu LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. gdus LZ, ND, DS, TC. gdu LZ, ND, DS, TC.gdu LZ. gdus ND, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.sman dang ja khu sogs LZ. thang sogs ND. 1. To stir up together, to mingle, mix up, to mix up drugs. 2. To covet, to hanker after CD. To boil for a long time (water &c.) DS. 1. To make thick by boiling. 2. (dialect) To desire, crave TC. gdu2 gdu ND, DS. gdus ND, DS. gdu ND, DS.- ND, DS.ND, DS.DS.thang sogs ND. 1. To continue in a rolling boil. 2. To very quickly move back and forth (of water) DS. gduggdug DS. gives as the present of bdug gdung gdung LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gdungs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gdung LZ, DK, DS, TC.gdung LZ. gdungs DK, DS. - TC.DS.TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).sngag bsnagl sogs kyis LZ. To be pained by physical causes, to be tormented, to be scorched CD. To torment, to cause to suffer, to harm DK. To suffer, to produce suffering DS. To suffer from pain or heat TC.(Beyer 1992: 84) suggests that 'jungs-pa (<*dyungs) 'avarice' derives via palatalization from the same as this verb gdungs 'desire, long for, feel pain'. gdung gdung CD, DS, TC. gdung [DS]. gdungs TC. gdung [DS], TC.- TC.TC.DS, TC. To desire, to long for CD. To love, to be fond of DS. To strongly wish for, desire TC.(Beyer 1992: 84) suggests that 'jungs-pa (<*dyungs) 'avarice' derives via palatalization from the same as this verb gdungs 'desire, long for, feel pain'. gdudgdud CD. gives as the present of dud gdeggdeg LZ. gives as the present of 'degs gdeng gdeng LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gdengs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gdeng LZ, DK, DS, TC.gdengs LZ, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.phyag mtshan sogs LZ. To raise, to lift CD. To raise something for hitting, to cause a weapon [sic] DK. To raise up, lift up, brandish DS. To raise, preparing to strike TC. gdon gdon LZ. gdond LZ. gdon LZ.gdond LZ.gdon 'demon' NWH'byung po dang rdzas ngan gyis LZ. bdag bdag DK, TC. bdag DK, TC. bdag DK, TC.bdag DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.bdag 'self, owner' NWH. To own, belong to, preserve DK. To own, to have power over TC. bdam bdam DS. bdams DS. bdam DS.bdams DS.DS.DS. To ask a superior about a secret, hidden affair, to speak to a person about a secret matter DS. bda' bda' DS. bda' [DS]. bda' [DS].DS. To crave food DS. bdar bdar LZ, DK, DS, TC. bdard LZ, DK. bdar [DS], TC. bdar LZ, DK, [DS], TC.bdar LZ. bdard DK. bdor TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.bden tshig dang zas nor sogs LZ. (archaic) 1. To adjust exactly, adjust in a very accurate manner. 2. To pray earnestly (in casting lots and in divination). 3. To grind, polish, rub, file CD. 1. To prove a statement by interrogating whether it is true or false. 2. To make clean by sweeping. 3. To grind DK. 1. To speak words which pass judgment. 2. To arrange and then invite. 3. To plane, and sand DS. 1. To arrange. 2. To [go] in front. 3. To speak. 4. To plane, file, grind finely. 5. To clean off, wipe, rub TC.(Beyer 1992: 75) sees rdar (<bdar) as a 'weakend' form of this verb, and consequently sees bdar as the older form. bdalbdal CD, TC give as the present of gdal1 bdug bdug LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. gdug DS. bdugs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bdug LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.bdugs LZ, ND, DK, TC. - ND. thugs DS.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).ND.TC.gu gul sogs kyis LZ. spos sogs (bdugs) ND. spros dri (-) NDB. spos dri (-) NDA. To fumigate, to burn incense, to wing the censor CD. To burn incense, to fumigate DK. To waft, spread (smoke, smells) DS. [To fumigate] TC. bdung bdung LZ, CD, (DK), DS, TC. 'dung DK. bdungs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bdung LZ, DS, DK, TC. dungs LZ. 'dungs DK. bdungs DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.gzhu sogs LZ. To pull a bow string [CD]. To bend down a bow with an arrow by pulling the string DK. To pull a bow string DS. To pull, to bend hither TC.CD suggest comparison with rdung. bdo bdo CD, DK, DS, TC. bdo DK, [DS], TC. bdo DK, [DS], TC.bdo DK. - T C.TC.DS, TC. 1. (chiefly in reference to sin and evil) To increase, spread, diffuse. 2. (used with la) To hurt, injure (a person) CD. To increase, to spread widely DK. To spread, fill, multiply DS. To increase, spread, fill TC. bdog bdog CD, DS. bdog [DS]. bdog [DS].DS. (generally with la) To get, take possession of CD. To have DS. bdod bdod LZ. bdod LZ. bdod LZ.bdod LZ.ri mo dang 'bur du LZ. mdung mdung CD. mdung 'spear'NWH. To sting, to pierce with a spear CD. mdud mdud LZ, CD, DS, TC. mdud LZ, [DS], TC. mdud LZ, [DS[, TC.mdud LZ, TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).srung skud sogs LZ. To untie a knot CD. To tie, bind DS. To tie, bind TC. 'dag 'dag LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dag LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. dag LZ. 'dag ND, DK, DS, TC.dag LZ. 'dag DK. 'dags (DK). - ND, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Ass.] (Hackett 2003).dri ma sogs LZ. dri ma ND. To lick off CD. To be clean, to become pure DK. To clear away (smell, color &c.). 2. To overstep a nation's law. 3. To disappear once dead DS. To become clean TC.(Beyer 1992: 77) suggests this as evidence of the sound change zl a *lz a *ld a 'd, connecting it to the verb ldag 'lick' and zlag (zlog (?)) however he seems to rely to heavily on CD for his definition, compare ldag. 'dang 'dang CD, DS, TC. 'dangs CD, TC. 'dang [DS]. 'dang [DS], TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. 1. To be right, to suit. 2. To come to, to arrive at (Sch.) CD. 1. To reach a certain measure. 2. bkol yun ring ba steDS. To reach a certain number TC. 'dad 'dad DS. 'dad [DS]. 'dad [DS].DS. gshin las byed pa'i donDS. 'dam1 'dam TC. btam TC. gtam TC.thom TC.TC.TC. To entrust, commit to another TC. 'dam2'dam CD, DS, TC. give as the present of 'dem. 'da' 'da' LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'das LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'da' LZ, CD, DS, TC.'da' LZ. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Abl./Ela.] (Hackett 2003).dam tshig sogs las LZ. To pass away, to go beyond, to surmount, get the better of CD. 1. For time to elapse. 2. For a number to increase, to pass beyond the boundary of a group. 3. To die. 4. For a period of time to be finished. 5. To be superior in a characteristic DS. 1. To pass beyond a boundary. 2. For life to finish, to die TC.(Beyer 1992: 77) gives this as evidence of the sound change zla a lza a lda a 'da. 'dar 'dar DK, DS, TC. 'dard DK. 'dar [DS], TC. 'dar DK, [DS], TC.'dar DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To shiver, to tremble (usually with cold or fear), to shudder DK. 1. For something to very quickly move back and forth. 2. To reverse, change DS. To quiver, shake TC. 'dal1 'dal CD, DS, TC. 'dald DK. dald DK. 'dal [DS], TC. 'dal DK, [DS], TC.'dold DK. 'dol DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.bdal (Duff). To sink down CD. To spread over, to be absorbed, to smudge DK. To become larger through soaking with water DS. To spread TC.(Duff) also connects the verb to gdal. 'dal2 'dald DK. dal DK. 'dal DK.dald DK. To be free from other works, to be slow DK. 'ding 'ding KYT,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'dings LZ, (DK). btings KYT,TD, LZ, ND, DS. bting CD, DK, TC. gding KYT,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bting LZ.things KYT,LZ, CD, ND, DS. tings TD, LZ. thing TC.KYT,TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gdan sogs TD, LZ. gdan duNDA. . bdan du NDB. To spread on the ground (a mat &c.), lay out, sprinkle, strew (grass, hay) CD. To spread mats &c., to lay down foundations, to plan DK. To spread something on the surface of the ground DS. To organize, lay out on the ground TC. 'du 'du LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. 'dus LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. 'du LZ, ND, DS, TC.'dus LZ, ND, TC. - DS.DS, (Hoshi 2003).ND, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sdud CD, (Laufer 1915: 62), (Gyurme 1992: 260). 'thu (Beyer 1992: 112).gnas dang tshang sogs la LZ. mgron bzhi sogs ND. 1. To collect, accumulate. 2. To come together, to assemble (of men and animals). 3. To get married, to unite, to join together. 4. (in philosophical language) To unite. 5. To consist of, in CD. 1. For many things to assemble. 2. To classify. 3. To mix together DS. To assemble TC.(Stein 1942: 205) suggests this verb is connected to dud 'tie' sdud 'join, unite, marry' mdun ma 'spouse', 'dun ma 'council, association, society, fiance' mdud pa 'knot' and dun ma 'assembly' found in Dunhuang texts along with the variants 'dun tsha,'dun sa, mdu tsa, bdun tsa. To this (Beyer 1992: 97) adds sdud 'fold of a garment.' 'dug1 'dug CD, ND, DS, TC. 'dug ND, [DS], TC. 'dug [DS], TC.- TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To sit, remain. 2. To be CD. 1. To sit. 2. To remain, exist DS. 'dug2 'dug CD, DS, TC. If annexed to a simple root, the present tense is usually indicated, used with kyi, gin, gi a periphrastic present tense. With nas, bas, te and shing an imperfect tense with the sense, 'it seems' CD. Auxiliary verb of the present stem DS. 1. To sit, to stay. 2. To exist obviously TC. 'dung'dung DK. gives as the present of bdung. 'dud 'dud LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btud LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btud LZ, CD, DK, DS. 'thud ND. gdud TC.'dud LZ, DK. thud ND, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). dud (Duff).zhabs sogs la LZ. zhabs la ND. To bend, to make a bow CD. To bow in greeting, to respect, to salute DK. 1. To bend down. 2. To arrive in a near place DS. To bow, pay respect TC. 'dud'dud DK gives as the present of dud 'dun 'dun LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'dund LZ, DK. 'dun [DS], TC. 'dun LZ, DK, [DS], TC. 'dund LZ, DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).chos sogs la LZ. To long for, crave, to hanker after CD. To desire, wish earnestly, to want, to expect DK. To hope, to aspire for DS. To hope, desire, seek TC. 'dum 'dum CD, DS, TC. 'dums DS, TC. 'dum DS, TC.- DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). sdum (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 260) To bring to reconciliation, to reconcile one's self to, to be reconciled with CD. To be alright, to be harmonious DS. 1. To be alright, to be harmonious. 2. (archaic) To become shorter TC. 'dur1 'dur LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'durd LZ. 'dur [DS], TC. 'dur LZ, [DS], TC.'durd LZ. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.dud 'gro sogs kyi bang rtsal LZ. To trot, to run in a trot CD. To go DS. 1. To go moderately slow. 2. To fall apart, fall into pieces. 3. To be pressed down on TC. 'dur2 'dur (Stein 1988: 45). bdur (Stein 1988: 45). (in Bon literature) To perform the main act of a Bon-po funeral rite (Stein 1988: 45). 'dul 'dul KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btul KYT, KYN, DK, DS, TC. btuld LZ, ND. thul CD. gtul KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.thul KYT,CD, DS, TC. thuld KYN, LZ, ND.KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). dul NWH. 'thul (Gyurme 1992: 260).rang gzhan sbyin bdag sogs LZ. bdud dang tshon sogs ND. 1. To subdue, conquer, vanquish, kill, annihilate. 2. To till, cultivate (waste land). 3. To tame, bring under right discipline. 4. To convert CD. To subdue, to subjugate, to bring under control, to tame, make useful DK. 1. To defeat. 2. To tame (a horse &c.). 3. To change, transform. 4. To powder, reduce to powder DS. To make something bad good TC. Compare gdul. 'degs 'degs KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gdeg LZ. 'deg CD, (DK). btegs KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS. bteg CD, (ND), DK, (DS), TC. gtegs KYT, KYN. gteg TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bteg LZ.thegs KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DS. theg CD, (DS), TC.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). theg1NWH.'og mas gong du TD. gdung ma sogs ('degs) LZ. gyen du ('degs) LZ. gong ngam gyen du (gdeg) LZ. srang dang yar la ND. 1. To lift, raise, hold up, hoist. 2. To weigh CD. To raise up, to lift up, to offer, to weight, measure DK. To [put] something up high DS. 1. To lift up, raise up. 2. To lift upon a scale TC. 'degs2'degs TC. gives as the present of theg2 'deng 'deng LZ, CD, DK, DS. dong LZ. deng (LZ), CD. 'dongs (LZ). dengs CD, DK, DS. 'dengs CD. 'dong LZ. deng DK. 'deng DS.dengs LZ. 'deng CD. 'dengs DK.- DS.DS.DS.'di nas gzhan du LZ. To go, go away, depart, vanish CD. To go, to send a person DK. To clear, vanish (of clouds, smoke &c.) DS. Compare 'dong. 'ded1 'ded KYN,LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bda' CD. bdas KYN,LZ, CD, (NDB), DK, DS, TC. ded ND. bda' KYN,LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'ded (ND).dos KYN (archaic), LZ. ded KYN,(LZ), DK, DS, TC. dod ND.KYN,ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rkun ma sogs LZ. rjes su ND. 1. To drive, to drive out. 2. To bear away, bear along, bear off, to hurry off. 3. To call in, collect, recover CD. To drive, to chase DK. 1. To drive away, expel. 2. To chase after in order to apprehend DS. 1. To drive away, to chase after. 2. To incite, provoke, make act. 3. To count, look into, investigate TC. 'ded2 'ded LZ, CD, ND, DS. ded CD. ded LZ, CD, ND, DS. bdas (NDB) ded LZ. bda' ND. 'ded (ND), DS.ded LZ, CD. dod ND. thed DS.CD, ND, DS.DS. rjes nas LZ. rjes su ND. 1. To follow, to come out in succession, to succeed. 2. To drive, pursue CD. 1. To urge (cattle &c) to return. 2. To chase after (game animals &c.) in order to catch. 3. To collect a debt. 4. To probe, to pursue thorough investigation. 5. To drive away DS. 'debs 'debs KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btab KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gtab KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'debs CD.thob KYT,TD, CD, TC. thobs KYN, ND, DK DS.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). thebs (Beyer 1992: 113).sa bon sogs TD. smon lam dang sa bon sogs LZ. gsol ba smon lam ki sogs ND. To throw, strike, hit, offer (Rdo 46) CD. To sow, to pray, to defame, libel falsely, to reply, answer DK. To put a seed under ground, and make it grow DS. 1. To sow, newly plant. 2. To do. 3. To ask, offer, pray TC. 'dem 'dem LZ, CD, DK, (DS). 'dam CD, DS, TC. gdam (DS). bdams LZ, DK, DS, TC. gdams DK. bdam LZ, DK, (DS), TC. gdam (DK) DS. 'dems LZ, DK, DS. 'doms TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. mang po nang nas LZ. To pick out, to mark out, to choose ('dam) CD. To prove, examine (Sch.) ('dem) CD. To choose, to select, to elect DK. [To select] from the midst of many DS. To choose, select TC. 'dog 'dog DS. btags DS. gdag DS.thogs DS.DS.DS. To disappear after dying DS. 'dogs 'dogs KYT, KYN, TD, CD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. btags KYT, KYN, TD, CD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. gdags KYT, KYN, TD, CD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. thog (Zeisler 2004: 349). thogs KYT, KYN, TD, CD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).ming sogs TD. ming dang snyan shal sogs LZ. dam dang min phan sogs ND. To bind, fasten, attach, to tie round CD. To name, to put on, to wear ornaments, to hang, suspend from, to make a false accusation DK. 1. To tie, link (rope &c.). 2. To name something. 3. To speak about nothing (a fault, mistake &c.). 4. To establish benefit DS. To tie, bind TC.(Haarh 1969: 313) refers the noun bdag 'owner, self' to the past stem of this verb, he also connects this verb with the archaic terms dog, rdog, and bdog. 'dong 'dong CD, ND, DS, TC. 'dongs DK. dong CD, DK, DS, TC. 'dong CD. dengs ND. 'dong ND, DK, TC. dong DS.dong CD. 'dong CD. dengs ND, DS, TC. dongs DK.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).phyir la ND. (archaic) To go, to proceed CD. To go DK. (archaic) To go, travel DS. To go, go out, depart TC. Compare 'deng. 'dod 'dod LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'dod LZ, [DS], TC. 'dod LZ, [DS], TC.'dod LZ. - TC.(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 248).TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).go sa sogs LZ. To desire with the mind, to wish, to be willing CD. To be agreeable, to like, to come to mind. 2. To assert, claim DS. 1. To want, desire, crave. 2. To assert, claim TC. (Ja) suggests a relationship with dad. 'dod2 'dod DS. gives as the present of gtod. 'don 'dond (see note). 'don KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bton KYT, KYN, CD, DK, DS, TC. btond TD, LZ, ND. gdon KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.thon KYT,CD, DS, TC. thond KYN, TD, LZ, ND. 'dond DK.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'thon (Beyer 1992: 112), (Gyurme 1992: 260).ma ??i sogs TD. tshogs pa'i nang nas dang kha don sogs LZ. khung nas dang kha 'don ND. To cause to go out, come forth, expel, throw out, eject CD. To take, bring out, to expel, turn out DK. 1. To read a book. 2. To take out, draw out. 3. To speak DS. 1. To take out, open. 2. To speak, read. 3. To enthrone, install in power TC.Attested in the phrase 'don 'dond(Richardson 1985: 45 line 15). (Zeisler 2004: 458) interprets 'dond as the present, whereas (Li & Coblin 1987:414) give 'don 'dond as the 'continuative' of 'don. 'dom 'dom DS, TC. 'dom [DS]. 'doms TC. 'dom [DS], TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To mix, encounter DS. To gather together, bring to one place TC. 'doms 'doms LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'dom CD. gdams LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gdams LZ, CD. gdam CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.'doms LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).bka' bstan gyi man ngag sogs LZ. bka' sogs ND. 1. To induce, to admonish, to exhort. 2. To assemble, to come together. 3. To demonstrate, explain. 4. To select, to choose CD. To give advice, to advise DK. To teach with helpful words DS. To show, to teach TC. 'dor 'dor LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dord LZ, ND, DK. dor CD, DS, TC. dard (?) (Li and Coblin 1987: 161 n. 9). dor LZ, DK, DS, TC. 'dor ND.dor LZ, CD, DS, TC. dord ND. 'dord DK.CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'thor (Beyer 1992: 112).bya ba ngan pa sogs LZ. 'dor bya ND. To cast forth, to throw out, to eject, to reject, to fling away, to sweep off, sweep away, to give up CD. To throw, to give up, to cast aside DK. 1. To separate, break a connection. 2. To discard, throw away. 3. To not carry mentally DS. To give up, send away, discard, throw away TC. 'dra1 'dra CD, DK, DS, TC. dras DK, DS, TC. dra DK, DS, TC.dros (Zeilser 2004: 349), DS, TC. dras DK.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To cut, clip, lop, dress, prune, pare with a knife or scissors CD. To cut a piece of cloth for stitching DK. To cut with scissors, to cut with a saw DS. To cut TC. 'dra2 'dra DS, TC. 'dra [DS]. 'dra [DS]. DS. [Abs. Ass.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To be similar. 2. To be one. 3. To be equal, alike DS. To be similar TC. 'drad 'drad (CD), ND, DK, (DS), TC. 'brad CD, DK, DS, TC. brad CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. drad DK. 'drad TC. dbrad CD, DK, DS, TC. 'drad NDB, TC. 'bradNDA. . drad DK.brod CD, DK, TC. brad ND. 'drad DK. phrod DS. 'drod TC. CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.za bun ND. To scratch, scrape, tear with the claws CD. To scratch, to rub with the finger nails, to rub ('drad) DK. To scrape with finger nails, to scratch, to rub, to draw ('brad) DK. To dig at the hard top surface (e.g. of the ground) DS. To pick, pluck, tear ('drad) TC. To comb, scrape ('brad) TC. Compare hrad. 'drad2'drad DK. gives as the present of 'dred. 'dral 'dral LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. drald LZ, DK. dral CD, DS, TC. dral LZ, DK, DS, TC.drold LZ. 'drald DK. drol DS, TC.DS, TC.DS. TC.ral (Sprigg 1970: 16), (Chang 1971: i.4).bcas pa dang gos sogs LZ. 1. To break, violate. 2. To tear to pieces, rend asunder, to rip open (an animal) CD. To cause to be shameless, to do with out, to break, violate a promise or law DK. 1. To spew forth from a hole in the outer layer of. 2. For something old to become rags, tatters DS. To violate, break TC. Compare hral. 'dri 'dri LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. dris LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. 'dris CD. dri LZ, ND, DS, TC.dris LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).dogs gnas dang gtam sogs LZ. btam NDB. gtamNDA. . To ask, to ask for, enquire after CD. To ask another person to clarify key unknown points, or one's own ignorance DS. To ask TC. 'dring 'dring (Li 1959). rings (Li 1959).sring NWH.ring 'long' (Li 1959). 1. To be distant. 2. (glo ba ~) To be disloyal (Li 1959). 'drid 'drid LZ, CD, DK, TC. 'brid LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, (TC). drid LZ, DK. brid LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. drid LZ, DK. brid LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.drid LZ. brid LZ, ND, DS, TC. 'brid DK.TC.TC.sgyu thabs sogs kyis ('drid) LZ. sgyu thabs kyis ('brid) LZ. bslu ba'i ND. To entrap, delude, deceive, beguile, impose on CD. To deceive, to delude DK. To interest hither through deceptive means or objects DS. To deceive TC. 'dril 'dril CD, DK, DS, TC. 'gril (TC). dril CD, DK, DS, TC. 'dril DK. dril DS, TC.drild DK. dril DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD (def. 3), DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] 'to roll (into)' (Hackett 2003).[Abs. Obl.] 'to roll down' (Hackett 2003).ril ba 'round' (Sprigg 1970: 16) (Beyer 1992: 73), 'scroll'(Rona-Tas 1978: 359). hril po 'round, globular, dense' (Rona-Tas 1978: 359) 1. To roll down, to be rolled along, be rolled down. 2. To be joined, entwined, wrapped, enveloped. 3. To wrap up, to coil, to roll about CD. To be rolled along, to be rolled down, to be struck DK. 1. To bring together in one place. 2. To make round, into a ball, roll up DS. 1. To make round, form into a ball. 2. To roll up (e.g. a scroll painting). 3. To gather TC.(Rona-Tas 1978: 359) calls 'dril 'to be turned, rolled round, twisted into a thing.' the 'passive' of 'gril 'to be twisted, to be turned round' with sgril 'to wind up, roll, wrap' the 'transitive'. 'dris 'dris LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'dris LZ, DK, [DS], TC. 'dris LZ, DK, [DS], TC.'dris LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.lus sems la LZ. To be well acquainted with, to know intimately, to be accustomed to CD. To be acquainted with, to be known, to be used to, to be associated with DK. 1. To acquire familiarity with. 2. To be fond of, to love DS. To get familiar with, to get accustomed to TC. 'dru 'dru LZ, CD, ND, DK, (DS), TC. 'brud (LZ), (DS), TC. 'bru CD, DK, DS, TC. drus LZ, ND, DK, TC. brus (LZ), CD, DK, DS, TC. 'dru LZ, ND, TC. 'bru (LZ), TC. dru DK. bru DK, DS, TC.drus LZ, ND, TC. brus (LZ), DK, DS, TC. 'drus DK. 'brus (DK).ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).mtshang dang khung ba sogs LZ. khung bu ND. To dig a hole, ditch ('dru) CD. To pry into, scrutinize, probe, inflame, irritate ('bru) CD. To dig a hole, ditch, to dig ('dru) DK. To dig earth, to make a hole, to dig out, to search out ('bru) DK. 1. To dig a hole. 2. To find faults DS. To dig ('dru) TC. 1. To take out. 2. To dig, dig out ('bru) TC. To dig, dig out ('brud) TC. 'drugs 'drugs CD. 1. To stir up, agitate. 2. To fall into small pieces, to crumble away (Sch.) CD. 'drud 'drud LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. drud LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. drud LZ, DK. 'drud ND, DS, TC.drud LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.shing dang slog hrul sogs LZ. sa la ND. 1. To drag, haul, pull along. 2. To rub CD. To drag, to push a penis in, to harm a woman's private parts by pushing in DK. 1. To go while dragging something. 2. To file something rough DS. To drag across the ground TC. Compare 'brud. 'drub1 'drub CD, DK, TC. drubs CD, DK. drub CD. 'drubs TC. drub DK. 'drub TC.drubs CD. drub CD. 'drubs DK. - TC.CD. TC.TC. To heal up CD. To heal a wound DK. For a wound to heal TC. Compare rub1. 'drub2 'drub CD, DK, DS, (TC). drub TC. drubs CD, DK, DS, TC. drub CD. drub DK, DS, TC.drubs CD, DS, TC. drub CD. 'drubs DK. CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.srub 'a seam' (Emmerick 1983: 68) 1. To sew. 2. To embroider CD. To stitch, to sew DK. To sew DS, TC. Compare rub1. 'drums 'drums [TC], (Ngag dbang tshul khrims) drums (Ngag dbang tshul khrims) To harm, be a bad omen TC. To split, break crumble collapse (Ngag dbang tshul khrims). Compare drum which TC gives as an alternate present of grum. 'drul 'drul DS, TC. drul DS, [TC]. 'drul DS.drul DS.DS.DS. To make rot DS. (archaic) To rot TC. Compare 'brul, rul, srul. 'dre 'dre LZ, CD, (DK) DS, TC. 'dres LZ, CD, DK. 'dres LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'dre LZ, (DK), DS, TC. 'dres LZ, DK.'dres LZ, CD, DK. - DS, TC.CD.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003). sre CD (Ja), (Chang 1971: iv.8), (Beyer 1992: 117 n. 15), (Gyurme 1992: 258). rdzas sogs phan tshun LZ. 1. To be mixed up with, to blend with, to go together. 2. To discriminate by intelligence. 3. To interfere with to, to have intercourse with, to engage in CD. To be mixed, to blend together, to go together DK. To gather together unlike things DS, TC. 'dreg 'dreg LZ, CD, ND, (TC). 'breg (LZ), CD, DK, DS, TC. regs (Taube 1978: 198; ngag dbang tshul khrims 1997), rags (Taube 1978: 198). dregs LZ. bregs (LZ), DK, DS, TC. 'dregs CD. breg ND, CD. dreg LZ. breg (LZ), DK, DS. 'drag ND surely a mistake for 'dreg. 'breg TC.dregs LZ. bregs (LZ), (DK), DS, TC. brog CD. brogs CD, ND.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.skra sen sogs LZ. skra sogs ND. To excise, shave the hair, pare the nails &c. ('dreg) CD. To lop off, prune, amputate ('breg) CD. To cut, shave DK. To cut evenly many fine things with a knife or sickle DS. To cut TC. Compare regs. 'dregs 'dregs DS. 'dregs [DS]. 'dregs [DS].DS. To reach the point of burning (once dried by the heat of fire, the sun &c.) DS. 'dred 'dred LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'gred LZ, (DS), (TC). 'drad DK. 'gred LZ, [(DS)], [(TC)]. dred DK. 'dred [DS], TC. 'gred LZ, [(DS)], [(TC)]. 'dred DK, [DS], TC.'dred LZ. 'gred LZ. dred DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.rkang pa sogs ('dred) LZ. chu 'dam sogs la ('gred) LZ. 1. To be sick of (at heart), to be disgusted, annoyed. 2. To slide, glide, slip (Ja) CD. To slip off, to loose one's footing DK. 1. To be irritated, annoyed. 2. [To loose footing, slip, slide] DS. To loose one's footing TC. 'dren drang (see note). 'dren KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'drong CD. 'drend (see note). drangs KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. drang CD. drang KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.drongs KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. drong CD. 'drend DK.KYN,TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gnas su TD. gnas dang gzhan du LZ. zas dang gnas nas ND. 1. To draw, to pull. 2. To conduct, to draw along, to invite CD. (dra ma ~, with a terminative of destination and an allative of the enemy) To lead (a campaign) (Uray 1962). 1. To draw, to pull. 2. To conduct, to lead a group of soldiers in war, to lead, guide. 3. To invite. 4. To derogate DK. 1. To lead. 2. (honorific) To give, to pour for someone. 3. To desire, love, crave. 4. To give the scriptural reference for the reason behind the correct view and explanation. 5. To bring, to draw in one direction. 6. To guide DS. 1. To draw. 2. To lead. 3. To offer, give to eat or drink. 4. To cite. 5. To desire, love, be attached to TC. To be separated into two verbs 'dren, 'drens 'invite' and 'drang/drang, drangs 'draw, lead', both attested in Old Tibetan (Bielmeier 2004: 405), cf. 'drong 'dren2'dren LZ, DK, (TC). give as the present of bgrang. 'dres'dres LZ, CD, DK. give as the present of 'dre 'drog 'drog CD, DK, DS, TC. 'drogs DK, DS, TC. 'drog DK, DS, TC.'drogs DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. skrog (Chang 1971: iv.10). To wince, shrink, quiver, shudder (from fear) CD. To wince, to be surprised by fear DK. To be scared and jump, run (of a horse, mule &c.) DS. To wince, to shrink from fear TC. 'drong 'drong CD, DK, DS, TC. 'drongs [CD], DS, TC. drongs DK. 'drong DK, DS, TC.'drongs DK, DS. - TC.DS.TC.DS. TC. To believe, to confide in CD. To come, arrive as a guest DK. To draw out, take out DS. To become available, to arrive TC. Compare 'dren. rdar rdor LZ, DK, DS. rdar CD, ND, (DK), TC. brdard LZ, ND, DK. brdar DS, TC. brdar LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rdord LZ, ND, DK. rdor CD, DS, TC. ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gri sogs LZ, ND. To sharpen, grind CD. To sharpen a knife, to sharpen, to rub DK. To rub against (a stone &c.) in order to sharpen (a knife &c.) DS. 1. To sharpen (a knife &c.). 2. To judge, investigate TC.(Beyer 1992: 75) sees rdar (<bdar) as a 'weakend' form of bdar, and consequently sees bdar as the older form. rdal rdal LZ, CD, DK, DS (colloquial), TC. rdol ND, DS. brdald LZ, ND, DK. brdal CD, DS, TC. brdal LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.rdald LZ, DK. rdol CD, DS, TC. rdold ND. CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.yul la 'phrin las kyis LZ. chal mar ND. To spread, stretch out, include CD. To spread over, to scatter DK. For something to spread out DS. To spread TC. rdib rdib LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brdibs LZ, ND, DK, DS. rdibs CD, DK. rdib TC. brdib LZ, ND, DK, DS. rdib DK, TC.rdibs LZ, ND, DK, DS. - TC.ND, DS.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS.khang pa sogs LZ. thog sogs ND. To crumble, to fall to pieces, to collapse, cave in CD. To crumble, to collapse, to cave in (rdibs) DK. To cause to collapse, to cause to cave in (brdibs) DK. For the outer side to become concave DS. To collapse inward, to cave in TC. rdu rdu LZ. rdus LZ. rdu LZ.rdu LZ.grong sogs su LZ. rdug rdug CD, DK. rdugs TC. brdugs CD, DK. rdugs TC. brdug DK. rdugs TC.rdugs DK. - TC.TC.TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To conquer, worst. 2. To devastate, wreck, undo CD. To conquer, defeat DK. 1. To end, finish, come up to, come up against. 2. To be apprehensive, to fear, to become irritated TC. rdung rdung KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brdungs KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brdung KYN,TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brdungs LZ.rdungs KYN,TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. rdung CD. brdungs CD.KYN,TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rnga sogs TD, LZ. rnga dang bro sogs ND. 1. To beat, strike, drum. 2. To break to pieces, to beat out CD. To beat a drum, to beat, to hit, to dance, to make DK. To make a sound, to hit, strike an instrument (e.g. a drum &c.) with a stick, to mutually contact [e.g. a cymbal] DS. 1. To bring together, hit, strike. 2. To dance TC. rdum rdum DS. rdum [DS]. rdum [DS].DS. To cut across, to cut transversely DS. rdul brdul CD. rdul DK. brduld DK. brdul DK.rduld DK. 1. To deceive, to cheat. 2. To swing, brandish, flourish CD. To wave one's hand, to cause to subdue DK. rdeg rdeg LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rdegs CD. brdegs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. brdeg ND. rdegs CD. brdeg LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.rdegs LZ, DK, DS, TC. rdeg CD, ND. brdegs CD.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dbyug pa sogs kyis LZ. dbyug pa ND. 1. To beat, strike, smite. 2. To push, thrust, knock, kick CD. To hit, beat DK. To strike DS. To hit, strike TC. rdeb rdeb TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. rdab (CD), (DK). brdabs TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. brdab TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.rdobs TD, LZ, DS, TC. rdebs DK.TD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. brdab (Duff).thal mo sogs TD, LZ. 1. To throw down with a clap, to fling, knock down. 2. To throw to and fro, to toss about. 3. To stumble CD. To clap, to strike together sharply, to slam a door, bang a door DK. 1. To bring together, to meet, to clap. 2. To shake, move back and forth. 3. To hit, strike DS. To hit, strike TC. rdod rdod LZ. brdod LZ. brdod LZ.rdod LZ.sgyu thabs kyis gzhan LZ. Compare 'drid (?). rdob rdob CD. To give, offer CD. rdorrdor LZ, DK, DS. give as the present of rdar. rdol1 rdol LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS. brdold LZ, DK. brdol CD, DS. brdol LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS.rdold LZ, ND, DK. - DS.ND.DS.DS. rtol (Gyurme 1992: 260).snod kyi zhabs dang bu ga sogs LZ. chu dang gter sogs ND. To come forth, to make its appearance, to come up (as of a plane), to be revealed CD. 1. To reveal a secret. 2. To cause to become disorderly DK. To suddenly arise, to multiply DS. rdol2 rdol DK, TC. rdold DK. brdold [DK]. brdol DS. rdol TC. rdol DK, TC. brdol DS.rdold DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To become a hole, to come out forcefully, to leak, to leak out DK. For an opening to appear in something DS. To break TC. rdol3rdol ND, DS. gives as the present of rdal. rdos rdos CD, DK, DS, TC. rdos DK, [DS], TC. rdos DK, [DS], TC.rdos DK. - TC.TC.CD, TC. To break, burst, flow out CD. To burst out, bubble DK. To swell, surge, bubble DS. To rise up, emerge, appear TC. ldag ldag LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bldags LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bldag LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.ldogs LZ, ND, DS, TC. ldog CD. ldags DK.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239).lces LZ, ND. To lick CD, DK. To touch something, take something with the tongue DS. To lick TC.(Beyer 1992: 77) suggests this as evidence of the sound change zl a *lz a *ld a 'd, connecting it to the verb 'dag and zlag (zlog (?)) 'lick' however he seems to rely to heavily on CD for his definition. (Beyer 1992: 84) suggests that ljags (=l?xags) 'tongue' derives from this verb via palatalization, i.e. (l?xags < *ldyags), compare 'dag. ldang1 ldang LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. ldang LZ. ldangs CD, DK, [DS], TC. langs CD. ldang LZ, DK, [DS], TC.ldang LZ. ldong CD. ldangs DK. ldongs TC.CD, TC.DS, TC.gdan dang tshad sogs LZ. 1. To rise, to get up, to flow up (as smoke). 2. To suffice, to be sufficient, enough CD. To get up, to rise from DK. 1. To arise, move. 2. To reach a measure. 3. To rise up DS. To rise TC. Compare lang. ldang2 ldang CD, DS, TC. langs CD, DS. ldangs CD, TC. ldang DS, TC.ldong CD. - DS, TC.CD.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. 1. To rise, to get up, to flow up (as smoke). 2. To suffice, to be sufficient, enough CD. 1. To rise, spread, fumigate. 2. To reach a measure, complete, equal TC. To rise in the sky DS. Compare lang. ldad ldad LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bldad LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bldad LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.ldod LZ, ND, DS, TC. ldad DK.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.bza' btsa' rigs so yis LZ. sos ND. To chew CD. To chew, to chew cud, to ruminate DK. To grind up food with the teeth inside the mouth DS. 1. To chew. 2. To eat by bringing back into the mouth previously swallowed food (of cattle &c.) TC. Compare blad. ldan ldan LZ. ldand LZ. ldan LZ.ldan LZ.TC.DS, TC. [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003).sdom pa dang yon tan sogs dang LZ. To have, posses (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368). ldab ldab LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bldabs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bldab LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.ldobs LZ, DS, TC. ldob CD. ldab DK.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.yang yang LZ. 1. To fold up. 2. To repeat, to do again (Cs.) CD. To repeat, to do again DK. To repeat DS, TC. ldar ldar CD, DS. ldar [DS]. ldar [DS].DS. To be weary, tired, faint CD. To become soft from soaking in water DS. ldig ldig CD, DS. ldib CD (Sch.). ldigs CD. ldig [DS]. bldib CD (Sch.) ldig [DS].DS. To quiver, shudder, wiggle CD. To stamp the ground with the foot. DS. lding lding CD, DS, TC. lding DS. ldings TC. lding DS, TC.ldongs DS. - TC.DS.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To float, to be swimming, to be suspended, floating, soaring (in the air) CD. 1. (with hands and feet separate from the surface of the ground) To raise up and jump down. 2. To fly DS. To leap, float, fly TC. ldir ldir LZ, CD, TC. ltir (CD). bldir LZ. ldir TC. bldir LZ. ldir TC.ldird LZ. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300).TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gnam sgra sogs LZ. 1. To be distended, inflated. 2. To rush, to roar (of wind), to roll (of thunder) CD. To make a loud noise TC. To make a medicinal drink (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300). ldug ldug LZ, CD, (ND), DK, DS, TC. lhug (CD), ND. ldugs CD. blug CD, DK, TC. ldugs LZ, (CD), DK, TC. blugs CD, DK, ND, DS, TC. glugs (Ngag dbang tshul khrims 1997: 99). ldug LZ, DK, TC. blug CD, DK, ND, DS, TC.ldug LZ. blugs CD, DK, DS, TC. blug CD. lhugs ND. ldugs (ND), DK, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210). zlug2NWH.snod sogs su LZ. snod du ND. To pour out, pour into, to sprinkle, to strew, to cast, to found (metal) (ldug) CD. To pour into a pot, to fill (blug) CD. To pour, to put in (ldug) DK. To pout into, to put in (blug) DK. To pour a liquid, grain, or something similar from one vessel into another vessel DS. To pour, to put in (ldug) TC. To pour (blug) TC. Compare lug/lugs. ldud ldud LZ, CD, (ND), DS, TC. blud LZ, CD, DK, TC. lhud ND. bldud LZ. blud LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.ldud TC. ldud LZ, DS, TC. blud LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC.ldud LZ, (ND), TC. blud LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. lhud ND.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.chu sogs (ldud) LZ. lto chas sogs (blud) LZ. skom sogs ND. To give to drink, to water (cattle &c.) (ldud) CD. 1. To pour out. 2. To offer (blud) CD. 1. To give water. 2. To give some drink. 3. To give DK To have drink a kind of beverage DS. To drink, pour, give (ldud) TC. To give to drink (blud) TC. ldur ldur DS, TC. ldur [DS], TC. ldur [DS], TC.- TC.TC.DS, TC. To reach the point of disintegration by saturation with water DS. To become soft TC. lde lde LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. ldes LZ, CD, DS, TC. bldes CD, DK. lde LZ, DS, TC. blde CD, DK.ldes LZ, CD, DK, TC. lde DS.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.me sogs la LZ. To warm oneself, to be warmed at, warmed by CD. To sunbathe, to warm at fire DK. To make something warm or dry by placing it near a fire or in sunlight DS. To heat, warm TC. ldeg ldeg CD, DK, TC. ldeb CD (Cs.). bdeg CD. bldegs DK, TC. bldeg DK, TC.ldegs DK. - TC.TC.TC. To quake, shake, tremble (e.g. the palace of the gods) (Dzl.) CD. 1. To move, shake. 2. To eat, chew DK. 1. To move. 2. To chew TC. ldeb ldeb CD. To bend round, bend back, to turn round, to double down, double over CD. ldog ldog LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. ldog LZ, TC. log CD, DS. ldogs DK. ldog LZ, DK, DS, TC.ldog LZ. log CD, DS. ldogs DK. - TC.CD, DS.TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). zlog CD.nyi ma sogs LZ. 1. To come back, to return, to go home. 2. To send back. 3. To change, to undergo a change. 3. (used with las) To turn away from CD. To go back, to be returned DK. 1. To arrive again at, go again to a previous place. 2. To turn around, turn back. 3. To exchange places with something unlike DS. 1. To turn back, return. 2. To naturally reject. 3. To change, fade (of colors &c.) TC. Compare log. ldong ldong CD, DK. ldongs DS. ldongs CD, DK, [DS]. long CD. ldong DK. ldongs [DS].ldongs DK.DS. 1. To become blind. 2. To be infatuated CD. To become blind DK. For the power of sight to deteriorate DS. Compare long. ldon ldon CD, DS. ldon [DS]. ldon [DS].DS. To give back, pay back, return CD. (archaic) To reply, answer DS. Compare lan, len, lon. ldob ldob CD, ND, DS, TC. ldobs ND, DS, TC. ldob ND, DS, TC.ldobs ND. - DS, TC.ND.DS, TC.DS, TC.bslab bya ND. To apprehend quickly, to be witty, to be quick in repartee (Cs.) CD. (archaic) understand, to understand after studying DS. To learn, become familiar with TC. Compare slob, lob. ldom ldom DS. ldom [DS]. ldom [DS].DS. To go to no particular place, wander DS. sdang sdang LZ, CD, DS, TC. sdang LZ, [DS], TC. sdangs CD, DK. sdang LZ, DK, [DS], TC.sdang LZ. sdangs DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).zhe nas khro ba sogs kyis LZ. To hate, to be angry, wrathful CD. To hate, to fill with wrath DK. 1. To hate, be angry. 2. To harm, be abusive DS. To hate, be angry, be unhappy, contend with TC. sdangs sdangs LZ. bsdangs LZ. sdangs LZ.sdangs LZ.glo bur du LZ. sdamsdam DK. gives as the present of sdom. sdar sdar TC. sdar TC. sdar TC.- TC.TC. TC. To fear, be afraid TC. sdig bsdig LZ. sdigs CD, DS. sdi CD. sdig ND, DK, (DS), TC. bsdigs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsdis CD. bsdig LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsdi CD.sdigs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).mi bsrun pa sogs LZ. gzhan la ND. To point towards, point at, to point out, to threaten, to sting CD. To scold, to frighten, to warm, to aim DK. 1. To speak harsh words to a person. 2. To produce fear, frighten DS. 1. To frighten, scare. 2. To abuse, revile. 3. To aim at a target, to prepare to strike TC. sdug sdug LZ, DS, TC. sdug LZ, [DS], TC. sdug LZ, [DS], TC.sdug LZ. - TC.TC,(Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).cha byad mdzes pa dang mnar tshul gyis LZ. To become sad DS. 1. To come to mind. 2. To be sad TC. sdud sdud KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sdu (DS). bsdus KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsdu KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sdus KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYN,TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). 'du CD, (Laufer 1915: 62), (Gyurme 1992: 260).nang du mtha' nas TD. mtha nas nang du LZ. dband dang 'khor sogs ND. To collect, gather, mass together, range together, to assemble, to put together. 2. To unite, join, condense, add together CD. To collect, bring together, gather, conclude DK. To collect, gather (scattered things into one place). 2. To summon, call hither. 3. To conclude, draw to a close. 4. To make fewer. 5. To rule, have power. 6. To shrink, contract smaller DS. 1. To gather, assemble, bring together. 2. To tie, bind TC.(Stein 1942: 205) suggests this verb is connected to dud 'tie' sdud 'join, unite, marry' mdun ma 'spouse', 'dun ma 'council, association, society, fiance' mdud pa 'knot' and the word dun-ma 'assembly' found in Dunhuang texts with the variants 'dun tsha, 'dun sa, mdu tsa, and bdun tsa. To this (Beyer 1992: 97) adds sdud 'fold of a garment.' For wider speculation about cognates and possible Sino-Tibetan connections compare (Bodman 1969). sdum sdum LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsdums LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsdum LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sdums LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sdum CD. CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). 'dum (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 260).'gras shing 'gyid pa sogs LZ. 'khon 'gras ND. To make agree, to bring to an agreement, to reconcile, to conciliate CD. To make one agree, to bring to an agreement, to cause to conciliate DK. 1. To make alright, to make harmonious. 2. To make peaceful DS. To make harmonious TC. Compare zlum. sdur sdur LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsdurd LZ, ND, DK. bsdur CD, DS, TC. bsdur LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sdurd LZ, ND, DK. sdur DS, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).yon tan sogs LZ. 'dra sogs ND. To make comparison, to compare CD. To cause to compare, to have discussions on a subject DK. 1. To mutually compare (good and bad, small and large). 2. To discuss, confer DS. To compare TC. sdussdus LZ. gives as the present of 'thu2 sdeb sdeb KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsdebs KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsdeb KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sdebs KYN,TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. sdobs ND.KYN,TD, CD, ND, DS, TC. DS, TC. [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368).[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).mnyam du TD. yi ge dang grogs sogs phan tshun LZ. yig sbyor ND. To mingle, mix, to make unite, to conjoin, fasten together CD. To combine, associate with, to join, fasten DK. 1. To mix many different things together. 2. To keep company with, to accompany DS. 1. To keep company with, to accompany. 2. To join, to arrange TC. sdo sdo LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsdos LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sdos CD. bsdo LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sdos LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.bla ma'i sku sogs la LZ. dge rtsa sogs LZ. srog dang sku la ND. (used with dang or la) To risk, make venture CD. To risk, swear, to value at, harm [sic] DK. 1. To not avoid a danger. 2. To take another's wealth trough deception. 3. To rival, compete DS. 1. To exchange, risk for. 2. To rival, compare. 3. To speak, order TC. sdog sdog LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsdogs LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsdog LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.sdogs LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).las chas dang 'chi chos sogs LZ. thag pa sogs ND. 1. To roll up, to fold up. 2. To make ready DK. 1. To make shorter. 2. To prepare DS. 1. To draw together, roll up. 2. To prepare, get ready for TC. sdong sdong TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sdongs CD. bsdongs (CD). bsdongs TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsdong TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sdongs TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. TD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.phan tshun sogs TD. gzhan dang lhan du LZ. thogs dang NDB. grogs dangNDA. . (used with dang) To accompany, to join with, to enter into partnership CD. To accompany, to associate with DK. 1. To accompany, associate with. 2. To be connected together. 3. To arise together DS. To accompany, associate with, to become close, become friendly together TC. sdod sdod LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsdad LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsdad LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. sdod DS.sdod LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gdan dang 'dir LZ. bdan la ND. 1. To sit. 2. To stay, to stop, to wait CD. To stay, to settle down, to dwell, to live, to sit on DK. 1. To halt, to stop moving.2. To stay, remain. 3. To stay at a rank, in a position, to accept responsibility DS. To sit, remain, exist TC. sdom sdom TD, LZ, CD, NDA NDB has bsdom which is surely the incorrect reading., DK, DS, TC. sdam CD, DK. sdem (DK). bsdams TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsdam TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sdoms TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sdom CD.TD, CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).dam 'tight' NWH.lcags sgrog sogs TD. nyes pa dang khres po sogs LZ. dam por nyes pa sogs ND. 1. To bind, fasten, tie up, to bind up. 2. To staunch, stop, cause to cease. 3. To make morally firm, to confirm. CD. 1. To bind, to tie up (sdam) DK. To give up evil conduct, to close the doors of immorality, to bind with a law, to control one's talking, to protect (sdom) DK. 1. To gather many things together and tie them (with a rope &c.). 2. To tightly bind, constrain. 3. To tighten (e.g. rules &c.) DS. 1. To tie, bind. 2. To impede, enclose TC. sdom sdom TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsdoms TD, LZ, CD, NDA, DK, DS, TC. bsdom NDB. bsdom TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sdoms TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sdom CD.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).phyogs gcig tu TD, LZ. khyon du ND. To add together, to cash, to sum CD To add up, combine DK. To bring, gather together DS. To gather TC. brdab brdab CD, TC. brdabs CD, TC. brdab TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).rdeb (Duff). To fold, place together CD. To touch with force, to meet TC. Very probably no different from rdeb. brda' brda' (Takeuchi 1995: 182). brdas (Takeuchi 1995: 182). To collect, gather, make one repay (Takeuchi 1995: 182). possibly an error for brnga' and brngas.(Takeuchi 1995: 182). brdulbrdul CD. gives as the present of rdul. bsdigbsdig LZ. gives as the present of sdig. brdeg brdeg CD. To eat CD.
nanana CD, DK, DS, TC. na DK, [DS], TC.na DK, [DS], TC.na DK. - TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).snad (Gyurme 1992: 260) To be ill, sick CD. To become ill, to feel sick DK. To become ill, sick DS. To get sick TC. nabmnab LZ, CD, DK. gnab CD. nabs CD. nab DS, TC. mnabs LZ, CD, DK. gnabs CD. mnabs DS, TC.mnab LZ, DS, TC. bnab DK. mnob LZ. nobs (LZ), DS, TC. mnabs DK. DS, TC.DS, TC. na bza' sogs LZ. To put on clothes CD. To wear, put on clothes, to dress, to help or serve to put on clothes DK. (honorific) To wear, sport (hats, garments &c.) DS. To wear TC. nalnal DS. nal [DS].nal [DS].DS. For siblings to copulate, engage in sexual intercourse DK. nunu CD, DK, DS, TC. nud CD. nus CD, DS, TC. nud DK.nu DK, DS, TC.nus CD, DS, TC. nud DK.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.snun (Gyurme 1992: 260). nu ma 'breast' (Laufer 1915: 62). To suck (Cs.), to suckle (Ja) CD. To suck a nipple, be fed with mother's milk DK. To suck at a breast DS. To drink milk TC. nudnud DK, DS, TC. nud DK, [DS], TC.nud DK, [DS], TC.nud DK, TC.TC.DS, TC. To retreat, withdraw DK. To alter what had previously remained DS. To take as appropriate what is backwards TC. nubnub LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. nub LZ, DK, [DS], TC. nub LZ, DK, [DS], TC.nub LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). snub (Stein 1942: 205), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 260). nub 'west' NWH.nyi zla sogs LZ.To go down, to set (of the sun and moon), to sink, collapse, decline CD. To decline, merge, sink down DK. 1. To go behind (a mountain &c.) and not be seen (of the sun, moon &c.). 2. To sink down into water. 3. To decline, deteriorate (of an evil tradition &c.) DS. 1. To depart and become obscure (of the sun and moon &c.). 2. To sink into water. 3. To decline, deteriorate (of a tradition &c.) TC. nurnur CD, DK, DS. nurd DK. nur [DS].nur DK, [DS].nurd DK.DS.snur CD,(Gyurme 1992: 260), (Beyer 1992: 116)1. To change place, change posture, to shift, to move by degrees, be displaced. 2. to be impressed, to yield, give way, be desiccated CD. 1. To become shorter or longer in time. 2. To become powder DK. 1. To raise in position from a previous place. 2. To alter, reverse a definite time. 3. To go, move with the surface of the stomach lowered to the ground DS. nus1nus DK, DS. nus DK, [DS].nus DK, [DS].nus DK.(Hoshi 2003).DS.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).To be able DK. To be able to endure, bear DS. nus2nus CD, DS.(annexed to the root of another verb, more frequent in literature than ordinary talk) To be able CD. To be able DK. (suffixed to the present stem) To be able to do the verbal action DS. nennen CD, DK. nend DK.nen DK.nend DK.(in West) To take, lay hold of, seize; to take out, off, away; to hold (Ja) CD. To take, to accept DK. nemnem DK. nems DK.nem DK.nems DK. snem (?) NWH.To be spongy, to be elastic, to cushion CD. nerner CD, DK. nerd DK.ner DK.nerd DK.To drop gradually, to lower itself, subside, sink CD. To tumble down, to ruin DK. nogsnog DK. nogs DS, TC. nogs DK, [DS], TC.nog DK. nogs [DS], TC.nogs DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.To become dirty, dull, be faded DK. To clean, rub out, erase DS. To be hit by a bad smell, to deteriorate in newness or luster TC. nong1nong CD, TC. nongs DS. mnong (DS).nongs CD, [DS], TC. mnong [(DS)].nongs [DS]. nong TC. mnong [(DS)].- TC.TC.DS, TC.To grieve, upset, cause pain, ail CD. 1. To regret, to be embarrassed. 2. To avoid, shy away from DS. To regret, feel remorse TC. Compare gnong. nong2nong(Uray 1966: 254 n. 1). nongs (Uray 1966: 254 n. 1; Haarh 1969: 360).(Uray 1966: 254 n. 1).(of royalty) To die (Uray 1966: 254 n. 1; Haarh 1969: 360). nongsnong CD, DK. nongs TC.nongs CD, DK, TC.nong DK. nongs TC.nongs DK. - TC.TC.TC.To commit a fault, to make a mistake, to commit one's self CD. To commit an offense, to make mistakes DK. To make a mistake TC. nod1nod LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. mnod CD, DK.mnos LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. nos (DS).mno LZ, DK, (DS), TC. mnod ND, DS.nod LZ. nos ND, (DS), TC. mnod DK. gnos DS.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).lung dang sdom pa sogs LZ. lung sogs ND.1. To keep, take, obtain, receive. 2. To receive instruction, directions, favors (from a superior especially priests) CD. To make to receive or obtain, to give, to cause to obtain religious obligations DK. To take, accept (oral instructions &c.) DS. To take, accept TC. nod2nod LZ, DK, TC. mnos LZ. nos DK. nod TC.nod LZ, DK, TC.nod LZ. nos DK. - TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).bslab ba sogs LZ.To receive, obtain, to obtain, accept religious instruction DK. To find, obtain TC. nonnon CD, DK, TC. nond DK. non TC.non DK, TC.nond DK. - TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gnon(Gyurme 1992: 260).1. To mount. 2. (a less correct form of gnod) To press, force, compel, coerce, to suppress, keep under CD. To be under control, to bring under control, to be subdued by a splendid manner, to be inebriated with great misery, to be deeply indebted DK. 1. To be overcome, intimidated, daunted. 2. To desire, crave, be attached to TC. nom1nom LZ, CD, DS, TC. noms CD, LZ mnams DS, TC.nom LZ. mnam DS, TC.noms LZ, DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. snom1[CD].lus dang yo byad sogs lag pasLZ.To lay hold of (Sch.) CD. To touch, contact DS. To touch, contact, hold, grasp TC. Compare mnam (?) NWH. nom2nom CD, DK. noms CD, DK.nom DK.noms DK.To enjoy, partake of, be satisfied by CD. To get satisfaction, to be satisfied, to be possible, to enjoy, to anoint DK. noms3noms LZ. gives as the present of mnam. nornor CD, DK, DS, TC. nord DK. nor [DS], TC.nor [DS], TC.nord DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). snor (Beyer 1992: 116); (Gyurme 1992: 260).To err, to make a mistake, to be in error CD. To be mistaken, to be in error, to be confused DK. To be confused, be mistaken DS. To be confused, blunder, be mistaken TC. nolnol CD, DK. nold DK.nol DK.nold DK. snol (Uray 1972: 30).To agree, to come to terms (Cs.) CD. To be exchanged, to be adjusted by exchanging DK. To stand at war, to struggle (Uray 1972: 30). nol2nol (DS). gives as a present of mnol. gnanggnang CD, DK, DS, TC. gnang CD, DK, DS, TC. gnangs CD.gnang DK, DS, TC.gnong (Zeisler 2004: 349), CD The Tibetan text has gnang but it is transcribed as gnong.. gnang DK. gnongs DS, TC.CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).(humble) To give, grant CD. To do, give, grant, permit DK. 1. (honorific) To give. 2. (honorific) To do (work, actions &c.) DS. gnabgnab CD. gives the present of as nab gnasgnas LZ, CD, DK, DS, [TC]. gnas LZ, DK, [DS].gnas LZ, DK, [DS].gnas LZ, DK.DS, (Hoshi 2003).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dgon pa dang dam tshig sogs la LZ.1. To sit, to be placed, to exist, to be in force, to continue, exist. 2. To reside, dwell, stay. 3. To remain, continue, adhere CD. To sit, situate, to have, to rest, value DK. 1. To sit, stay, live. 2. For things to exist in a place and time continuously between their appearance and destruction DS. To sit, exist, maintain, stay TC. gnonggnong LZ, CD, DS, TC. gnongs LZ, TC. gnong [DS].gnong LZ, [DS], TC.nongs LZ. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.sdig ltung sogs las kyis LZ. To feel ashamed CD. To have qualms, compunctions DS. To be ashamed, embarrassed because of sins and wrongdoings TC.Compare nong1. *gnong2*gnong (Uray 1966: 254 n. 1). gives as an alternate present of *nong3. gnodgnod LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gnod LZ, DK, [DS], TC.gnod LZ, DK, [DS], TC.gnod LZ, DK. - TC.TC. (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).lus sems la LZ.To injure, to cause illness CD. To harm, to bring evil DK. 1. To bring someone a loss. 2. To deteriorate in love and affection DS. To not be happy, to cause adverse conditions TC. Compare snad (?) NWH. gnongnon KYT, KYN , TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. mnan KYT, KYN , CD, DS, TC. mnand TD, LZ, ND, DK. gnan CD.gnan KYT, KYN , LZ, ND, DS. mnan TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.non KYT, CD, DS, TC. nond KYN , TD, LZ, ND. gnond DK.KYT, KYN , TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).non (Gyurme 1992: 260)dam sri sogs TD. sri sogs dang 'og tu LZ. sri sogs LZ. 'og tu ND. To press, compress, force down, subdue, suppress, to keep down CD. To suppress, press down, to tread on, subdue, control over DK. 1. To put greater weight on top of. 2. To defeat. 3. To weaken, annihilate DS. For a downward force from above to press, squeeze, to make not move, to defeat, subdue TC. mnagmnag LZ. mnags LZ.mnag LZ.mnog LZ.(Goldstein: 2001).sdug bsngal sogs LZ.To endure, suffer, tolerate, bear (Goldstein 2001). mnangmnang DK. mnangs DK.mnang DK.mnangs DK.To satisfy, to be satisfied, to be possible DK. mnabmnab LZ, CD, DK. give as the present of nab. mnamnom LZ. mnam CD, DK, [DS], TC. mnams LZ, DK. mnam TC.mnam LZ, DK, TC.noms LZ. mnams DK. - TC.TC.TC. snom2(Beyer 1992: 117 n. 13), (Duff).spos dri sogs LZ.1. To smell. 2. To smell of CD. To smell, to inhale odor DK. To smell, to stink. 2. To experience in the nose TC.Compare nom (?) NWH. mnarmnar LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. mnard LZ, DK. mnar [DS], TC.mnar LZ, DK, [DS], TC.mnard LZ, DK. - TC.TC.DS. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).lus sogs gdung bas LZ.To suffer, to be tormented CD. To torment, torture, afflict, harm, suffer DK. 1. To experience suffering, to perform an action which causes suffering to another. 2. To hinder, interfere with the growth of DS. mnalmnal LZ, CD, DK, [DS], TC. rnal [(DS)]. mnald LZ, DK. mnal TC.mnal LZ, DK, TC.mnol LZ, TC. mnald DK.TC. TC.mal du LZ.(honorific) To sleep CD. To sleep, to go to sleep, to fall asleep, to die DK. To go to bed, lay down [DS]. 1. (honorific) 1. To go to bed, lay down. 2. (honorific) To fall asleep TC.TC gives rnal lam as an archaic alternate of rmi lam'dream'. mnomno CD, ND, DK. mnos CD, ND, DK.mno ND, DK.mnos ND, DK.ND.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).bsam blo ND.(archaic) To think over, ponder, imagine CD. To think, consider, cogitate DK. mnongmnong (DS). gives as the present of nong. mnodmnod CD, DK. give as a present tense of nod. mnolmnol LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. nol (DS). mnold LZ, DK. mnol [DS], TC. nol [(DS)].mnol LZ, DK, [DS], TC. nol [(DS)].mnold LZ, DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.grib dme sogs LZ.To grow feeble, to be reduced, weakened CD. To become impure, to be polluted, to defile, to become filthy, unclean, to pile up DK. For something dirty to get on the body, to catch an infectious disease DS. To be defiled, infected TC. rnagrnag CD, DS. rnag [DS].rnag [DS].DS.rnag 'pus' NWH.To form pus, to ulcerate (Cs.) CD. To become pussy (of a wound, swelling &c.) DS. rnag2rnag DK. gives as the present of brnag rnangrnang CD, DK. give as the present of rnong. rnanrnan LZ, DK. give as the present of rnon. rnabbrnab LZ. rnab DK, DS, TC. brnabs LZ, DK, DS, TC.brnab LZ, DK, DS, TC.brnob LZ. rnabs DK. rnobs DS. - TC.DS.TC.DS.TC.longs spyod sogs la LZ.To have desire of gaining of other wealth [sic], to covet DK. To be covetous, greedy DS. To want to obtain with mental craving, to want the belongings of others TC. rnalrnal DS. rnal [DS].rnal [DS].DS.To not be anxious, not be nervous DS. Compare mnal. rnurrnur LZ, CD, DK. rnu DS. brnurd LZ, DK. brnur CD, DS. brnu CD.brnur LZ, DK. brnu DS.rnurd LZ, DK. rnur DS.TC.DS, TC.gral dang mdun sogs LZ.To pull forward, out of the way CD. To pull away, to draw, to pull backward, pull forward DK. (archaic) To pull forward DS. Compare snur. rnog1rnog LZ, DK, DS, TC. brnogs LZ, DK, DS, TC.brnog LZ, DK, DS, TC.rnogs LZ, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.dngul ??a?? sogs LZ. To conceal, to hide DK. To make what had been previously apparent no longer evident DS. To hide, make secret TC. rnog2rnog DS, TC. brnags DS, TC.brnag DS, TC.rnogs DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.To tolerate, bear, endure DS. 1. To remember, to think. 2. To tolerate, bear, endure TC. rnongrnong LZ, DS. rnang CD, DK.brnangs LZ, CD, DK,DS.brnang LZ, [CD], DK, DS.rnongs LZ, DS. rnangs DK.DS.DS.zas sogs skyis gre ba LZ.To become choked, be stifled, grow constricted CD. To block (as gullet is blocked with) DK. To try to become free of a piece of swallowed food DS. rnonrnan LZ, DK. brnan CD, TC. rnon DS, (TC). brnand LZ, DK. brnan DS, TC.brnan LZ, DK, DS, TC.rnand LZ, DK. rnon DS, TC.DS. TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).nges par ram nan tan du LZ. To be eager for, to be on the alert, to be attentive to CD. To pay a special attention, cause to be eager, to take special care of DK. To take as important with attention DS. To differentiate with precision, hold as most important TC. snangsnang CD, DK, DS, TC. snang DK, [DS], TC.snang DK, [DS], TC.snang DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).1. To emit light, to shine, be bright. 2. To be seen, perceived, to show one's self, to appear CD. To be visible, to come in view of, to appear, to come into sight DK. To become an object of the mind or sense organs DS. 1. To shine, rise, be clear, distinct, visible. 2. To exist, remain TC. snadsnad LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bsnad LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.bsnad LZ, DK, TC. snad DS.snad LZ, DK. snod CD, DS. - TC.CD, DS.TC.DS.TC.rkang lag sogs LZ.To wound, to hurt, to stab CD. To hurt, injure, damage DK. To wounded, receive a kind of divination DS. To be wounded, damaged TC. Compare gnod (?) NWH. snarsnar LZ, CD, DK, TC. snor ND, DS.bsnard LZ, DK, ND. bsnar DS, TC.bsnar LZ, NDB, DK, DS, TC. bsnor NDA.snard LZ. snord ND, DK. snor DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). DS, TC.nar nar 'long'NWH.mjug ma dang kha tshar sogs LZ. ring du thag sne sogs ND.1. To shake, move to and fro. 2. To extend, protract CD. To stretch, extend, to stretch out one's tail DK. To hang down, dangle down DS. To make longer TC. snalsnal DK. bsnal CD. bsnald DK.bsnal DK.snald DK. snal ma 'yarn' NWH.1. To extend, protract. 2. To spin out, to protract (Cs.) CD. To spin out, to protract DK. snudsnud TC. bsnud TC.bsnud TC.snud TC.TC. TC.To push out, drive out TC. snunsnun LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnund LZ, ND, DK. bsnun CD, DS, TC.bsnun LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.snund LZ, ND, DK. snun DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.nu (Gyurme 1992: 260).mtshon sogs kyis LZ. mtshon dang nu ma bstun ND.1. To prick into (e.g. a stick into the ground), to thrust a weapon. 2. To suckle. 3. To multiply CD. 1. To feed with milk, to give suck, to suckle. 2. To hit, to catch a main point DK. To give a breast to drink from. 2. To insert a weapon DS. 1. To give, give to drink. 2. To strike, hit TC. snubsnub KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnubs KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnub KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. snubs KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. snub CD.KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).nub (Stein 1942: 205), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 260).srol ngan sogs LZ. srol sogs ND.To do away with, to cause to perish, suppress, abrogate, annul, destroy, annihilate CD. To abolish, to put an end to, to do away with DK. 1. To annihilate. 2. To make something sink into water DS. To annihilate, cause to sink TC. snursnur LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnurd LZ, ND, DK. bsnur CD, DS, TC.bsnur LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. snurd LZ, ND, DK. snur DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. nur CD, (Gyurme 1992: 260), (Beyer 1992: 116).dus dang snag tshon sogs LZ. zhib mor ND.1. (in West) To push, move, move out of its place, remove, shift, drag up, pull in. 2. To cut into pieces, fracture, crush (Sch.). 3. To abridge CD. 1. To change a time as to quicken or postpone. 2. To pull, to draw. 3. To crush as to make powder DK. 1. To change a particular time. 2. To change the place of something. 3. To grind, pulverize something solid together with water to make it like mud DS. 1. To draw, pull. 2. To postpone or hasten a previous time. 3. To pulverize, grind finely TC. Compare rnur. snemsnem CD, DK, DS, TC. bsnems DK, DS, TC.bsnem DK, DS, TC.snems DK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. nem (?) NWH.To shake, to cause to move slightly CD. To press, to suppress, to press in between, to cave in, subdue DK. To moisten a little bit DS. To push down on, suppress, subdue TC. snosno LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnos LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsno LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.snos LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.phye sogs LZ. 'dres par ND.To reduce to small pieces, to crumble (Ja) CD. To knead, make dough, to rub, mix thoroughly up DK. To press, stuff, pack down again and again in order to mix pure water in mud, gruel &c. DS. To sift, agitate, knead, shake TC. snogsnog DS, TC. bsnogs DS, TC.bsnog DS, TC.snogs DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.To mix up an order, mix up high and low DS. To mix, mingle high and low TC. snonsnon LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnand LZ. bsnond ND. brnond (ND). bsnan CD, DK, DS, TC.bsnan LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.snond LZ, ND, DK. snon DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).so so'i khar LZ. kha sab ND.1. To add on, expand, augment. 2. To put a tip or a point to (e.g. an arrow) CD. To supplement, to make additions, to add up for completion DK. 1. To make larger the number of things. 2. To add two numbers together DS. To stack, pile, accumulate, add to TC. snom1snom KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnams KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsnam KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.snoms KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. snom CD.KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210), (Hackett 2003).nom [CD].dri dang phyag tu TD, ND. phyag tu LZ.To lay hold of, grasp, take up, to seize on CD. To hold in hand, to carry DK. (honorific) To take in hand DS. (honorific) To carry, take hold of, take up TC. snom2snom KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnams KYN, TD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnoms LZ.bsnam KYN, TD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnom LZ.snoms KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYN, TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Zeisler forthcoming: 32 n. 64). [Erg. Obl.] (Zeisler forthcoming: 32 n. 64).mnam (Beyer 1992: 117 n. 13), (Duff).dri dang phyag tu TD, ND. dri sogs LZ.To smell CD. To smell, to have smell DK. To experience a smell with the nose DS. To have the sensation of smell with the nostrils TC. snorsnor LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. bsnord LZ, ND, DK. bsnor TC. bsnor LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. snor LZ, TC. snord ND, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.nor (Beyer 1992: 116); (Gyurme 1992: 260).dngul dang dong tshe lta bu sogs phan tshun LZ. gong 'og ND.To confound, intermingle, stir up sediment CD. To confound, disturb an orderly plan DK. To disturb an order, cause to make a mistake TC. snor2snor ND, DS. give as the present of snar. snolsnol LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsnold LZ, ND, DK. bsnol CD, DS, TC.bsnol LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.snold LZ, ND, DK. snol DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. nol (Uray 1972: 30).lag pa dang rgya gram du LZ. phan tshun ND.To adjust, place together, fit together, to close up exactly, interlace CD. To exchange, adjust DK. To mutually pile, arrange, place at the edge, tip &c. of something DS. To mutually join, pile unevenly TC. brnagbrnag LZ, CD, DS. rnag DK. brnags LZ, CD, DK, DS.brnag LZ, DK, DS.rnogs LZ, DS. rnags DK.DS.DS.tshig don sogs LZ.1. To cogitate, deliberate, reflect upon. 2. To be concerned about, to strive after. 3. To flow over with, be replete with, 4. To be burdened mentally as well as physically CD. To bear, endure, to cogitate, to keep in mind, to reflect on DK. To think about with an angry mind DS. brnanbrnan CD, TC. give as the present of rnon. brnabbrnab LZ. gives as the present of rnab bsnalbsnal CD. gives as the present of snal bsnombsnom CD. (apparently in two passages met with to be differentiated from snom) To cut, shape, carve CD.
padpa'dpa' ND, DK, DS. dpa' ND, DK, [DS].dpa' DK, [DS].dpa' DK. - [ND].[ND].DS.To determine, to have confidence, to brave DK. To have confidence, be certain DS. dpardpar LZ, DS. dpor CD.dpard LZ. dpar CD, [DS].dpar LZ, CD, [DS].dpord LZ.DS.dpe cha sogs LZ.To dictate (Cs.) CD. 1. To leave a trace. 2. To print, publish a book DS. dpendpen LZ. dpend LZ.dpen LZ.dpend LZ.'di phyi gnyis kar LZ. dpogdpog LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dpags LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dpag (DK).dpag LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.dpogs LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. dpag (DK).ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rjes su LZ. gting mtha' ND.To measure, to apportion, to fix CD. To estimate, to ascertain, to confirm DK. 1. To asses, establish a fact which is not know having established the causes for its outward signs which are known. 2. To analyze, investigate DS. To measure, asses, investigate a hidden phenomenon TC. dpoddpod DK, TC. dpod DK, TC.dpod DK, TC.dpod DK, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.To dictate, give dictation DK. To give dictation TC. dpordpor CD. gives as the present of dpar. dpyadpya LZ, CD, TC. dpyo DK. dpyas LZ, DK, TC.dpya LZ, DK, TC.dpyas LZ. dpyos DK, TC.TC.DS, TC.bzang ngan sogs kyis LZ.To blame, censure, chide CD. To criticize, reprove DK. To tell someone's faults, to insult, put down TC. Compare 'phya. dpyangdpyang CD, DS. give as the present of dpyong. dpyodpyo CD. To change (Sch.) CD. dpyongdpyong LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. dpyang CD.dpyangs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.dpyang LZ, DK, DS, TC.dpyongs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. pyangs CD.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.'phyang (Duff).gos dar sogs LZ. To dangle, to let down, to make hang down CD. To hang down, to dangle, to hang, to swing loosely DK. To make something hang down by sticking it on a stake, peg &c. DS. To make hand down TC. dpyoddpyod KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. dpyad KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC.dpyad KY,N KYNZ gives dbyad and dpyad for the future, the former is certainly a mistake. LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC.dpyod KYN, LZ, ND, DS, TC.KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).bkra rtags sogs LZ. brtag cing ND.To investigate, to examine into, to test by reasoning CD. To examine, understand DS. To evaluate meticulously, to examine carefully TC. dpruldprul DS. dprul [DS].dprul [DS].DS.1. To make something verb spherical less spherical. 2. (archaic) To scratch an itch. 3. (archaic) To ornament with an ornament DS. dpredpre LZ, TC. dpres LZ.dpre LZ.pres LZ.skra sogs LZ.(archaic) To roll up, turn up TC. spaspa DK, DS, TC. spas DK. spa [DS], TC.spa DK, [DS], TC.spas DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).To put on ornaments, to beautify, to put on, to wear DK. (archaic) To ornament, bedeck DS. To adorn, decorate, ornament TC. Compare spras. spagspag CD, DK. spags CD, DS. spags DK., [DS].spag DK. spags [DS].spags DK.DS.1. To sop up with meal or bread, to soak up gravy (Ja). 2. To accumulate (spag) CD. To shift, transfer one's self (spags) CD. To mix, to dip in, to dip a bread into soup or vegetable DK. To become swollen, blotted DS. spamspam DS. spam [DS].spam [DS].DS.'pham NWH.To subdue, defeat, win DS. spugspug ND. spugs ND.spug ND.spugs ND. - ND.ND.ND. 'bug (Gyurme 1992: 260).sbrag mar ND. To reverse, turn up side down (Gyurme 1992: 260). spungspungs LZ. spung CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. spungs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.spungs LZ. spung ND, DK, DS, TC.spungs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. - ND.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.'bru sogs phung bor LZ. mang du (spungs) ND. phyogs gcig (-) ND1. To heap, accumulate, pile up. 2. To fill up CD. To accumulate, to heap, to pile up DK. For many things to be gathered together into a pile DS. To accumulate, gather in one place TC. spudspud DK, DS, TC. spud DK, [DS], TC.spud DK, [DS], TC.spud DK, TC.TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).To put on, wear, to put on ornaments DK. (archaic) To decorate, ornament, bedeck DS. To wear, put on ornaments TC. spubspub LZ, CD, DK. spubs LZ, CD, DK.spub LZ, DK.spub LZ. spubs DK. 'bub (Chang 1971: vii.5), (Beyer 1992: 116).lhung bzed sogs kyi kha LZ.To reverse, to turn upside down CD. To turn upside down, to reverse upside down DK. (dialect) To turn down the rim of a vessel TC. spurspur CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. spurd ND, DK. spur [DS], TC.spur ND, DK, [DS], TC.spurd ND, DK. - ND. spur TC.ND, TC. ND.CD, DS, TC.'phur CD, (Gyurme 1992: 260), (Beyer 1992: 116).bya sogs ND.To make fly, to scare up, to let fly CD. To cause to fly, to make fly DK. To make fly (a bird &c.) DS. 1. To make fly. 2. To give, send off TC. spelspel LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. speld LZ, ND, DK. spel [DS], TC.spel LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.speld LZ, ND, DK. - ND. spel TC.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003). ND.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'phel (Beyer 1992: 116).chos srid kyi 'phrin las sogs LZ. rgya cher ND.1. To augment, to increase. 2. To diffuse. 3. To multiply (arithmetic) (Rtsii). 4. To conjoin, unite together, compose CD. 1. To make larger, more plentiful. 2. To know many people. 3. (mathematics) To multiply 4. To mutually compound, combine DS. 1. To increase, make larger. 2. To connect, join, combine, mix TC.(Denwood 1991: 136) suggests the following forms bel, 'bel, 'phel, spel, phe'u, 'phe'u, with the meanings 'declare, make known, publicize, expose, accuse.' spospo LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. spod ND.spos LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.spo LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.spos LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). 'pho CD. (Beyer 1992: 116).gom pa sogs LZ. gos gdan sogs ND.To alter, change CD. To change, transfer, shift, to apply some illustration or reasons, to prove some other facts in some manner, to step DK. 1. To move by taking steps. 2. To raise the location of something DS. 1. To change, transform. 2. To classify TC.(Beyer 1992: 83) suggests that spyo 'to blame, scold' is derived from this verb via palatalization. spogspog CD, DK, DS, TC. spags CD, DK, DS, TC.spag DK, DS, TC.spogs CD, DK, DS, TC.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.To carry elsewhere, remove CD. To cause to rise up, to jump up, to cause to become superior, to promote, to send, to cause to move DK. To raise from a low level to a high level DS. 1. To mix, combine. 2. To raise, move to another place TC. spongspong KYT, KYN , LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. spangs KYT, KYN , LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. spang KYT, KYN , LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. spongs KYT, KYN , LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. spong CD.KYT, KYN , CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).phangs (Gyurme 1992: 260)sdig pa dang mi dge ba sogs LZ. rkyon ND.To abandon, renounce, leave, deliver up, reject, throw out CD. To give up, abandon, to renounce, to practice DK. To get rid of, hide away. 2. To separate, break a connection DS. To clear away, get rid of TC. spodspod ND. gives as the present of spo spobs1spobs LZ, CD. spobs LZ.spobs LZ.spobs LZ.mang po'i nang du LZ.To dare, venture CD. spobs2spobs DS. To have courage, inner strength DS. sporspor LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. spard LZ, ND, DK. spar CD, DS, TC.spar LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.spord LZ, ND, DK. spor DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.'phar (Gyurme 1992: 260), (Duff).me dang gong du LZ, ND.To elevate, raise CD. 1. To increase, raise, promote. 2. To light a fire DK. To move from a previous place to another. 2. For something fixed (e.g. a wall) to quiver, slant, and fall. 3. To put in a higher place DS. 1. To set on fire. 2. To raise a price. 3. To put in a higher place. 4. (archaic) To change, shift, alter TC. sporspor DS. spor [DS].spor [DS].DS.1. To move from an earlier place to another place. 2. To change, exchange DS. spyang1spyang DS. spyang [DS].spyang [DS].DS.To keenly feel, to experience clearly DS. spyang2spyang DS. spyong CD.spyangs DS.spyang DS.spyong DS.DS.DS.'phyang (Beyer 1992: 116).To suspend, make hand down (Ja) CD. To hang down, dangle down (a rope &c.) DS. spyingspying LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. spyings LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.spying LZ, CK, DS, TC.spyings LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. spying CD.CD, DS, TC.CD, DS, TC. 'bying CD, (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 260).mtsho sogs la LZ.To vanish, be lost, to sink, lower down, dip under CD. To cause to sink down, to submerge DK. To make something sink into water DS. To make sink TC. spyilspyil DS. spyil [DS].spyil [DS]. DS.To plaster (mud &c.) DS. spyugspyug LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. spyugs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.spyug LZ, DK, DS, TC.spyugs LZ, DK, DS, TC. spyug DS.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.yul gzahn du LZ.To expel, drive out, banish CD. To expel, drive out, send out from a country DK. To punish by expelling, driving out to another land a man who has broken the law at a previous time DS. To send off elsewhere, to drive away, expel TC. spyospyo LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. spyos LZ, DK, DS, TC.spyo LZ, DK, DS, TC.spyos LZ, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.ngan gtam sogs kyi LZ.To abuse, revile, blame, scold CD. To scold, blame with angry words, to reprove DK. To threaten, menace with forceful and bellicose words DS. To use harsh words, criticize, threaten, menace TC.(Beyer 1992: 83) suggests that this verb derives from spo via palatalization. spyongspyong CD. gives as the present of spyang. spyodspyod KYT, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. spyad KYT, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.spyad KYT, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.spyod KYT, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYT, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).dge sdig sogs LZ. longs su ND.1. To practice, perform, accomplish, perpetrate, succeed in CD. To put to use, to make use of, utilize, to take pain for a success, to face some difficulty or difficulties DK. 1. To eat, wear (food, clothes &c.). 2. To do DS. 1. To do, cause. 2. To experience deterioration, to be used TC. spyonspyon CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. byond ND. spyond DK. spyon [DS], TC.'byon ND. spyon DK, [DS], TC.spyond ND, DK. spyon TC.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC. 'byon [CD].tshur la ND.(archaic, honorific) To come, arrive CD. To make one go, make one come DK. (honorific) To exhort to come hither DS. To come, to arrive TC. spyomspyom LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. spyoms LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.spyom LZ, CK, DS, TC. spyom LZ. spyoms DK, DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.skyon sogs LZ.To boast, to exhibit with ostentation CD. To self-praise, to boast DK. To show off (good qualities &c.) to others DS. To show off, to exaggerate for others TC. spraspra CD, DS give as the present of spras sprangsprang DS. sprang [DS].sprang [DS].DS.To wander without livelihood in order to beg (food &c.) DS. spradsprad CD. gives as the present of sprod sprasspras LZ, DK, TC. spra CD, DS. spras LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.spras LZ, DK, TC. spra DS.spras LZ, DK, DS. spros CD, TC.CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rgyan sogs kyis LZ.To adorn, to decorate CD. To put on, wear, beautify DK. To decorate (with ornaments &c.) DS. To decorate, embellish, ornament TC. Compare spa. springspring LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. springs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.spring LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.spring LZ. springs ND, DK, DS, TC. - ND.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.yi ge sogs LZ. phrin yig sogs (springs) ND. phrin yig (-) ND. To send a message, to give information, to send word CD. To send a letter &c DK. To give, send a letter DS. To send, bestow, prolong TC.(Takeuchi 1990: 181) neutral as to social rank (cf. stol and gsol). spribsprib LZ. spribs CD, DS, TC. spribs LZ.sprib LZ.spribs LZ.lto ba LZ.To be hungry (Sch.) CD. (archaic) To be hungry DS, TC. sprugsprug LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sprugs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sprug LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.sprugs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. - ND.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).ND.DS, TC.gdan sogs LZ. rdul sogs (sprugs) ND. rdul (-) ND.To shake, to shake off, to beat out (e.g. dust) CD. To shake off, to shake DK. To move back and forth quickly DS. To shake, agitate. 2. (archaic) To be finished, spent. 3. (archaic) To purify TC. sprulsprul LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. spruld LZ, ND, DK. sprul [DS], TC.sprul LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.spruld LZ, ND, DK. sprul TC. - ND.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003). ND.DS. TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).sgyu ma sogs LZ. skye ba (spruld) ND. skur (-) ND.To appear to change, to transform one's self, to cause illusions, to alter an object by magic CD. To transform, to perform miracles, to exhibit a miracle, to incarnate DK. To change (of speech by superstition or divine stories DS. To manifest (of the body of Buddha which arises because of Buddhist teachings) TC. spro1spro CD, TC. spro TC.spro TC.- TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).To feel energy for, incline toward, to delight in CD. To be happy, to be delighted TC. spro2spro LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. spros LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.spro LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.spros LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. - ND.ND, DS, TC.CD, DS, TC. CD.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'phro (Beyer 1992: 116); (Gyurme 1992: 260).'od sogs LZ, ND.1. To go out, proceed (of light, of the wind). 2. To enlarge upon by way of explaining CD. To focus rays, enlarge, spread out DK. 1. To make light spread. 2. To shoot out quickly DS. 1. To disseminate, spread, produce. 2. (dialect) To warm up TC. sprodsprod LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sprad CD.sprad LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.sprad LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.sprod LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, T C, (Hoshi 2003).[CD], DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). 'phrod CD, (Beyer 1992: 116).lag tu dbyug pa sogs LZ. 'thab mo dang lag tu ND. 1. To bring together, to put together, to make to meet. 2. To deliver a message. 3. To pay. 4. To explain CD. 1. To give, contribute. 2. To cause to meet, cause to fight, introduce. 3. To prove DK. 1. To give. 2. To entrust with, charge with. 3. To send, cause to be obtained in hand. 4. To bind, tighten. 5. To cause to understand through clear explanation. 6. To make to mutually meet, to introduce DS. 1. To give, send. 2. To join together, meet TC. sprosspros DS. spros [DS].spos [DS].DS.To speak extensively DS.
phaphangs'phang DK. phangs DS. phangs DK, [DS].phang DK. phangs [DS].phangs DK.DS.spong(Gyurme 1992: 260)To feel for losing something or someone DK. 1. To be affectionate, near at hear. 2. To be sad, remorseful DS. phanphan LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. phand LZ, DK phan [DS], TC.phan LZ, DK, [DS], TC.phan LZ. phand DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sngags dang rdzas sogs kyis LZ.To benefit, to be of use, to be useful CD. To benefit, to be of use, to be useful, to be helpful DK. 1. To be able, for good fruit to arise DS. To be helpful TC. phigsphigs TC. phigs TC.phigs TC.- TC.TC. TC.1. To comprehend. 2. (dialect) To open, puncture TC. Compare 'bigs. phirphir CD. (in West) To fall down (Ja) CD. phudphud TC. gives as the present of 'phud phubphub CD. To probe into, to penetrate into the meaning, to get at the sense CD. phedphed TC. phed TC.phed TC.phed TC.TC. (Hoshi 2003).TC.To be able to cut, slice (wood &c.), to be able to excavate, dig (a tooth &c.) TC. phebspheb CD. phebs DK, DS, TC. phebs CD, DK, [DS], TC.phebs DK, [DS], TC.phebs DK, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.(honorific) To come, arrive, go, depart CD. To go, come, to move DK. (honorific) To go, come, arrive DS. (honorific) To go, come TC. phe'u(Denwood 1991: 136) suggests the following forms bel, 'bel, 'phel, spel, phe'u, 'phe'u, with the meanings 'declare, make known, publicize, expose, accuse.' pherpher CD, DS. pher [DS].pher [DS].DS.To be able, capable of, equal to CD. To be able, to be allowed DS. phogphog TC. gives as the present of 'phogs. phongsphongs CD. phang CD.To save, spare, to use economy CD. phongphongTC. gives as the present of 'phongs. phongsphongsLZ. gives as the present of 'phongs. phod 'phod DK. phod DK. 'phod DK.phod DK.phod CD, DS. 'phod CD, (DS).[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).1. To cope with, to be able, to coerce. 2. To withstand, to be a match for CD. To be capable of taking risk, to be courageous, to be able of taking decisions DK. To have courage, to be able DS. phyidphyid CD, DS. phyid [DS].phyid [DS].DS.1. To suffice, to be sufficient. 2. To freeze, become frozen CD. For skin and flesh of a body and organic matter to change nature having frozen DS. phyinphyind LZ. phyin DS. phyind LZ. phyin [DS].phyin LZ, [DS].phyind LZ.DS.gnas dang yon tan sogs kyi pha rol tu LZ.To go, arrive DS.generally regarded as the past of 'gro. phyisphyis DS. phyis [DS].phyis [DS].DS.To purify through rubbing an unclean smell on top of something DS. phyugphyug DK, DS, TC. phyug DK, [DS], TC.phyug DK, [DS], TC.phyug DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.To enrich, to become rich DK. To have many things DS. To have great things, have many things TC. phyedphyed CD, DK, DS, TC. phyed DK, [DS], TC.phyed DK, [DS], TC.phyed DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).To change CD. To change, to be separated DK. 1. To distribute, to separate individually. 2. To change DS. 1. To distinguish, separate, separate boundaries. 2. To divide mentally, to know characteristics TC.(Stein 1939: 306-7, 1942: 230) suggests this verb is related to phya 'oracle.' phyophyo phyo CD, DS. phyo DK. phyo DK.phyo DK.phyo DK.To incite or set on a dog CD. To order a dog to bite someone DK. A sound to incite, provoke a dog DS. phyogsphyogs CD, DK, DS, TC. phyogs DK, [DS], TC.phyogs DK, [DS], TC.phyogs DK. - TC.TC. (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). phyogs 'direction' NWH.1. To go aside, diverge, to turn. 2. To become visible, to make evident to CD. To divert, turn aside, go aside DK. To turn DS. `1. To face. 2. To enter upon an action. 3. To mentally attend to TC. phyodphyod CD. To be thorough, to carry through CD. phralphral TC. gives as the present of 'phral phrasphras DS. phras [DS]. phras [DS].DS.To stretch out the hands and feet DS. phriphri CD. gives as a present of 'phri phrulphrul TC. phrul TC.phrul TC.- TC.TC.TC.To hang down TC. phrelphrel ND. gives as the present of 'phral. dphrogdphrog CD (Rdo 46). gives as a present of 'phrog. 'phag'phag DS. 'phag [DS].'phag [DS].DS.For living creatures to shake, quiver DS. 'phag'phag LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'phags [LZ], ND. 'phags LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.'phag LZ, DK, DS, TC. 'phags [LZ].'phags LZ, DK. - ND, DS. 'phogs TC.ND, DS.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Abl./Ela.] (Hackett 2003).gong du LZ.To rise up, to be elevated, to raise one's self, to be uplifted or raised, to ascend CD. To bounce, to jump up, to be elevated DK. 1. To become higher in the upward direction. 2. To remain from others DS. To fly, flutter upward TC.The verb tables of TC give 'phags as a separate verb, the text does not justify this, nor does (li yung khrang 1988) follow them in this. 'phang'phang CD, DK. phang CD. phongs CD.phangs CD, DK.phang DK.phangs DK.To save, spare, use economy (Ja) CD. To cause to be avaricious DK. 'phang'phang DK. gives as a present of phangs 'pham'pham LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. pham LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'pham ND.pham LZ. 'pham DK, DS, TC.pham LZ. phams DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dpung sogs LZ.To be defeated, subdued, vanquished, worsted, to succumb CD. To be defeated, to lose, fail, to feel dissatisfactory, to feel sorry DK. 1. To be defeated. 2. To deteriorate, weaken (belief, mental vigor &c.) DS. To be defeated unmatched by the other side TC. 'phar'phar LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'phard DK.'phard LZ, DK. 'phar [DS], TC. phar DK.'phar LZ, DK, [DS], TC.'phar LZ. 'phard DK. phard DK. - TC.TC.CD, DS, TC. spor CD, (Gyurme 1992: 260).go sa dang nad sogs LZ.1. To leap up, to fly up, to bound, to throb. 2. To be raised, elevated, promoted, advanced. 3. To flutter, to move to and fro (A. 16) CD. To increase, to become higher, increase, to go higher up, fly up, to pulse DK. 1. To multiply. 2. To get larger, higher. 3. To move to and fro DS. 1. To raise up, tremble. 2. To increase, multiply TC.(Simon 1971: 474) suggests this verb is related via ablaut to 'phur 'to fly' 'phibs'phibs DK. 'bubs ND.phib DK. phibs ND.dbib DK. dbubs ND.phibs ND, DK. NDB. thog sogs ND.To pitch a tent, roof, umbrella DK. Compare 'bubs. 'phird'phird DK. phir DK.'phir DK.phird DK.To jump, leap, sparkle DK. 'phung'phung CD, DS, TC. 'phungs DK. phung CD, DK, DS, TC.'phung DK, DS, TC.phungs DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).To degenerate, decay, to be in declining circumstances, to wear away CD. To ruin, to degenerate, to decay DK. To destroy, harm, injure DS. 1. To lose, destroy, harm, injure. 2. To be collected together, to compound, assemble, collect TC. 'phud'phud LZ, CD, DS. phud TC. phud LZ, CD, DS, TC.phud LZ, TC. 'phud DS.phud LZ, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 281), (Hoshi 2003).DS.TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 281). 'bud (Duff).tshogs kyi nang nas LZ.To transfer, lay aside, to put apart CD. 1. To take out from among, to expel. 2. To take from the body (wool &c.). 3. To take something from one direction and drive away DS. To expel out, drive away TC. 'phub'phub CD. gives as the present of 'bubs. 'phur1'phur CD, DK, DS, TC. phur CD, DK, DS, TC.dbur DK. 'phur DS, TC.phurd DK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).To rub with the hand (e.g. in washing), to scratch softly (Ja) CD. To rub, to tan DK. To touch again and again in the same place, to tub DS. To tan, to scratch TC. 'phur2'phur LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.'phurd LZ, DK, DS. phur CD. 'phur TC.'phur LZ, DK, DS, TC.'phur LZ. 'phurd DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC. (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). spur CD, (Gyurme 1992: 260), (Beyer 1992: 116).nam mkar LZ.1. To fly. 2. To fan, flop to and fro CD. To fly, to fly in the sky DK. 1. For a bird, kind of insect to use wings to go, come in the intermediate space between heaven and earth. 2. For something to float, fly in the sky DS. To go in the sky, fly in the intermediate space between heaven and earth TC.(Simon 1971: 474) suggests this verb is related via ablaut to 'phar 'to raise' 'phul'phul LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'phuld LZ, DK. 'phul [DS], TC.'phul LZ, DK, [DS], TC.'phul LZ, TC. 'phuld DK.TC.DS, TC.grangs sogs kyi kha dang nan nas phyir LZ.To press, drive, push, knock CD. To be prefixed, to come in front of DK. To make pass DS. 1. To leave behind, abandon, reject. 2. To prefix a letter to a root letter TC. 'phen'phend LZ. 'phen CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.'phangs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.'phang LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.phongs LZ, DS. 'phongs ND, TC. phong DK. 'phend DK.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).zor dang mda' sogs LZ. mda' sogs ND.To throw, to fling CD. To throw, shoot, to give up DK. To expel, shoot out (arrows, bullets &c.) relying on (elastic power &c.) DS. To throw, strike, throw out, throw away TC. 'phebs'phebs DK. gives as the present of 'bebs. 'pher'pher CD, DK, TC. pherd DK. 'pher TC. pher DK. 'pher TC.'pherd DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.To raise CD. To be able, to be capable, to be serviceable, to be eligible DK. To be able, appropriate TC. 'phel'phel LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'pheld DK. 'phel LZ, [DS], TC. phel CD, DK. 'pheld DK. 'phel LZ, DK, [DS], TC.'phel LZ. pheld DK. 'pheld DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).spel (Beyer 1992: 116).'chad nyan dang rta nor sogs LZ.To increase either in number or in size, to become more or larger CD. To increase, to become larger, bigger, to become wider, develop DK. 1. To increase in number. 2. To increase in size, volume DS. To increase in size, increase in number TC.(Denwood 1991: 136) suggests the following forms bel, 'bel, 'phel, spel, phe'u, 'phe'u, with the meanings 'declare, make known, publicize, expose, accuse.' 'pho'pho LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'phos LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'pho ND.'pho LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.'phos LZ, ND, DK. phos CD. - ND, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).spo (Beyer 1992: 116).gnas dang rnam shes sogs LZ. gnas nas ND.To change place, go, move oneself away, migrate CD. To be transferred, to move from one place to another place, to change DK. 1. To move from one place to another place. 2. To die DS. To go, to pass on TC.(Beyer 1992: 83) suggests 'phyo 'range, roam about, gambol' is derived from this verb via palatalization. 'phog'phog LZ, CD, DS. 'phogs DK. phog TC. phog LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.phog LZ, TC. 'phog DK, DS.phog LZ. phogs DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'bogs (Duff).gnad dang thugs LZ.To strike, to affect, influence, touch CD. To hit, strike DK. 1. To hit on top. 2. To come on top of the meaning of a verbal expression, to hurt, to offend someone. 3. To get sick, be ill DS. To hit, strike TC. Compare 'bags, sbag. 'phongphongs LZ. 'phongs CD, DK, DS. phong TC.'phongs LZ, CD. phongs DK, DS, TC.phongs LZ. 'phong DK. 'phongs DS. phong TC.phongs LZ, DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Instr.] CD, (Hackett 2003).rgyu nor sogs kyis LZ.1. To be poor, indigent, unfortunate. 2. (with instrumental) To be bereft of, to lose CD. To be destitute, to become poor DK. To become poor, to not have many possessions DS. To be poor TC. 'phod'phod CD, DK, (DS). give as an alternate of phod 'phol'phol DK. phold DK.phol DK.'phold DK.To break through the difficulties of knowing DK. 'phya'phya LZ, CD, DK, DS. 'phyas LZ, CD, DS. phyas DK.'phya LZ, DS. phya DK.'phyas LZ, DK, DS.DS.DS.gzhan la LZ.To blame, censure, chide, abuse, deride CD. To reprove, to blame, criticize DK. To abuse, mistreat, insult, belittle DS. 'phyag'phyag LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'phyags LZ, CD, TC. phyags DK, DS'phyag LZ, TC. phyag DK, DS. phyags LZ. 'phyags DK. phyogs DS. 'phyogs TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.rdul sogs LZ.To sweep CD. To sweep, to clean with a broom DK. To clean dirt, dust with a broom DS. To clean TC. 'phyang'phyang LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'phyangs LZ, CD, (DS), TC. phyang DK. 'phyang [DS].'phyang LZ, DK, [DS], TC.phyongs LZ. phyangs DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.spyang (Beyer 1992: 116).'og dang thur du LZ.To hang down, to be suspended, to hang on to CD. To be suspended, to hang down DK. To hang down from the end of a long thing DS. To be bent downward by nature TC. 'phyan'phyan LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'phyand DK.'phyand LZ. phyan DK. 'phyan [DS], TC.'phyan LZ, DK, [DS], TC.phyond LZ. phyand DK. 'phyon TC.TC.DS, TC.phyogs phyogs su LZ.To ramble, range, roam about, wander, stray from (Ja) CD. To wonder, to ramble DK. 1. To turn. 2. To travel without a definite destination DS. To roam, wander TC. 'phyar'phyar CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. phyard ND, DK. phyar DS, TC.'phyar ND, TC. phyar DK, DS.phyord ND, DK. phyor CD, DS, TC. 'phyor CD.CD, ND, DS, TC., (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).ba dan sogs ND.1. To hoist, lift, to hold aloft. 2. To show, to represent, to excite, to awaken (Cs.) CD. To lift up, to raise, to hoist a flag DK. 1. To winnow (kinds of grain &c.) in the wind. 2. To stick in a high place DS. To raise, hoist on high TC. 'phyi'phyi LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'phyis LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. phyis CD.'phyi LZ, DK, DS, TC.'phyi LZ. 'phyis DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dus tshod sogs LZ.To be late, to be belated, to come too late CD. To be late, to come later DK. For a certain time to pass DS. To be late, to be delayed TC. 'phyi 'phyi (Gyurme 1992: 261).'byi2(Gyurme 1992: 261).To be effaced (Gyurme 1992: 261). 'phying'phyings DK, TC. 'phying DS. phying DK. 'phyings DS, TC.'phying DK, DS. 'phyings TC. phyings DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).To intermingle, to become like felt DK. To be tangled DS. To be tangled, get stuck together TC. 'phyid'phyid CD, DK, TC. phyid DK, TC.'phyid DK, TC.phyid DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.To suffice, be enough CD. To spoil the eyes in snow DK. 1. To suffer in the limbs, or power of eyesight. 2. To finish, to carry through with TC. Compare 'byid1. 'phyid2'phyid CD, ND, (DS). give as the present of 'byid2 'phyid3'phyid ND. gives as the present of 'byid1 'phyil'phyil CD. To wind, to twist (Wdn.) (Ja) CD. 'phyug'phyug LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'phyugs CD. 'phyugs LZ, DK, DS, TC.'phyug LZ, DK, DS, TC.'phyugs LZ, DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.tshes grangs dang lam sogs LZ.1. To mistake, to be mistaken. 2. To miss CD. To mistake, to be mistaken DK. To make a mistake, to be confused DS. To make a mistake, blunder, go wrong TC. Compare 'chug. 'phyur'phyur LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'phyurd LZ. phyur DK. 'phyur [DS], TC.'phyur LZ, DK, [DS], TC.phyurd LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.mtsho dang du ba sogs LZ.1. To ascend, to mount, to rise up (of smoke), to overflow, inundate (of rivers, lakes &c.). 2. To heap up, to accumulate (Sch.) CD. To rise up, to overflow DK. To bubble up (clouds, smoke &c.) DS. To spread, diffuse, curl, swirl TC. 'phye'phye LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'phyes LZ, CD, DS, TC. phyes DK.'phye LZ, DK, DS, TC.'phye LZ. - DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.khro ba sogs kyis LZ.To crawl, to creep, like snakes CD. To creep like a snake, to move on stomach close to the ground [sic] DK. To crawl, slither without feet DS. To go TC. 'phyo'phyo LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'phyos LZ, CD, DS. 'phyo ND, TC. phyos DK. 'phyo LZ, DK, DS, TC.'phyo LZ. 'phyos DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.bar snang sogs su LZ.1. To move, throb, be agitated. 2. To soar, to float in the air (Thgy.). 3. To flow forth, heave, smell (of fluids). 4. To range, roam about, gambol CD. To move, to wave, to throb DK. 1. To leap, surge upward. 2. For the mind to flitter about because of one condition. 3. To float, glide on the surface of water DS. 1. To fly, leap. 2.To raise up, jump. 3. For the mind to be unhappy TC.(Beyer 1992: 83) suggests that this verb derives from 'pho 'change place, shift' via palatalization. (Duff) suggests it is related to 'phye 'phyong'phyong CD, ND, DS. 'phyong ND.1. To protect. 2. To lay aside, abandon CD. (archaic) To protect, take care of DS. 'phyod'phyod DK. phyod DK.phyod DK.phyod DK.To cover up DK. 'phyor'phyor LZ, CD, TC. 'phyard LZ. 'phyor TC.'phyar LZ. 'phyor TC.'phyord LZ. 'phyor TC.TC.DS.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).ru mtshon sogs LZ.1. To rove. 2. To raise, brandish, feel, sense CD. To be rich, to adorn TC.DS gives as an orthographic variant of the adjective mchor 'handsome' 'phra'phra CD, DS. 'phras CD, DS.'phra DS.- DS.TC.DS.To kick, to strike with the foot, to struggle CD. To kick (of a horses and yaks) DS. 'phrag'phrag CD. To stir up, to spur (a horse &c.) CD. 'phrangs'phrangs DK. phrang DK.'phrang DK.phrangs DK.To be anxious, to be attached, enthusiastic DK. Compare 'phreng. 'phrad'phrad LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS. phrad DS. phred CD.phrad LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'phrad ND.phrad LZ, CD, DK, DS. 'phrad DS, TC.phrad LZ, DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Ass.] (Hackett 2003).rgyu rkyen phan tshun LZ.To interview, to meet together CD. To meet, to face DK. To assemble at one time DS. To meet TC. 'phrab'phrab CD, DK. phrabs DK.phrab DK.'phrabs DK.To kick, struggle, dance CD. To beat, to harm DK. 'phral'bral KYN, LZ, DS. 'phral CD, DK, (DS). phrel ND. phral TC. phral KYN, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'phrald LZ, ND.dbral KYN, LZ, CD, DK, DS. 'phral ND. 'bral (ND). phral TC.phrold KYN, LZ, ND. phrol CD, DK, DS, TC.KYN, CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).[CD], DS, TC.[Abs? Ass.] CD. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). 'bral CD (Ja), (Chang 1971: vii.2), (Gyurme 1992: 261), (Duff).mdza' bo sogs so sor LZ. so sor ND.(with the word dang signifying 'from') To separate, part CD. To part, to separate, to keep apart, put apart DK. 1. To separate individually. 2. To pierce, tear. 3. To enter in order to separate (e.g. friends and enemies) DS. 1. To throw away, separate, make different. 2. To tear, rip TC. 'phri'bri KYN ,(LZ,) (NDB). bri LZ. 'phri CD, DK, (DS), (TC). phri CD. 'brid ND, DS, TC. phris KYNZKYNCW has the reading bris., CD, TC, ND. phri LZ, DK, DS.dbri KYNZ, LZ, NDA, DK, DS, TC. dpri CD. 'bri NDB. phris KYNZ, (LZ) CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. phri LZ.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). 'bri2(Chang 1971: vii.3).rdzas sogs kyi kha nas LZ. nyung phyir ND.To diminish, take away from CD. To reduce, to make less, diminish DK. To subtract from a round number DS. To make fewer TC. 'phrig'phrig CD, DK, TC. 'phrigs DS. phrigs DK. 'phrigs [DS], TC.phrig DK. 'phrig [DS], TC.'phrigs DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.To doubt, be undecided about CD. To test, examine, to understand, to ascertain, to throb DK. 1. To know, to understand. 2. To doubt, be suspicious DS. 1. To examine with scrutiny. 2. To rise, move back and forth TC. 'phru'phru DK. phrus DK.phru DK.'phrus DK.To plough a fresh piece of land, to dig land for cultivation DK. 'phrug'phrug CD, DS, TC. 'phrugs DK. phrugs CD. phrug DK. 'phrugs DS, TC.'phrug DK, DS, TC.phrugs DK, TC. 'phrugs DS.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).To scratch one's body CD. To itch DK. To rub, scratch the an itch on the body DS. To scratch TC. 'phrul'phrul LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'phruld LZ. 'phrul [DS].'phrul LZ, [DS].phruld LZ.(Hoshi 2003).DS.TC. sprul CD.ya ma zung du LZ.1. To appear to change, to transform one's self, to cause illusions, to alter an object by magic. 2. To be mistaken, err, to make blunders. 3. To separate, sort, discriminate (the good from the bad, truth from falsehood) (Ja) CD. For a false meaning to arise, manifest to mind or senses DS. To manifest magically, to move TC. 'phre'phre CD. 'phres CD.To incline, to lean against, to put down, to lay down CD. 'phreng'phreng LZ, CD, ND. 'phrengs DK. 'phrengs LZ. 'phreng ND, TC. phreng DK.'phreng LZ, DK, TC.phrengs LZ, DK. - TC.TC.TC. semes la kye ma snyam du LZ.1. To fasten, be fastened to, be affixed to, be arranged (especially in a settled and orderly manner) CD. To be anxious, to be attached, enthusiastic DK. To think about a person or thing TC. 'phro'phro LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'phros DK. 'phros LZ, CD, DS, TC. phro DK.'phro LZ, DK, DS, TC.'phro LZ. 'phros (LZ). phro DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Abl.] CD. [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). spro2CD, (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 260).'od zer sogs LZ.To proceed, issue, emanate from, to spread, diffuse CD. To emanate light and mind DK. 1. For light to shine. 2. For the mind or eyes to wander DS. 1. To radiate, shine. 2. To wander TC. 'phrog'phrog KYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dphrog CD (Rdo 46).phrogs KYT, ND, DS, TC. phrog TD, LZ, CD (Rdo 46), DK.dphrog KYT, CD. 'phrog CD (Rdo 46). dbrog TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS.phrog (Zeisler 2004: 349). phrogs KYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYT, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gzhan gyi nor sogs TD. gzhan nor sogs LZ. rgyu nor ND.To rob, run away with, to deprive of CD. To rub, to snatch, to grab, to attract DK. 1. For someone to take something by force which had not been given. 2. To take by force for oneself. 3. To bring to mind DS. To take, assemble by force TC. 'phrod'phrod LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'phrod LZ, ND, [DS], TC. phrod CD, DK.'phrod LZ, DK, [DS], TC.'phrod LZ. phrod DK. - TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sprod (Beyer 1992: 116).sman sogs dang phyag tu LZ. To be given, bestowed, offered, delivered CD. To receive, to be recognized, to be fit or suitable, to be benefited or helped by being suitable DK. For something give to arrive in hand. 2. To conform, to be appropriate. 3. To be mentally certain DS. 1. To receive something given, to obtain, receive in hand. 2. To be suitable, to be in harmony, to help. 3. (archaic) To gather, assemble TC.
babangbang DS, TC. give as a present to 'bang1 badbad DS, TC. bad [DS], TC.bad [DS], TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.1. To be satisfied by food, sated, full. 2. To become drunk, intoxicated DS. 1. To be satisfied. 2. To become drunk, intoxicated TC. bambam DK, TC. bams DK. bam TC.bam DK, TC.bams DK. - TC.TC.DS.To be mildewed DK. To rot TC. budbud TC. bud TC.bud TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC. [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003) 'bud (Chang 1971: vii.6), (Duff).To come out, away TC. burbur DK. burd DK.bur DK.burd DK.To be dislocated, to become crooked DK. bulbul DK. buld DK.bul DK.buld DK.To become slow, to be slow DK. bembem DS. bem [DS].bem [DS].DS.To become numb DS. bel(Denwood 1991: 136) suggests the following forms bel, 'bel, 'phel, spel, phe'u, 'phe'u, with the meanings 'declare, make known, publicize, expose, accuse.' bobo CD. gives as the present of 'bo. bonbon LZ, CD. 'bon DK.bond LZ, DK.bon LZ, DK.bon LZ. 'bond DK.lha'i sngags sogs LZ.(archaic) To express, to mutter CD. 1. To ask (a god, sovereign). 2. To give, offer (to a god, sovereign). 3. (for a god, sovereign) To receive, obtain, take. 4. (probable) to murmur, recite (charms, prayers). 5. (probable) To invoke, summon, call (Uray 1964). To express, recite, mutter DK.very likely related to the noun bon, and (Lalou 1953) suggests also a comparison with bod 'tibet' borbor DS, TC. bor [DS], TC.bor [DS], TC.- TC.TC.DS, TC. 'bor (Duff).1. For something to become lost 2. To wane, disappear, throw away. 3. To say, do DS. To lose TC. byangbyang DS. byang [DS].byang [DS].DS.1. For experience to be great. 2. To make something soft, smooth through wiping, touching DS. byabbyab CD, DS, TC. 'byab DK.byabs CD, DK, DS, TC.byab DK, DS,TC.byobs DS, TC. 'byabs DK.DS, TC.DS, TC.1. To cleanse, wash, wipe. 2. To seize, clutch CD. To haul down, to remove filthy matters, to wash, clean DK. To rub, sweep DS. To sweep, clear away, wipe TC. byamsbyams LZ, DS, TC. byams LZ, [DS], TC.byams LZ, [DS], TC.byams LZ. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.bu gce sogs la LZ.The opposite of dislike, to be near at heart DS. 1. To want another to have happiness. 2. For clothes to fit, be comfortable on the body TC. byibyi TC. gives as the present of 'byi byingbying ND. gives as the present of 'bying or spying byibbyib CD. 'byib (CD), DK, (DS). byibs DS. byibs CD, DK, [DS]. 'byib [(DS)].byib DK. byibs [DS]. 'byib [(DS)].byibs DK.DS.[To cover] CD. To encase, cover DS. To be covered up, to spread over, to spread, to smudge with ink, to cause to spread over, to wrap in DK. byilbyil CD, DS. byil [DS].byil [DS].DS.To rub, spread (unguent, salve) DS. byugbyug LZ, ND, CD. gives as the present of 'byug byungbyung DS. Suffixed to the past tense of a verb meaning 'to make, do' DS.from the verb 'byung. NWH. byedbyed CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. byas CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bya CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.byo (Zeisler 2004: 348). byos CD, ND, DS, TC. byed (CD), DK.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003)las ND.To do, to make CD. To do, work DK. 1. To do, work. 2. To replace, substitute, take responsibility for DS. To do the work of mind, speech, or body TC. byerbyer CD, ND. byerd ND.'byer ND.byerd ND.so sor ND.To separate, disintegrate, destroy CD. byobyor CD.To hear, listen to CD. bra1bra CD. To have great plenty, be in great plenty CD. Root given as bra < *mra (Beyer 1992: 86). bra2bra DS. To be able, to withstand, endure DS. branbran LZ, CD, DK, TC. 'bran DS.brand LZ, DK. bran DS, TC.bran LZ, DK, DS, TC.bran LZ. brand DK. bron DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.chab sogs LZ.To saturate with water, to moisten CD. 1. To pour water. 2. To strew DK. To make wet by pouring water something on it DS. 1. To scatter, disperse. 2. To give, provide TC. brabbrab LZ. gives as the present of 'brab bribri ND. give as the present of 'bri1 bribri DS. gives as the present of 'bri2 brinbrin DK, DS, TC. brind DK. brin [DS], TC.brin DK, [DS], TC.brind DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. rin 'price, value' NWH.To be sold, to be demanded DK. To take money, for buyers to be plentiful DS. To sell, market TC. brimbrim ND. gives as the present of 'brim. brugbrug CD, DK, DS, TC. brugs DK. brug [DS], TC.brug DK, [DS], TC.brugs DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.To flow, to stream out, to gush forth CD. To be increased, to be full, to be filled with DK. For water to suddenly rise DS. For water to naturally increase, fill TC. brub1brub ND. gives as the present of 'brub1 brub2brub DS. gives as the present of 'brub2 brulbrul DS. gives as the present of 'brul brebre DS, TC. bres DS, TC.bre DS, TC.bres DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003)To stretch out (a canopy &c.) across the top of something DS. To spread, lay out, cover, adorn, connect together TC. bredbred CD, TC. bred TC.bred TC.- TC.TC.TC.To be alarmed, depressed at heart, to be dejected, to be ashamed CD. To fear, be afraid of TC. brelbrel CD, ND, DK, DS, TC . breld ND, DK. brel [DS], TC.brel ND, DK, [DS], TC.- ND, TC. breld NDA, DK.ND, TC. NDA.DS, TC.bya bas ND. bya las NDA. To be busy, engaged, to have business CD. To be busy with, to hurry, hasten DK. [To be busy] DS. To be occupied, busy TC. brobro CD, DK, DS, TC. bro DK, [DS], TC.bro DK, [DS], TC.bro DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Obl. Abs.] (Hackett 2003) ro 'taste' (Hahn 1973: 440).1. To swear, take an oath. 2. To taste, to get enjoyment of. 3. (in Center) To desire, to wish CD. To taste, experience in a taste DK. 1. To have direct experience, mentally appear. 2. To experience with the nose or tongue DS. 1. To desire. 2. To arise, experience TC.(Hahn 1973: 440) suggests that the ro 'taste' < *bro, i.e. the b- is indeed part of the root. brodbrod DS. brod [DS].brod [DS].DS.To be joyful, to enjoy DS. blagblag LZ, CD, DK, TC. blog DS.blags LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.blag LZ, DK, DS, TC.blags LZ, DK. blogs DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.rna ba sogs LZ.1. To attend to, to hearken to, to lean toward, to permit. 2. To shed tears (Ja) CD. (only used with rna or rna ba) To incline one's ear to, to listen to (de Jong 1973). To give, lend one's ear; to listen to DK. 1. To hear by mentally concentrating, lending one's ear. 2. To cry DS. 1. To lend one's ear to a saying, listen. 2. To give off, shed TC. bladblad CD, DK, DS, TC. blad DK, TC.blad DK, TC.blad DK. blod TC.TC.DS, TC.To chew CD. To chew cud, to chew DK. (archaic) To chew DS. To chew, grind, suck on TC. Compare ldad. blasblas DS. blas [DS].blas [DS].DS.(for a soft, thin thing) To connect by plaiting together many strands DS. Compare sla2. blublu LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. blus LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.blu LZ, DK, DS, TC.blus LZ, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. srog sogs LZ.To ransom, redeem (a pawn, pledge, or security) CD. To buy back, redeem; to redeem [the] life of a man, animal by paying some money; to ransom DK. (honorific) To buy DS. To buy something previously relied upon, (particularly) to buy for a religious purpose TC. Compare the noun glud 'ransom'. blugblug CD, DK, TC. give as the present of ldug. bludblud LZ, CD, DK, TC. give as the present of ldud blongblong DK. blongs DK.blong DK.blongs DK.1. To become nervous, to be mentally unsettled, to be uneasy. 2. To get bored, become dull DK. blod(?): blod (Denwood 1991: 136). To counsel, discuss, place (Denwood 1991: 136). blonblon LZ, DS. blan TC.bland LZ.blan LZ.blond LZ.g.yang sogs nang du LZ.(archaic) To advise DS. 1. To face inward, to send hither, to lead. 2. To support, establish, help TC. Compare glan (?) NWH. dbangdbang LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. dbang LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC. dbang LZ, DK, [DS], TC. dbang LZ, DK. - TC. TC. (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).yul 'khor sogs la LZ.To own, to belong, to have a right DK. To lay out, arrange, place, assemble, to use, to be available for use DS. To own, to have, to be able TC. dburdbur LZ, CD, DS, TC. dburd LZ. dbur TC.dbur LZ, TC.dbur LZ, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.dbyig sogs kyis LZ.(also 'ur and yur) To smooth (Ja) CD. To rub, scrape DS. 1. To crush finely. 2. To smooth, level TC. dbuldbul LZ, DS, TC. dbuld LZ. dbul [DS], TC. dbul LZ, [DS], TC. dbuld LZ. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Instr.] (Hackett 2003).'byord pa sogs kyis LZ.1. To be bereft of wealth. 2. To have few or no good qualities &c. DS. To be destitute, bereft of wealth TC. dbendben LZ, DK, DS, TC. dbend LZ, DK. dben [DS], TC.dben LZ, DK, [DS], TC.dben LZ. dbend DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Instr.] (Hackett 2003).'du 'dzi sogs las LZ.To become empty, to be empty, to be without DK. To lack, to have few DS. To be empty, to lack TC.(Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15) suggests that dbyen 'difference, schism, discord' derives from dben 'solitude, loneliness, separation' via palatalization. dbogdbog LZ. gives as the present 'bog dboldbol CD, DK. dbold DK.dbol DK.dbold DK.To draw up water from a tank CD. To discharge water from a pond, to let out water through a hole of a pond, to pierce DK. dbosdbos DS. dbos [DS].dbos [DS].DS.To become larger in size DS. Compare 'bo, lbos, and sbos. dbyindbyin CD. To incite, instigate, set on CD. dbyugdbyug LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. dbyugs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.dbyug LZ, DK, DS, TC.dbyug LZ, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.ber ka sogs LZ.To swing, brandish, throw, cast, fling (Ja) CD. To throw, to cast, to give up, to bend with a stick DK. To move back and forth something with an elongated shape DS. 1. To hurl, strike, jab. 2. To throw out, abandon TC. Compare g.yug. dbyungdbyung LZ. dbyung LZ.dbyung LZ.phyungs LZ.dge ba'i dbugs sogs LZ. Compare 'byin and phyung. dbyedbye CD, DS. dbye [DS].dbye [DS].DS.To make distinctions, to differentiate CD. To separate into groups because of some ordinary characteristic DS. according to (Rdo. 46) the present of phye, according to (Ja) future of and in literary a secondary form of 'byedCD. dbyendbyen LZ. dbyend LZ.dbyen LZ.dbyend LZ.sde ris sogs LZ.(Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15) suggests that dbyen 'difference, schism, discord' derives from dben 'solitude, loneliness, separation' via palatalization. dbruldbrul (Gyurme 1992: 261). gives as a causative of rul presumably he means to refer to 'brul. dbrogdbrog CD. To forget CD. dbroldbrol LZ, ND, (DS), TC. 'bral DS. dbrald LZ, NDB. dbral NDA, TC. phral DS.dbral LZ, ND, DS, TC.brold LZ. dbrold ND. phrol DS. dbrol TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. ral (Gyurme 1992: 261), (Duff).pags pa sogs LZ. dum bur ND.1. To individually divide. 2. To puncture, tear. 3. To sever a connection DS. To tear TC. 'bags'bags LZ, NDB. 'bag CD, DK, DS, TC. dbags LZ. 'bags CD, DK, DS, TC. sbags NDB. dbag LZ, CD. dbags NDB. 'bag DK, DS, TC.dbogs LZ. 'bags DK. - NDB, DS, TC.NDB, DS, TC.DS, TC.sbag (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).dri skyon sogs kyis LZ. skyon NDB.1. To defile, pollute one's self, to soil, make filthy. 2. (Central) To take away, to steal, rob CD. To be polluted, to be defiled, to become impure, to be defective DK. To mix with something else, to make unclear DS. 1. To be polluted, defiled. 2. To use up TC. Compare 'phog. 'bang1'bang DK, TC. bang DS, TC.bangs DK, DS, TC.'bang DK, TC. bang DS, TC.'bongs DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. sbong (Chang 1971: vii.3), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 261), (Duff).To get wet, to become wet, to be saturated, soak DK. For a thing to be soaked in a liquid and the inside of that thing to saturated with water DS. To become naturally wet TC. 'bang2'bang CD'bangs CD.To love, regard CD. 'bad'bad LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'bad LZ, DK, DS, TC.'bad LZ, DK, DS, TC.'bod LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'bad DK.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). rbod (Chang 1971: vii.5)nyams len sogs la LZ.1. To endeavor, to try, to exert one's self, make effort. 2. To cultivate, rear, take care of CD. To try, to endeavor DK. To strive for a goal with great effort of speech and body DS. To strive, exert effort TC.Compare 'bung. CD. 'bab1'bab LZ, DK, DS, TC. babs LZ, CD, DS. bab CD, DK, TC.bab LZ. 'bab DK, (dialect) DS, TC. dbab DS.bab LZ. babs DK. bobs CD, DS. 'bob CD. 'bobs CD. - TC.CD, DS. TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 'bebs CD.dus sogs la LZ.1. To move downward, to descend, to come down from, to alight, to fall down CD. To rain, to climb down DK. 1. To go, fall from a higher place to a lower. 2. To rain. 3. To become smaller, fewer. 4. To understand, rise in the mind. 5. To be agreeable, pleasant. 6. To be established, arise. 7. To take responsibility for establishing an action. 8. To obtain, arrive in hand DS. 1. To fall from high to low. 2. To arrive TC. 'bab2'bab TC. bab TC.'bab TC.bob TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).To get off, dismount TC. 'ba''ba' CD, DS, TC. 'ba' [DS], TC.'ba' [DS], TC.- TC.TC.DS, TC.1. To bleat. 2. (in Sikkim) To bring, to carry. 3. (central) To commit adultery (Ja) CD. To make the sound of a sheep or goat DS. (for a sheep) To speak TC.onomatopoeic NWH. 'bar'bar LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'bard LZ, DK. 'bar [DS], TC.'bar LZ, DK, [DS], TC.'bard LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 281), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 281). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). sbor CD, (Chang 1971: vii.4); (Beyer 1992: 116); (Gyurme 1992: 261)drod sogs LZ.1. To catch fire, to become ignited, to blaze. 2. (in reference to the passions) To glare, burn with wrath. 3. To burst forth into bloom, to blossom, to blare forth into fame, to become notorious CD. To blaze up, to catch fire, to increase DK. 1. For tongues of fire to raise from a burning thing. 2. For light to spread. 3. To spread, grow DS. 1. For tongues of fire to raise from a burning thing. 2. To spread. 3. To scold TC. 'bal'bal LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'bald LZ, DK. bal DS. 'bal TC.'bal LZ, DK, DS, TC. dbal CD.'bold LZ. 'bald DK. bol DS. 'bol TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. 'bal 'wool' NWH.skra spu sogs LZ.1. To throw about, to pluck out the hair (used only with skra). 2. To part, arrange the hair CD. To pluck out hair, to mingle, to loose DK. To pull from the root DS. To pluck, card TC. 'big'big DK. big DK.'big DK.bigs DK.To be pierced, to be penetrated DK. Compare 'bigs1 'bigs1'bigs KYT, TD, LZ, ND, DS, TC. 'bug (ND), (DS), (TC). 'bugs (DS). 'big (DS).phug KYT, TD, LZ, ND, DS, TC. phugs (ND). phigs (DS).dbug KYT, TD, LZ, ND, DS, TC.phugs KYT, DS. phug TD, LZ, ND, (DS), TC.KYT, TD, LZ, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). bu ga 'hole' NWH.mtshon sogs kyi TD. mtshon sogs kyis LZ. khung ND.To pierce a hole in something DS. To pierce TC.Compare 'big, 'bigs2,'bug, and 'bugs. 'bigs2'bigs CD, DK. phigs CD. 'phig CD. 'phigs CD. phig DK.dbig CD, DK.phigs CD, DK. phig CD.CD.1. To pierce, pierce into, bore. 2. (in Central, vulgar) To lie with a woman CD. To pierce into, to hollow out DK. Compare 'bigs1 'bu'bu CD, DK, DS. 'bus TC.'bus CD, DK, DS, TC.'bu DK, DS. 'bus TC.'bus DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.'bud2(Laufer 1915: 62).(especially with kha) To open, unfold (of flowers) (Ja) CD. To blossom, to open into flowers DK. To sprout from a seed into a seedling DS. To newly open up TC. 'bug'bug DK. bug DK.'bug DK.bugs DK. spug (Gyurme 1992: 260).To be pierced, penetrated DK. To be turned upside down, reversed (Gyurme 1992: 260). Compare 'bigs1 'bugs'bugs CD, DK. phug CD, DK.dbug DK.phugs DK.To hollow out, bore, to pierce, sting, bite CD. To pierce into, to hollow out DK. Compare 'bigs1 'bung'bungs CD. 'bung DK, DS, TC. 'bungs DK, DS, TC.'bung DK, DS, TC.'bungs DK, DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. sbung (?) NWH.To concentrate one's force or energies CD. To try, to endeavor DK. To be eager, strive DS. To strive, be diligent TC. Compare 'badCD. 'bud1'bud LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bud LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.bud LZ. 'bud DK, DS, TC.bud LZ, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS. TC. 'phud & bud (Duff). sbud (Gyurme 1992: 260).gnas dang khyim sogs las LZ.(perhaps limited to West) 1. To fall from, drop, fall down. 2. To fall off (of leaves), to fall through. 3. To go away, to leave, escape, to disappear, to be lost CD. To go out, to be exclusive DK. 1. To come out. 2. To reach, arrive at, ascend. 3. To be clear, obvious DS. Take out, draw out, expel TC. 'bud2'bud LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bus LZ, DS, TC. phus CD, DK.'bud LZ, DS, TC. dbu CD. phu DK.bus LZ, DS, TC. phu CD. 'phus DK.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD,DS, TC. CD.'bu (Laufer 1915: 62)dung dang gling bu sogs LZ.1. To blow (with the mouth). 2. To be blown (by the wind) CD. To blow with the mouth, blow with a blower, to blow a 1. To make a sound by blowing in the hollow of a conch &c. 2. To set a flame on the hearth DS. 1. To make [a sound with a conch]. 2. To set a fire TC. 'bud3'bud CD, DK. phud CD, DK.dbud CD, DK.phud CD. 'phud DK.CD.bud(Chang 1971: vii.6)1. To put off, pull off, take off (hat, coat, ring &c.). 2. (with accusative of person and place) To drive out, expel, cast out, chase away. 3. To pull out, tear out, uproot. 4. To take away, subtract from (Ja) CD. To take off, expel, to push out, push aside, to take forth from the rest DK. Compare 'phud, and 'bud1 'bun'bun CD. bun CD. To itch CD. 'bub'bub CD, DK. bub CD, DK.'bub DK.bubs CD, DK. spub (Chang 1971: vii.5), (Beyer 1992: 116). sbub NWH. 1. To be turned over, upside down. 2. To be overthrown, destroyed, spoiled (with regard to meditation) (Mil.) (Ja) CD. To be reversed upside down DK. 'bubs'bubs TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'phub CD.phub TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. phubs CD. phibs ND.dbub TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. dbubs ND.phubs TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS. phub ND, TC. phibs NDB.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.gdugs dang gur sogs TD. gur dang yang thog sogs LZ. thog dang gur (phub) ND. thog sogs (phibs) ND.To put on a roof, something for a roof (Ja) ('bubs) CD. To set up, pitch ('phub) CD. To pitch DK. To put a cover on top of a house. 2. To stretch, fill DS. 1. [To erect, establish, put up]. 2. To cover TC. Compare 'phibs 'bur'bur CD, DK, DS, TC. 'burd DK. 'bur [DS], TC.'bur DK, [DS], TC.'burd DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.1. To rise, to swell up, become prominent. 2. To spring up, come forth, bud, unfold CD. To rise, swell up, to come out a part, to come up one's head [sic] DK. To rise up higher than the level of an even surface DS. To naturally rise higher TC. 'bul'bul KYT, KYN , TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dbul LZ. phul KYT, KYN , TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.dbul KYT, KYN , TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.phul KYT, TD, CD, DS, TC. phuld KYN , LZ, ND. 'buld DK.KYT, KYN , TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.mchod pa sogs TD. mGal sogs LZ. mchod pa ND.(humble) To give, proffer, send CD. To offer, give, send a letter, a present &c. DK. 'bus 'bus TC. gives as the present of 'bu 'bebs'bebs KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, (DS), TC. 'phob CD (Sch.). 'phebs DK. 'beb DS. phab KYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. phebs KYN . phabs (ND).dbab KYT, KYN , TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.phob KYT, TD, LZ, CD, DK, TC. phobs KYN, ND, DS.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.'bab CD.byin dang sma sogs TD. lha dang char sogs LZ. char dang brtan la byin sogs ND.1. To cause to descend, cause to fall down. 2. To cast down, throw down. 3. To assign, settle, fix, lay down, establish CD. To bring down, cause to come down DK. 1. 2. To determine, ascertain. 3. To make lower, make fewer. 4. To calm down. 5. To make descend from a high place to a low place. 6. To make stay, remain. 7. (prefixed by the phrase cham la) To humble, enervate DS. 1. To make come down. 2. To determine, ascertain TC. 'bo1'bo LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dbos LZ. pho CD, DK, DS. phos ND, TC.dbo LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.'bo LZ. phos ND, TC. bo DS.ND, DS, TCDS, TC.chu sogs ND, LZ.1. To pour out, pour forth, spill out. 2. To swell up, to rise. 3. To sprout, shoot forth (of wild growing plants) CD. To pour out, to spill out DK. To throw liquid from a vessel DS. To throw out TC.(Beyer 1992: 83) suggests that 'byo derives from this verb via palatalization. 'bo2bo CD. 'bo DK. bo DK.'bo DK.bo DK.(Hoshi 2003).1. To expand as a bubble. 2. To overflow, fall out of a vessel on account of over-filling CD. To spill out, to fall out liquid, to overflow [sic] DK. (for a cup &c.) To spill (Hoshi 2003). 'bog1'bog TC. 'bogs TC.'bog TC.'bogs TCTC. TC.To cross, exceed TC. 'bog2'bogs CD. 'bog CD, DK, DS, TC. bog CD, DK, TC. 'bog [DS]dbog CD. 'bog DK, [DS], TC.bog DK. - TC.TC. DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).1. To faint. 2. To grow loose, to come off, to drop of (leaves from a tree) (Ja) CD. To faint, to become unconscious, to become insane DK. To faint, be intoxicated DS. 1. To faint, fall unconscious. 2. To fall TC. 'bogs'bogs TD, CD, DK, DS, TC. dbog LZ. 'bog CD, ND, TC.phog TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.dbog TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.phog TD, LZ, CD, ND, TC. dbogs DK. phogs DS.TD, CD, ND, DS, TCDS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). 'phog (Duff).gdams ngag sogs TD. sdom pa dang gdams ngag sogs LZ. sdom pa sogs ND.1. To bestow, impart. 2. (in West) To be extracted, uprooted, pulled out, to be dislocated, unhinged. 3. To unload CD. 1. To put something at a place, put something on a place. 2. To give responsibility, give, bestow DK. 1. To take down an ornament, burden. 2. To lead another with good qualities or advice DS. 1. To give. 2. (archaic) To strive, exert TC. 'bod'bod LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bos LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bod LZ, ND, DK. 'bod DS, TC.bos LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bod (LZ).CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).ming nas LZ, ND. To call, to cry out, to invite CD. To call, to call out, to call by name, invite DK. To signal to summon hither DS. To summon another vocally, invite a guest TC. 'bon'bon DK. gives as the present of bon 'bor'bor CD, DK, DS, TC. bor CD, DK, DS, TC.bor DK, DS. 'bor TC.bor CD, TC. 'bord DK. - DS.CD, TC. DS.DS. TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).1. To throw, cast, fling. 2. To leave, forsake CD. To throw away, to give up, to cast aside DK. 1. To lose something. 2. To throw away, be rid of. 3. To say, do DS. To abandon, throw out TC. 'byang'byongs LZ. 'byang CD, ND, DS, TC. 'byong CD. 'byangs DK. byangs LZ. byang CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.'byang LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.byongs LZ. byang ND. 'byongs DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.sbyong (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 261)lto nad sogs LZ. sgrib pa ND.To clean CD. To be purified, to be cleaned, be washed, to be used to DK. 1. To purify. 2. To empty the stomach and intestines of digested food DS. 1. To purify, pacify. 2. To be wise, to concentrate. 3. To have diarrhea, defecate TC. Compare 'byong2. 'byab'byab DK. gives as the present of byab. 'byam'byam CD, DK, DS, TC. 'byams CD, DK, DS, TC. byams CD.'byam DK, DS, TC.byams DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.To flow over, to spread about CD. To be unlimited, to be limitless, to be with out end, to spread over DK. To spread larger, to pervade DS. 1. To increase, to pervade. 2. To last, continue, elapse TC. 'byar'byar CD, DK, TC. give as the present of 'byor1 'byi'byi CD, DK, DS. byi TC.byi CD, DK, DS. phyis CD.'byi DK, DS. byi TC.byi DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.phyi CD.1. To be wiped out, effaced. 2. To fall off (of the hair) (Ja) CD. To disappear one's hair by falling off [sic], to disappear or vanish, to be effaced, be wiped off DK. For hair to fall off of a creature's body DS. To come out (for head hair, body hair &c) TC. 'bying'bying CD, DK, DS, TC. bying ND. bying CD, DK, DS, TC. spying ND.'bying ND, DK, DS, TC.- ND, DS, TC. 'byings DK.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). spying CD, (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 260)chu la ND.1. To sink in, to sink down. 2. To grow faint, languid, remiss CD. To sink down, to go down under the surface of water, to be merged DK. To sink into mud and water DS. 1. To sink. 2. To be soiled, unclean TC. 'byid1'byid CD, DK, DS, TC. 'phyid ND, (DS). phyid CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. byid CD.'byid ND, DS, TC. phyid DK.phyid ND, DK. - DS, TC.ND. DS, TC.DS, TC.mi tshe ND.[To suffice, be enough] CD. To suffice for living, to live, to be accomplished in one's life DK. To have an accomplished life DS. To be sufficient, complete TC. 'byid2'byid LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'phyid CD.phyis LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.dbyi LZ, [CD], ND, DK, DS, TC. byi (DS). 'byi (TC).phyis LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.'phyi (Gyurme 1992: 261).skra dang ri mo sogs LZ. rdul dang ri mo sogs ND. To wipe off, remove, efface CD. To wipe off, to erase, scrap out DK. To purify the smell of something by rubbing and scraping. 2. To erase (a drawing, or writing) DS. To purify, erase purposely TC. 'byid3'byid CD, DK, DS, TC. byid CD, DK, TC. phyid CD. 'byid [DS]. 'byid DK, [DS], TC.'byid DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.To glide, slip, disappear, to slip away CD. To slip off, to miss one's footing DK. To slip, slide, loose footing DS. 1. To become naturally purified or erased. 2. For vision or the control of limbs to fail. 3. To slip, slide TC. 'byin'byin KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. phyung KYN, TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. phyungs ND.dbyung KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.phyungs KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS. phyung CD, TC.KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'byung [CD], (Chang 1971: vii.2), (Rona-Tas 1985: 178), (Bielmeier 1988: 20). dbugs sogs TD. 'byung khongs sogs las LZ. drung dang mun ND.1. To take out, to remove, cause to come forth, to draw out, pull out (a thorn &c.). 2. To let proceed, to send forth, to emit, to sound forth, to release CD. 1. To take out from within. 2. To drive out, expel. 3. To take from a obscure place to an apparent place. 4. To originate from DS. To take out TC. Compare dbyung. 'byib'byib DK, (DS). give as the present of byib. 'byil'byild DK. 'byil DS, TC. byil DK, DS, TC.'byil DK, DS, TC.byild DK. - DS. byil TC.DS.TC.DS. TC.To bring down loosely, to fall into parts, fall into pieces DK. To slip, slide, and fall down DS. 1. To spread, smear, anoint. 2. To stroke TC (Duff). 'byugbyug LZ, CD, ND. 'byug CD, DK, DS, TC. byugs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.byug LZ, DK, DS, TC. 'byug ND.byug LZ. byugs CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dri mar sogs LZ. byug pa ND. 1. To wet, moisten, smear, spread over, anoint, apply a salve. 2. To stroke, pat CD. To anoint, to apply DK. 1. To rub with unguent. 2. To touch DS. To rub, smear, apply TC. 'byung'byung LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. byung LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.'byung LZ, DK, DS, TC.'byung LZ. byung DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 'byin CD, (Chang 1971: vii.2), (Rona-Tas 1985: 178), (Bielmeier 1988: 20).brten sa sogs nas LZ.1. To come forth, arise, spring up, to emerge, to appear CD. To exist, be, come out, appear DK. 1. To exist, change. 2. To take out. 3. To be born. 4. To come out, emerge DS. To obtain, exist, be born, descend TC. 'bye'bye CD, DK, DS, TC. bye CD, DK, DS, TC. phye CD.'bye DK, DS, TC.bye CD. 'byes DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 'byed CD, (Laufer 1915: 62), (Chang 1971: vii.2), (Rona-Tas 1985: 178).1. To open. 2. To divide, separate, resolve CD. To be opened, to blossom DK. To break an adherence, connection DS. To become differentiated, separated, open TC. 'byed'byed KYT, KYN , TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. phye KYT, KYN , TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. phyes CD, ND. phyed CD, ND.dbye KYT, KYN , TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.phye KYT, KYNZ, TD, CD, DS. bye KYNCW. phyes LZ, CD, ND, (DK), TC. phyed CD, ND. KYT, KYN , TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'bye CD, (Laufer 1915: 62), (Chang 1971: vii.2), (Rona-Tas 1985: 178).sgo sogs TD. mdzod sgo sogs LZ. bye brag dbye ba (phyed) ND. sgo dang zhal (phyes) ND.1. To open, to place apart, to unloose. 2. (in West) To separate, to keep asunder, to disentangle CD. To separate, to distinguish, to keep apart, open DK. To open (a door &c.) DS. 1. To separate, split. 2. To undo, release TC. 'byer'byer LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. byerd LZ. byer CD, DK, DS, TC.byer LZ. 'byer DK, DS, TC.byer LZ, TC. byerd DK. - DS.DS.TC.DS, TC.'dre gdon sogs LZ.To escape by flight, to flee in different directions CD. To run away, to disperse, to spread over, to ruin, to decay DK. 1. To flee. 2. To spread, pervade DS. 1. To flee, disperse. 2. To become widespread TC. 'byes'byes DS. 'byes [DS].'byes [DS].DS.(archaic) To clarify a boundary DS. 'byo'byo CD, DK, DS, TC. phyo CD. phyos CD. byos DK, TC. byo DS.byo [CD], DK, TC. 'byo DS.byo CD, DS. byos CD, TC. 'byos DK.CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.To pour out, to pour into another vessel (Situ 85) CD. To pour out, to spill out DK. To pour (water &c.) from high to low. 2. Similar to 'to pour' (e.g. rain) DS. To transfer, pour from one vessel to another TC.(Beyer 1992: 83) suggests that this verb is derived from 'bo via palatalization. 'byog'byog LZ, CD, DK, TC. 'byogs LZ, DK, DS. byogs CD.'byog LZ, DK, [DS], TC.byogs LZ. 'byogs DK, TC.TC.TC.lces LZ.To lick CD, DK, DS, TC. 'byong1'byongs LZ. 'byong CD, DS, TC. 'byangs LZ. 'byongs DS, TC.sbyang LZ. 'byong DS, TC.'byongs LZ. - DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.blo sems sogs LZ.To be skilled, well-versed, be full of CD. To gain experience through training DS. To reach completion, to be talented by training TC. 'byong2'byong TC. 'byongs TC.'byong TC.- TC.TC.TC.To have diarrhea and stomach illness TC. Compare 'byang. 'byong3'byong DS. 'byangs DS.'byong DS.'byong DS.DS.DS.To drink a beverage in large gulps DS. 'byong'byongCD gives as the present of 'byang 'byongs'byongsLZ gives as the present of 'byang 'byon1'byon CD, DS, TC. spyon ND. 'byond DK. byon CD, DK, DS, TC. byond ND.'byon ND, DK, DS, TC.byon CD, DS, TC. spyond ND. byond DK.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). spyon [CD].tshur la ND.(honorific) To come, arrive, go, proceed, set out CD. To go, come DK. (honorific) To arrive DS. To arrive, arise TC. 'byon2'byon LZ, DK. byond LZ. 'byond DK.byon LZ. 'byon DK.sbyond LZ. byon (LZ). 'byond DK.ye shes pa dang tshogs zhing rnams LZ.To be able, to be capable, to be skillful DK. 'byor1'byor LZ, CD, DS. 'byar CD, DK, TC.'byard LZ, DK. 'byar DS, TC. 'byar LZ, DK, TC. 'byor DS.'byord LZ. 'byard DK.- DS, TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Obl. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210). [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). sbyor CD, (Chang 1971: vii.1), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 261)spyin sogs kyis LZ.1. To stick, adhere to, to take, contract (of diseases). 2. To be prepared, be ready, to have at hand, to prepare, make ready. 3. To agree, acquiesce, consent CD. To be attached, to be fastened DK. 1. For things to mutually meet, and become difficult to separate. 2. To hold each other DS. To be mutually connected TC. 'byor2'byor CD, DK, DS, TC. 'byord DK. 'byor [DS],TC.'byor DK, [DS], TC 'byord DK - TC.TC,(Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. (honorific) To come, to arrive, to be received CD. To arrive, to receive, to reach DK. 1. To receive, get. 2. To arrive DS. 1. To arrive, receive. 2. To descend, fall TC. 'byol'byol LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'byold LZ. byol CD.byold LZ, DK. byol CD, DS, TC.byol LZ, DK, DS. 'byol LZ, TC. dbyol CD.byol LZ, CD, DS, TC. byold LZ. 'byold DK.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.gzhan dang las sogs ('byol) LZ. gtam ngan don ngan sogs las ('byold) LZ.To mistake, blunder, err, go astray (byol) CD. To give way, to make way ('byol) CD. To step aside, to avoid, to escape from DK. To avoid touching, avoid encountering DS. To avoid, shun, flee TC. 'bra'bra DS. bres DS.'bra DS.bres DS.DS.DS.To thread rope on the saddle of cattle DS. 'brang'brang LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'breng ND. 'brong (DS).'brangs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.'brang LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.'brongs LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'brong CD.CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rjes su LZ, ND.1. (with a pleonastic rjes su or mjug often prefixed) To follow, to go after. 2. To bring forth, give birth to CD. To follow, to go after DK. 1. To go after. 2. To discard one's own previous viewpoint and aims to accept the viewpoint and aims of another DS. To go after, follow, pursue TC. 'brad'brad CD, DK, DS, TC. give as the present of 'drad 'bran'bran DS. gives as the present of bran 'brabbrab LZ. 'brab CD, DK, DS, TC. brabs LZ, DK, DS, TC. brab CD.dbrab [CD], (DS). brab LZ, DK, DS, TC.brob LZ. brab DK. phrobs DS. brobs TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.rdzas sogs kyis LZ.1. To catch at suddenly, to snatch away. 2. To beat, to scourge. 3. To throw out, scatter (Ja) ('brab) CD. To flog with whip and nettle (dbrab) CD. To hit, to beat DK. To flog, strike with something flexible and thin (like a whip &c.) DS. To beat, strike, hit TC. 'bral'bral LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'brald DK.brald LZ. bral CD, DK, DS, TC.bral LZ, DS. 'bral DK, TC.brald LZ, DK. bral DS. - TC.DS.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003). 'phral CD (Ja), (Chang 1971: vii.2), (Gyurme 1992: 261), (Duff).so sor LZ.To be separated from, disconnected CD. To part, to be separate DK. 1. To divide, separate. 2. To lack, not exist DS. To separate, scatter individually. 2. To purify, be rid of TC. 'bral2'bral KYN, LZ, DS. give as the present of 'phral 'bri1'dri (see note) [CD], (TC). 'bri LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bri ND, bris LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bri LZ, ND, DS, TC. 'bri ND.ris (see note). bris LZ, CD, ND, DK, (DS), TC. phris DS.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).yi ge dang ri mo sogs LZ. yi ge lha sogs ND.To write, draw, note down CD. To write, to do painting, to draw, to note down, to register DK. [To write and draw] letter and drawing DS. To arrange, lay out (e.g. letters, drawings) TC.The present 'dri and imperative ris are exclusively found in older documents cf. (Hill, forthcomming) in addition (Beyer 1992: 73) suggests a comparison with ri mo 'drawing.' 'bri2'bri CD, DK, TC. bri DS.bri CD, DK, [DS], TC.'bri DK, TC. bri [DS].bri DK. - DS, TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 'phri (Chang 1971: vii.3).To diminish, grow less CD. To go down, decline, diminish DK. To become smaller, fewer DS. To fade, wane, deteriorate TC. 'bri3'bri LZ. phris LZ.bri LZ.phri LZ.bsod nams sogs rim gyis LZ.perhaps to be referred to 'phri. 'brid'brid CD. To caress CD. 'brid2'brid LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, (TC). give as the present of 'drid. 'brid3'brid ND, DS, TC give as the present of 'phri 'brim'brims LZ. 'drim [LZ]. 'brim CD, DK, DS, TC. 'grim CD (sometimes). brim ND.brims LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.'brim LZ, ND. brim DK, DS, TC.brims LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. rim (?) 'stage, level' NWH.rdzas nor sogs LZ. 'khru dang zas sogs ND.To distribute, deal out, hand round CD. To give food, to give, to bring DK. To divide and distribute DS. To give, provide TC. 'bru'bru CD, DK, DS, TC. give as the present of 'dru. 'brud'brud CD, DK. brud DK.brud DK.'brud DK.1. To rub. 2. To fill up CD. 1. To drag. 2. To rub, scrape DK. Compare 'drud. 'brud2'brud (LZ), (DS), TC. give as the present of 'dru. 'brub1'brub LZ, DS, TC. brub ND. 'brubs DK. brubs LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.brub LZ, DK, DS, TC. 'brub ND.brub LZ. brubs ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.khung ba sogs su LZ. dong nang ND.To put in a hole, to detain in a hole, to make impossible of being free [sic] DK. (archaic) To put in prison, put in a hole DS. 1. To hide. 2. (archaic) To guard, take charge of TC. 'brub2'brub CD, DK, TC. brub DS.brub [DS]. brubs DK, TC.'brub DK, TC. brub [DS].brubs DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.(generally with chu) To overflow, gush forth CD. To be increased, to become larger DK. For water to suddenly rise DS. To spread, rise, increase TC. 'brul'brul LZ, DK, (DS), TC. brul DS. dbrul (Gyurme 1992: 261).bruld LZ. brul DK, [DS], TC. 'brul [(DS)].brul LZ, [DS]. 'brul DK, [(DS)], TC.bruld LZ, DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.rul (Gyurme 1992: 261).lo 'dab sogs LZ.To fall apart, to come off into pieces, to be shed DK. To break to pieces DS. To fall, drop TC. Compare 'drul, srul. 'bre'bre CD, DK. bres CD, DK.bre DK.'bres DK.To screen off, to spread over, to envelop CD. To spread, to pitch up, to screen off DK. 'breg'breg (LZ), CD, DK, DS, TC. give as the present of 'dreg 'breng'breng ND. gives as the present of 'brang 'bred'bred DK. bred DK.'bred DK.bred DK.To be afraid of, to be frightened, to be alarmed DK. 'brel'brel LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'breld LZ, DK. 'brel [DS], TC.'brel LZ, DK, [DS], TC.'breld LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Abs. Ass.] (Hackett 2003). sbrel (Chang 1971: vii.1), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 261)chos srid kyi lugs sogs rten dang brten par LZ.To adhere together, to combine, to become connected, to meet together CD. To be connected, to be related, to be combined, to be united DK. To be mutually connected, mutually dependent DS, TC. 'brong'brong LZ, CD. 'brongs LZ.'brong LZ.brongs LZ.mdza' grogs sogs dang LZ.(archaic) To attend, wait upon, serve CD. Compare (Takeuchi 1995: 315), this verb is likely connected to 'brang. 'brong'brong (DS). gives as a present of 'brang 'bros'bros LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bros LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'bros CD. 'bro LZ, DS. 'bros CD, ND, DK, TC. bros LZ, ND, DK, (DS), TC. phros DS.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skrag pas gzhan du LZ. phar la ND.To run away, to escape CD,DK. To go to another place, run away in order to avoid harm DS. To run in a way to avoid meeting [something undesirable] TC. rbodrbod LZ, DS, TC. rbad CD, DK. rbad LZ, DK, DS, TC.rbad LZ, DK, TC. rbod DS.rbod LZ, CD, DK, TC. - DS.CD, TC.DS.DS, TC.'bad (Chang 1971: vii.5).ltas ngan rdzas 'phrul sogs kyis LZ.To set on, incite CD. To order a dog to chase, to let out, to send, to instigate DK. To goad, instigate forcefully DS. To send, goad, instigate TC. lboslbos DS. lbos [DS].lbos [DS].DS.For something to suddenly increase in volume DS.Compare 'bo. sbagsbag CD, DK, DS, TC. sbags CD, DK, DS, TC.sbag DK, DS, TC.sbogs CD, DS, TC. sbags DK.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC. 'bags (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).To saturate, stain, defile, pollute CD. To cause to defile, cause to stain, to cause to be defective, to make impure DK. 1. To defile with something unclean. 2. To apply (a medicinal substance &c.) onto (a seed of grain &c.) DS. To taint, stain, defile TC. Compare 'phog. sbamsbamCD, DK. give as the present of sbom sbarsbar DS. sbar DS.sbar DS.sbor DS.DS.DS.To hold another's palm DS. sbalsbal DS. sbal [DS].sbal [DS].DS.(in some dialects) To bark DS. sbirsbir DK, DS. sbird DK. sbir [DS].sbir DK, [DS].sbird DK.DS.1. To be confused. 2. To be shaken. 3. To spread rumor DK. To announce, speak widely (a secret &c.) DS. sbungsbung DK, DS. sbungs DK, DS.sbung DK, DS.sbungs DK, DS.DS.DS. 'bung (?) NWH.To cause to endeavor, to cause to try CD. To be eager, strive DS. sbudsbud DK. sbud DK.sbud DK.sbud DK. 'bud (Gyurme 1992: 260)To blow with a skin blower, to blow DK. To expel, send out (Gyurme 1992: 260). sbubsbub DS, TC. sbubs DS, TC.sbub DS, TC.sbubs DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. 'bub NWH.To place the mouth of a vessel on the ground DS. To turn the mouth of a vessel downward, place the mouth of a vessel on the ground TC. sbesbe CD, DK. sbes DK.sbe DK.sbes DK.To scuffle, wrestle CD. To wrestle, scuffle DK. sbengsbengLZ. gives as the present of sbong sbedsbed LZ, CD, ND, (DK), DS, TC. sba CD, DK. sbas LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sba LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.sbos LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. sbas DK.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skyon sogs LZ, ND.To hide, conceal, cover CD. To hide, to keep a secret DK. To make a person or thing unable to be seen by another DS. To hide, obscure TC. sbosbo LZ, CD, DK, DS. sbos [CD], TC. rbo (DS).sbos LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. rbos (DS).sbo LZ, DK, DS. rbo (DS). sbos TC.sbos LZ, DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gsus pa sogs LZ.To swell up, to distend CD. To swell up DK. For the stomach or intestines of men or animals to grow large by filling with air DS. 1. To swell up, bulge. 2. To be ignorant, dull TC. Compare lbos, 'bo, and dbo. sbongsbeng LZ. sbong CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sbang (DK). sbangs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sbang LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sbengs LZ. sbongs DK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. 'bang (Chang 1971: vii.3), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 261).chu dang char sogs kyis LZ. chu la ND.1. To steep in water, to soak, to drench (Ja). 2. To abstain from CD. To wet, to make damp, to moisten DK. To wet something with water DS. [To soak, steep] in water TC. sbonsbon CD, DK, TC. sbond DK.sbon DK.sbond DK.(archaic) To eat CD, TC. To eat DK. sbomsbom LZ, ND, DS, TC. sbam CD, DK. sbams LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sbam LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.sboms LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). rtswa dang spos sogs LZ. gcig tu ND.To place together, to collect CD, DK. To gather into a bundle DS. 1. To bind. 2. To draw together. 3. To mix TC. sborsbor CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sbar (CD), DS.sbar CD, DS, TC. sbard ND, DK.sbar ND, DK, DS, TC.sbord ND, DK. sbor DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.'bar CD, (Chang 1971: vii.4); (Beyer 1992: 116); (Gyurme 1992: 261)me sogs ND.1. To light, kindle, inflame. 2. To transfer, transfuse CD. To catch fire, to blaze, to be increased, to be enlarged DK. To set fire to flammable substances DS. To burn, set on fire TC. sbolsbol TC. sbol TC.sbol TC.sbol TCTC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.1. (dialect) To move, shake. 2. To plough, till TC. sbossbos [CD], TC. give as the present of sbo. sbyagsbyag DS. sbyag [DS].sbyag [DS].DS.(archaic) To be weak, emaciated DS. sbyigsbyig DS, TC. sbyig [DS].sbyig [DS].DS.To tie, knot CD. For female livestock to reach the time of breeding, go into heat DS. 1. (dialect) To slip. 2. (for female livestock) To go into heat. 3. (archaic) To press clothes TC. sbyinsbyin LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. byind LZ. byin CD, DK, DS, TC. sbyin (DK).sbyin LZ, DK, DS, TC.byind LZ, DK. byin CD DS, TC. sbyin (DK).CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).zas gos sogs LZ. 1. To give, bestow, make a present of. 2. To add, to sum up CD. To give, contribute, to give something as charity, to give some charitable help DK. 1. To give, offer. 2. To feed, give to eat. 3. To make an opportunity DS. 1. To give, offer. 2. To add, supplement TC. sbyongsbyong KYT, KYN , LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sbyangs KYT, KYN , LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sbyang CD.sbyang KYT, KYN , LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.sbyongs KYT, KYN , LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYT, KYN , ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hackett 2003).'byang (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 261)las sgrib sogs LZ. bslab bya dang sgrib pa ND.1. To clean, remove by cleaning, clear away. 2. To take away, subtract. 3. To exercise to train CD. To purify, to give up, to leave, to study DK. 1. To practice or study a skill again and again in order to obtain ability. 2. To clear away, purify. 3. To take (e.g. iron) from stone by melting with fire DS. 1. To study. 2. To purify, rid of defects. 3. To defecate, have diarrhea. 4. To give, send. 5. To subtract, remove TC. sbyorsbyor LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sbyard LZ, ND, DK. sbyar CD, DS, TC.sbyar LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sbyor LZ, DS, TC. sbyord ND, DK.ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210), (Hackett 2003).[Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368). 'byor CD, (Chang 1971: vii.1); (Beyer 1992: 116); (Gyurme 1992: 261)brtsam chos dang thal mo sos LZ. bag spyin gyis ND.1. To affix, paste, fasten together, put close to, apply. 2. To prepare, get ready, adjust, accommodate one's self to CD. To attach, to paste, to combine, practices, to make food, prepare food DK. 1. To make adhere, make stick together (with glue &c.) a break, gap in something. 2. To hook together. 3. To connect, match. 4. To be near to, to match. 5. To show, teach, say. 6. To introduce. 7. To give, establish DS. 1. To link together, put together. 2. To actually practice, engage in. 3. To meditate. 4. To couple, copulate TC. sbragsbrag LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. sbrags DS. sbrags LZ, CD, ND, DK, [DS], TC.sbrag LZ, ND, DK, TC. sbrags [DS].sbrag LZ. sbrogs ND, (DS), TC. - ND. sbrags DK.ND, TC. ND.DS, TC. [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003).du ma lhan du LZ. lhan du ND.To lay, put a thing over another, or by the side of another CD. To attach, to put together DK. To arrange together, match DS. 1. To link together. 2. To give TC. sbridsbrid CD, DK, DS, TC. sbrid DK, [DS], TC.sbrid DK, [DS], TC.sbrid DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.1. To sneeze. 2. To become numb, torpid CD. To feel numbness, to be unable to walk because of numbness, to sneeze DK. 1. For the sense of feeling to become unclear in a part of the body. 2. To sneeze when something is felt to come inside the nose DS. For feeling to deteriorate (by a nervous disease &c.) TC. sbribsbrib DK. sbribs DS, TC.sbribs DK.sbrib DK.sbribs DK.To feel hungry, to be hungry DK. To be hungry DS, TC. sbrusbru LZ, ND, TC. sbrud CD, DK, DS. sbrus LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sbru LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sbrus LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. - ND.CD, ND, DS, TC.TC.DS, TC. 'bru 'grain' (?) NWH.zan sogs LZ, ND.1. To stir with one's hand, to poke up (fire). 2. To knead CD. To wash in water, to mix thoroughly, to knead, to rub in order to clean the husk of grain, to clean DK. To wet (grain or something similar) with liquid DS. To knead TC. sbrumsbrum DK, DS, TC. sbrums DK. sbrum [DS], TC.sbrum DK, [DS], TC.sbrums DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. rum 'womb' (Beyer 1992: 73).To become pregnant, conceive DK. For a child to develop in a woman's womb DS. To develop in a womb TC.(Beyer 1992: 73) suggests sbrum < s-b-rum. It seems equally likely that rum 'womb' < *brum similar to how (Hahn 1973: 440) suggests ro 'taste' < *bro sbresbre DK. sbres DK.sbre DK.sbres DK.To become cold, to freeze DK. sbregsbreg DK. sbregs DK.sbreg DK.sbregs DK.To become cold, to freeze DK. sbrengsbreng LZ, CD, DK, TC. sbrengs LZ, CD, DK, TC.sbreng LZ, DK, TC.sbrengs LZ, DK, TC.TC. (Hoshi 2003).TC.gral rim gyis LZ.To rattle, make shake, vibrate, to play an instrument (Ja) CD. To pull, to pull the string of an arrow DK. 1. To make a sound by plucking the string of a stringed instrument. 2. To pour down water from a thin tube or small hole DS. 1. To organize, arrange. 2. To draw, pull. 3. To raise, hoist, brandish TC. sbrebsbreb LZ, DK. sbrebs TC.sbrebs LZ, DK.sbreb LZ, DK.sbrebs LZ, DK.lus sogs LZ.To become cold, to freeze DK. (archaic) 1. To be thin, dry. 2. To be cold. 3. To be hungry TC. sbrelsbrel LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sbreld LZ, ND, DK, DS. sbrel TC.sbrel LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.sbrel LZ, TC. sbreld ND, DK, DS. - ND.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).ND.DS, TC. [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003). 'brel (Chang 1971: vii.1), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 261)phan tshun LZ. zung ngam thag pas (sbreld) ND. gnyis (-) ND. To stitch together (paper), to sew on, to fasten on, to bind together, to attach CD. To attach, to put together, to tie together DK. To join together, link DS. To link, to hold together head and tail, connect, put together TC. sbronsbron LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sbrand LZ, ND, DK. sbran CD, DS, TC.sbran LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.sbrond LZ, ND, DK. sbron DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. ra mda' sogs LZ. ra mda' ND.1. To summon, call, announce to. 2. To sprinkle, to squirt upon CD. To call, to call a friend, to inform, warn DK. 1. To signal, imply, hint. 2. To call, summon DS. To call, summon TC.
mamang mang CD. mangs CD.(Hoshi 2003). To be much, to increase, to become more, many CD. a verbal use of the adjective mang po 'many' mal mal DK. mald DK. mal DK.mald DK.mal 'bed' NWH. To sleep DK. mid mid CD, DK, DS, TC. myid DK, DS (dialect, archaic), TC (archaic). mid DK, [DS], TC. myid DK, [DS] (dialect, archaic). mid DK, [DS], TC. myid DK, [DS] (dialect, archaic).mid DK, TC myid DK.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300). To swallow, gulp down, devour CD. To swallow, gulp down, to swallow saliva DK. After eating something, to have it pass through the gullet into the stomach DS. Having lowered to the throat, to [swallow] into the stomach TC. min min CD, DK. mind DK. min DK.mind DK. min DS, [TC]. myin [TC].[Abs. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). Is not CD. Not to be DK. (an abbreviation for ma yin) Is not DS, TC. mug mug CD, DS, TC. mug [DS]. mug [DS].DS, TC.mu ge 'famine' NWH. (with yid or thugs) To despair CD. 1. To be hungry, out of food. 2. To believe, trust DS. To be helpless, unable TC. murmur CD, (DS), TC. give as the present of dmur mul mul DK. muld DK. mul DK.muld DK. To beg food, to wander, go around DK. med1 med CD, DK. med DK. med DK.med DK. med DS, TC. myed TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be not, not to be, to be without not to have, to be non-existent CD. To be without existence or possession DK. To not remain, to become destroyed DS. (the opposite of yod) [To not exist] TC. med2 med (Hackett 2003). med (Hackett 2003). med (Hackett 2003). [Abs. Instr.] (Hackett 2003). To lack (Hackett 2003). med3 med (Hackett 2003). med (Hackett 2003). med (Hackett 203). [Obl. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To be without, to not have (Hackett 2003). mer mer DK, TC. merd DK. mer TC. mer DK, TC.merd DK. - TC.TC.DS. To brim, overflow DK. 1. To overflow, brim over. 2. To soften, become flexible TC. mog mog DK. mogs DK. mog DK.mogs DK. To become darkish, faded color DK. mod mod CD, DS, TC. (sometimes superadded to yod or used alone, sometimes with other verbs) To be, to be indeed CD. (suffixed to past tense verbs, auxiliary verbs, and adjectives) A term equivalent to 'however' 'still' DS. Not to accord with TC. mol mol LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. mold LZ, DK. mol [DS], TC. mol LZ, DK, [DS], TC.mold LZ, DK. mol TC.TC.DS, TC.gtam sogs LZ. 1. To converse, confer upon. 2. To say, to speak CD. To speak, converse DK. 1. To give advice, speak. 2. To confer, discuss DS. To narrate, confer, discuss TC. mos mos LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. mos LZ, DK, [DS], TC. mos LZ, DK, [DS], TC.mos LZ, DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skyabs gnas kyi yon tan sogs la LZ. 1. To be pleased, to be pleased with, to crave for, to be inclined to. 2. To respect, to esteem, to venerate, to adore CD. To be delightful, to be pleased, to be agreeable DK. 1. To be happy, delighted. 2. To remember, to think. 3. To trust, to believe DS. To trust, believe, be inclined to TC. myag myag CD, DK, TC. myags DS. myags CD, DK, [DS], TC. myag DK, TC. myags [DS].myags DK. - TC.TC.DS (def. 2), TC.DS (def. 1). 1. To chew (Sch.). 2. To cause putrefaction CD. To become rotten, to be putrefied DK. 1. For foods which have been exposed to the power of human or animal stomach acid to become a paste, liquid. 2. To rot, and become similar to mud DS. To rot, decompose TC. myidmyid DK, (DS), (TC). give as the present of mid myug myug CD, DS, TC. dmug CD, DK. myugs DK, TC. myug DK, TC.dmyugs DK. myugs TC.TC.DS.TC. 1. To slightly bend the head. 2. To show ostentatiously, to boast about (Cs.) (myug) CD. To show (dmyug) CD. To bend down one's head DK. To bend, wobble DS. 1. To poke out the head. 2. To move back and forth, shake TC. Compare dmyug1-3 myur myur CD. To hurry by, pass on swiftly CD. myul1 myul CD, ND, TC. myuld ND. myul TC. myul ND, TC.- ND, TC.TC.DS, TC.yul mang ND. To roam about CD. To roam about DK. To move, roam, wander TC. myul2 myul ND, DK, DS, TC. myuld ND, DK. myul [DS], TC. myul ND, DK, [DS], TC.myuld ND, DK. myul TC.ND, TC.DS, TC.rgyal khams ND. To do the work of espionage, to examine closely, to search into, to scrutinize CD. To go in search of DK. To know a circumstance by secret means and moving about DS. To search, look for, look into, investigate TC. myong1 myong KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. myangs KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. myang KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.myongs KYN, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYN, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 184), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 184), (Hackett 2003).ro bro ba dang bdud rtsi sogs LZ. ro dang bde ba ND. To enjoy, taste, perceive, lick, undergo CD. To feel, comprehend, experience, taste DK. 1. To experience with one of the five senses. 2. To meet, encounter, touch DS. 1. To determine, gauge. 2. To act, behave TC. myong2 myong LZ, TC. myong LZ, TC. myong LZ, TC.myong LZ. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.bde ba sogs LZ. To sense, feel TC. myong3(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 184).Indicates that the agent has experienced the action himself (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 187). myos myos LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. myos LZ, DK, [DS], TC. myo LZ. myos DK, [DS], TC.myos LZ, DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.chang sogs kyis LZ. To become intoxicated, intoxication from wine, to become maddened, become demented CD. To become intoxicated, to be intoxicated with overjoy, to be intoxicated with love DK. 1. To become intoxicated, excessive (from barely beer &c.). 2. To be very happy, overjoyed concerning something DS. To be intoxicated, for the mind to become unstable TC. dmad dmad LZ. dmad LZ. dmad LZ.dmod LZ.nyams dang khengs pa sogs LZ. dman dman LZ, TC. dmand LZ. dman TC. dman LZ, TC.dman LZ. - TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).grangs sogs las LZ. To lack, be short of, disappear, be inferior TC. dma' dma' CD, ND, DK. dmas TC. dmas CD, DK, TC. dma' ND. dma' DK. dmas TC.dmas DK. - ND, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To be low, degraded, interior CD. To be low, decay, diminish DK. To decline, deteriorate, fade TC. dmigs1 dmigs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. dmigs LZ, DK, DS, TC. dmigs LZ, DK, DS, TC.dmigs LZ, DK, TC.TC.DS, TC.yul sogs LZ. To fancy, imagine, construe in one's mind CD. To imagine DK. To look at, consider DS. To think about, imagine, consider TC. dmigs2 dmigs DS, TC. dmigs DS, TC. dmigs DS, TC.- TC.TC.DS. TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To see, examine DS. To see, obtain TC. dmur dmur CD, DK, DS, (TC). mur CD, (DS), T C. murd DK. dmur [DS], [(TC)]. mur [(DS)], TC. mur DK, [(DS)], TC. dmur [DS], [(TC)].dmurd DK. mur TC. dmur [(TC)].TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To gnaw, to crush with the teeth, to bite asunder CD. To gnaw, to bite steadily, to chew bones &c. DK. To chew (food &c.) DS. To bite, chew, gnaw TC. Compare rmur. dmul dmul LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. dmuld LZ, DK. dmul [DS], TC. dmul LZ, DK, [DS], TC.dmul LZ, TC. dmuld DK.TC.DS.TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).nyams dang 'dzum LZ. To smile [CD]. To smile gently, to give smiles DK. To laugh, smile a little bit DS. To laugh a little, to smile TC. dmus dmus TC. dmus TC. dmus TC.- TC.TC.TC. To be sad, timid TC. Compare rmus. dme dme LZ, CD, DK. dmes LZ, DK. dme LZ, DK.dmes LZ, DK.grib sogs kyis LZ. To stain, besmirch [CD]. To defile, murder a relative, kill DK. dmod dmod LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dmod LZ, ND, DK, TC. dmod LZ, DK, TC.dmod LZ, DK, TC.TC.DS, TC.tshig gis LZ. 1. To curse, execrate, accurse (Cs.). 2. To swear, to affirm, to confirm a treaty by an oath (Ja). 3. To address a prayer of conjuration to a deity (Glr.) CD. To curse DK. 1. To speak vilely to a person. 2. To lower, bring lower DS. To swear at, curse, deprecate TC.DS identifies this verb with smod. dmyal dmyal CD. To cut up, to cut into pieces (meat at dinner) (Dzl.) CD. dmyug1 dmyug DK, TC. myug TC. myugs DK, TC. dmyugs TC. myug DK, TC. dmyug TC.dmyugs DK, TC. myugs TC.TC.TC. 1. To search. 2. To bend down one's head. 3. To enter, to put in DK. 1. To enter. 2. To search for (dmyug) TC. To look for (myug) TC. dmyug2 dmyug LZ, TC. dmyugs CD, DS, TC (archaic). dmyugs LZ, [DS], TC. dmyug LZ, TC. dmyugs [DS].myugs LZ. dmyugs TC.TC.DS, TC.gte'u 'am khyi sogs phyir LZ. To drain off CD. To bring something up from deep water DS. To take out TC. dmyug3 dmyug DK, TC. myug CD. myugs DK. dmyugs TC. myug DK. dmyug TC.dmyugs DK. - TC.TC.TC. To run, roam, steal about (Sch.) CD. To go DK. To go, wander, roam TC. rma1 rma CD, DK. rmas DS, TC. rmas CD, DK, [DS], TC. rma DK. rmas [DS], TC.rmas DK. - TC.TC.DS.TC. To wound CD. To hurt, wound, be injured DK. To wound the body with a weapon DS. To be wounded, damaged, to deteriorate TC. rma2 rma (Thomas 1935-65 vol 3: 166a), (Richardson 1985: 51 n. 7 and index).rmas (Thomas 1935-65 vol 3: 166a).rmos (Thomas 1935-65 vol 3: 166a). smos (Thomas 1935-65 vol 3: 166a).[Erg. All.]NWH. To inquire, ask, say (Thomas 1935-65 vol 3: 166a). To investigate, put to question (Richardson 1985: 51 n. 7 and index). rmi rmi CD, DK, DS, TC. rmis CD, DK, DS, TC. rmi DK, DS, TC.rmis DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC.DS.TC. To dream CD. To have a dream, to dream DK. When after having gone to sleep, for various appearances to arise because of conditions of the brain due to outer conditions or by the power of various conditions within and without the body DS. For a dream to come about TC. rmug rmug LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rmugs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rmug LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rmugs LZ, DK, DS, TC. - ND.ND.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.khi sogs kyis LZ. khyis ND. 1. To bite. 2. (of bees &c.) To sting. 3. (in West) To gall (e.g. the feet by friction of the shoes). 3. (in West) To bark (Ja) CD. To be bitten by a dog, to bite DK. (for a small creature) To bite DS. (of a dog &c.) To bite TC. rmur rmur CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rmurd ND, DK. rmur TC. rmur ND, DK, TC.rmurd ND, DK. - ND. rmur TC.ND.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.khyi sogs 'thab (rmurd) ND. khyi 'thab (-) ND. To gnarl and bite each other as dogs do CD. To crunch, to gnaw DK. To chew (food &c.) DS. To bite TC. Compare dmur. rmus rmus DK, DS, TC. rmus DK, [DS]. rmus DK, [DS].rmus DK.DS. To be sick of, to be tired, weary DK. To be sad DS. (archaic) 1. To be sad, timid. 2. To become dark, obscure TC. Compare dmus. rme rme DK, TC. rmes DK. rme DK.rmes DK. To be avaricious, greedy, to save, to reduce expenditure DK. (archaic) To save, horde, be thrifty TC. rmed rmed LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. rme DS, TC. rmas LZ, CD, DK, DS. rmes CD. rmed LZ. rmad DK. rma DS.rmed LZ, DK. rmos DS.DS.gtam sogs LZ. 1. To ask, inquire. 2. To plough, sow. 3. To study CD. To enquire, to ask questions DK. (archaic) To ask, ask the reason (rmed) DS. (archaic) To say (rme) DS. (archaic) To ask, implore, say (rmed) TC. (archaic) To ask, say (rme) TC. rmel rmel LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. rmeld LZ, DK. rmel [DS], TC. rmel LZ, DK, [DS], TC.rmeld LZ, DK. rmel TC.TC.DS, TC.bal sogs LZ. 1. To pluck out. 2. To summon, call, invite CD. To sort out wool for spinning, to spin, yawn DK. 1. To spin into thread. 2. To lengthen (rope &c.) DS. To card, comb, spin TC. rmormo CD, (DK). give as the present of rmod rmong rmong CD, DK. rmongs DS, TC. rmongs CD, DK, [DS], TC. rmong DK. rmongs [DS], TC. rmongs DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To be obscured. 2. To be puzzled CD. To be dull, to feel dull, to be confused, ignorant DK. 1. To not know, be ignorant. 2. To be stupid, dull DS. To not know, be ignorant TC. rmod rmod LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rmo CD, (DK). rmon (DS). rmos LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rmo LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rmod LZ. rmos ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. rmon 'a ploughed field' NWH.shing sogs LZ. shing ND. To plough CD, DK. To turn a field with a plough DS. To plough, turn a field TC. rmya rmya LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. rmyo DK. rmyas LZ, DK. rmya DK, [DS]. rmya LZ, DK, [DS].rmyas LZ. rmya DK. rmyos DK.TC.DS, TC.tshad gdung sogs kyis LZ. To degenerate, grow worse, decay CD. To feel dull, become dull (rmya) DK. To decay, grow weak (rmyo) DK. (for body or mind) To become dull, fatigued DS. To become feeble, for mind or body to deteriorate TC. rmyangrmyangCD. gives as the presents of rmyong rmyengrmyengCD. gives as the presents of rmyong rmyormyo DK. gives as a present to rmya rmyong rmyang CD. rmyeng CD. rmyong DK, TC. rmyangs DK, TC. rmyang DK, TC.rmyangs DK. rmyongs TC. TC. TC. To bend towards, to stretch one's self, to stretch forward the neck as if to hear anybody speaking or whispering CD. To stretch, to stretch one's self DK. To stretch out TC. smadsmadCD. gives as a present of smod sman sman CD, DK, DS, TC. smand DK. sman [DS], TC. sman DK, [DS], TC.smand DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). (honorific) To benefit, help CD. To benefit, to be helpful, be useful DK. (archaic) To benefit, help DS. To benefit, help TC. smin smin CD, DK, DS, TC. smind DK. smin [DS], TC. smin DK, [DS], TC.smind DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To become ripe, to ripen. 2. To be converted CD. To age, grow old, to become tamed, to be peaceful minded DK. 1. For a fruit of a fruit tree or seeds to become ready. 2. To have the power to think about a meaning. 3. To reach a year of age. 4. To bear fruit, fructify DS. To reach a measure, to do well established TC. smo smo CD, DK. smos DS, TC. smos CD, DK, [DS], TC. smo DK. smos [DS], TC.smos CD, DK, TC.CD, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To call, name, remark, assert CD. To name, call by name, to say, mention DK. To speak DS. To say, tell TC.(Stein 1942: 205) suggests comparison with the following words: smon 'desire' smod 'blame' dmod 'imprecation, malediction, prayer' smon lam 'prayer'. I suggest also possibly mo 'divination.' smod smod LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. smad CD. smad LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. smad LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.smod LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). dma' 'low' (Laufer 1915: 62-63),ma 'low' (Chang 1971: ii.5). smad 'low' (Beyer 1992: 112).tshul 'cal sogs la LZ. smad pa btang ND. 1. To blame, disparage. 2. To boast, show off one's self (smod)CD. 1. To lower, make low. 2. To abuse, revile, blame, chide. 3. To dishonor, violate, ravish (smad) CD. To dishonor, to reprove, make low DK. 1. To speak vilely to a person. 2. To lower, bring lower DS. 1. To speak with course words, ridicule, jeer TC. 2. To bring down, make lower TC.(Stein 1942: 205) suggests comparison with several words (see note at smo). smon smon LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. smond LZ, DK. smon [DS], TC. smon LZ, DK, [DS], TC.smond LZ, DK. smon TC.TC. (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'di phyi'i don sogs la LZ. To bless, wish, desire (others to be happy and prosperous). 2. (with terminative of the infinitive) To pray for CD. To bless, wish, desire, admire, like DK. To have a very good wish, hope DS. To desire to obtain TC. (Stein 1942: 205) suggests comparison with the following words: smo 'say', smod 'blame' dmod 'imprecation, malediction, prayer' smon lam 'prayer'. I suggest also possibly mo 'divination.' smyan smyan DK. smyand DK. smyan DK.smyand DK.(Goldstein 2001). To have new relations by marriage, to marry DK. To pollinate (Goldstein 2001). smyug smyug CD,DK. smyugs DS. smyugs DK, [DS]. smyug DK. smyugs [DS].smyugs DK. TC. To dip in, to immerse CD. To put in, to insert, to let to do [sic] DK. To make longer (a spear, rope &c.) DS. Compare snyug. smyung smyung CD, DK, DS, TC. smyungs DK, TC. smyung [DS]. smyung DK, [DS], TC.smyungs DK, TC.TC.DS, TC. To fast, to observe a scant diet CD. To lead an ascetic life, to fast DK. To endure the suffering thirst and hunger for a certain period of time DS. 1. To be hungry. 2. To make fewer TC. for TC's def. 2 compare snyung. smyur smyur CD, DK, DS, TC. smyurd DK. smyur [DS]. smyur DK, DS.smyurd DK.DS.myur 'quick' (Gyurme 1992: 261). 1. To stretch one's self after sleep (Sch.). 2. To be quick, expeditious, in a hurry, to hasten CD. To make time shorter, to anticipate DK. To be quick, hasten DS. (archaic) To take short time. 2. To make nearer TC. smyo smyo LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. smyos LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. smyo LZ, DK, DS, TC.smyos LZ. smyo DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gdon sogs kyis LZ. To be insane, inflamed with insanity CD. To become made DK. To have a nervous disease and look for intelligence DS. To be mentally confused, for the mind not to stay calm, not to stay natural TC. smra smra LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. smos DS. smar (Beyer 1992: 86). smras LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. smra LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.smros LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gleng gtam sogs LZ. gtam tshig ND. To speak, utter, say CD. To speak, say, tell DK. To speak, tell DS. To tell, speak TC. smrang smrang CD, DK, TC. smreng CD, DS, TC. smrangs DK. smreng [DS]. smrang DK. smreng [DS].smrengs DK.DS,. (archaic) To speak CD. 1. To speak. 2. To hide DK. 1. (in some dialects) To be sad. 2. To hide, keep secret. 3. To speak, say DS. (archaic) To say, tell speak TC. smre smre CD, DK, TC. smres DK. smre DK.smres DK. To speak ill of CD. To utter lamentations, to lament, bewail DK. To speak badly, vilely DS. smrengsmreng CD, DS, TC. give as the present of smrang
tsatsobtsob LZ. gives as the present of gtsab gtsag gtsag LZ, CD, DK, TC. gtsags DS. btsags LZ. gtsags DK, DS, TC. gtsag LZ, DK, (DS), TC. gtsags DS.gtsogs LZ, DS, TC. gtsags DK.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.dngul khab sogs kyis LZ. To thrust in, poke, piece, prick CD. To eat out, to cut into halves, to take out, to let out blood from a vein DK. To prick, stab, jab (with a knife, lance, needle). 2. To sew (with needle and thread) DS. To slice, bleed, bring out after cutting TC. gtsanggtsang CD. gives as the present of 'tshangs gtsab tsob LZ. gtsab CD, DK, TC. btsab CD, (DS). gtsabs DS. btsabs LZ, CD, DK, (DS), TC. gtsabs DS. btsab LZ, DK, (DS), TC. gtsab (DS). gtsabs DS.tsobs LZ. gtsabs DK. gtsobs DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.dbyug pa sogs kyis LZ. sha sogs LZ. To detach with a crowbar (Ja) (gtsab) CD. To cut small, to chop, mince (btsab) CD. To cut into small pieces, chop, mince DK. To cut in pieces (with a knife, axe &c.) DS. To cut finely TC. gtsi gtsi CD, DS. gtsis CD, DS. gtsi DS.gtsis DS.DS.DS. 1. To delight in, set store by, be fond of. 2. To invite, summon, call, appoint (Sch.) CD. To take care of, look after, to respect, venerate DS. gtsigs gtsig DK. gtsigs DS, TC. btsigs DK. gtsigs [DS], TC. btsig DK. gtsigs [DS], TC.gtsigs DK. - TC.TC. (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To grin DK. To show teeth because of hatred and pain DK. To bear teeth TC. gtsirgtsir CD, DK. give as the present of 'tshir gtsug gtsug LZ. gtsugs CD. btsugs LZ. gtsug LZ.tshugs LZ.srol dang bca' khrims sogs LZ. 1. To plant. 2. To bore out, scoop out, excavate (Sch.) CD. Compare 'dzug and the note thereto. gtsub gtsub LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. btsubs LZ, DK. gtsubs CD, DS, TC. gtsub LZ, DK, DS. btsub DKgtsub LZ. gtsubs DK, DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.me'i ched gtsub shing sogs LZ. 1. To rub. 2. To churn CD. To rub, to make friction, to drag, move DK. 1. To rub against, to create friction. 2. To raise dust by moving something to and fro DS. To rub, scrape, grind TC. gtsegtse CD, DS, TC. give as the present of 'tshe. gtser gtser DS, TC. gtser [DS], TC. gtser [DS], TC.gtser TC.TC.DS, TC. To make unhappy (e.g. the ears) DS. To irritate, harm the ears TC. btsangbtsang CD gives as a present of 'tshang1 btsan btsan DK. gtsan (DK). btsand DK. btsan DK.btsand DK.(Hoshi 2003).btsan 'mightly, powerful' NWH. To enforce strictly DK. (for a situation) To be strict, dire (Hoshi 2003). btsabbtsab DS, TC. give as the present of gtsab. btsa' btsa' LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btsas LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC (def. 2). btsa' DS, TC (def 1). btsa' LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.btsas LZ, DK. btsos ND. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).bu sogs dang spyan ras kyis LZ. shing sogssmar bar ND. (honorific) To watch, look on, espy CD. To watch, look after carefully, with great affection DK. To look at, examine with the eyes DS. 1. To cherish, protect. 2. To stare at, watch over TC. btsa' btsa' LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btsas LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btsa' LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.btsas LZ, DK. - ND, TC.TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).bu sogs dang spyan ras kyis LZ. smar bar ND. To be born, to bring forth CD. To be born DK. For a child to be brought for from a mother's womb DS. To be born TC. rtsab rtsabs CD. rtsab DK. brtsabs DK. brtsab DK.rtsabs DK. To chop, cut into small pieces like meat CD. To bar DK. rtsal rtsal (Hackett 2003). rtsal (Hackett 2003). rtsal (Hackett 2003).[Abs. Instr.] (Hackett 2003). To have power (Hackett 2003). rtsi rtsi TD TD actually gives rtsa but this must be an error in the transmission or printing., LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brtsis TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rtsis DS. brtsi TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.rtsis TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. brtsis CD.TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).grangs kyis TD. grangs dang dus sogs LZ. grang ND. To count, reckon, compute CD. To calculate, count, compute, to reckon, to consider as an important figure or thing DK. 1. To count. 2. To think that something is. 3. To go against, defy, accept, bear DS. 1. To count 2. To look at, abide by. 3. To think about doing something, plan on TC. rtsig rtsig TD, CD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. brtsigs TD, CD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. brtsig TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rtsigs TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.TD, CD, DK, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 281), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 281).gtsug lag khang sogs TD. gyang sogs LZ. mkhar sogs ND. To build, to erect CD. To wall up, to pile up, to build, erect DK. 1. To make higher by placing one (stone &c.) on top of another. 2. To make, erect (a castle wall &c.) DS. To build a wall TC. rtsing rtsing LZ. rtsings LZ. rtsing LZ.rtsing LZ.kun sbyod dang rig pa sogs LZ. rtsurtsu DK. gives as the present of btsu rtsub rtsub CD, NDA In the same place NDB has rtsung. rtsub NDA (Hoshi 2003). To revile, abuse CD. To be rough, course (Hoshi 2003). rtse rtsed LZ. rtse CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rtses LZ,CD, DK, DS. brtses ND, (DS), TC. rtsed LZ. brtse ND, (DS), TC. rtse DK, DS.rtsed LZ. rtses ND, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239), (Hoshi 2003). DS.TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239), (Hackett 2003).rsted mo sogs LZ. rtsed mo ND. To play, frolic, disport one's self, take recreation, play games CD. To play games DK. To play (a game, an opera &c.) DS. To play music, play a game TC. Compare rtsen. rtseg rtseg LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. brtsegs LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. brtseg LZ, ND, DS, TC.rtseg LZ. rtsegs ND, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.steng nas steng sogs LZ. yar la ND. 1. To amass, to be avaricious. 2. To arrange, to lay one thing on another. 3. To pulsate, to gasp CD. 1. To make thicker by covering, placing on top of something. 2. To speak about the size of a price DS. 1. To place one on top of another. 2. To be restricted (as the breath). 3. To raise, increase (e.g. a price) TC. rtseng rtseng LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. brtsengs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. brtseng LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.rtsengs LZ, DK, DS, TC. rtsong CD. brtsongs CD.DS, TC.DS, TC.mthang gos sogs LZ. To tuck up, truss up CD. To push up one's dress, to pull up DK. 1. To rise, stand. 2.To lift up DS. To lift, raise TC. perhaps related to rdzeng. rtsed1rtsedLZgives as the present of rtse rtsed2rtsed DS. gives as a dialect alternate of brtse rtsen rtsen LZ, DK, DS, [TC]. rtsend LZ, DK. rtsen [DS].rtsenLZ, DK, [DS].rtsen LZ. rtsend DK.DS.DS.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).yo lang sna tshogs kyis LZ. To take delight in games, to enjoy, romanticize DK. 1. To raise up, elevate, float, hover, soar. 2. To play a game DS. (archaic) 1. To play music, play a game. 2. To rest, stay, remain. 3. To raise up, elevate, float, hover, soar TC. Clearly related to rtse. rtsod rtsod KYT, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brtsad KYT, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brtsad KYT, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rtsod KYT, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYT, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).grub mtha' dang sde ris sogs LZ. tshig sogs ND. To contend with words, dispute, wrangle CD. To interrogate, to ask questions, to debate, argue, dispute, contend DK. 1. To differentiate outlook and manner of speech, to speak the reason of ones outlook &c. being very pure, and refute, rebuke the outlook of another. 2. To have a forceful discussion about something DS. To debate, dispute, oppose TC. rtsom rtsom KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brtsams KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rtsoms CD. brtsam KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rtsoms KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).bstan bcos sogs TD. legs bshad dang bya ba sogs LZ. las dang yi ge sogs ND. 1. To begin anything, to set about an undertaking, to start. 2. To practice, to accomplish. 3. To compose, draw up in writing CD. 1. To compose, to write a book. 2. To prepare DK. 1. To compose a ??stra. 2. To prepare. 3. To start, begin DS. 1. To write, compose (the words of a book &c.) 2. To undertake an action TC. rtsol rtsol LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. rtsold LZ. brtsald DK. brtsal DS, TC. rtsol LZ. brtsal DK, DS, TC.rtsold LZ, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'bad pa sogs LZ. To endeavor, to take pain CD. To try, to endeavor, to tighten DK. To exert, strive for DS. To strive, endeavor TC. stsel stsel CD, DK, DS, TC. stsol TC. bstald DK. bstsal TC. bstsal DK, TC.stseld DK. stsol TC. To remove, purify (= sel) CD. To remove, get rid of DK. (archaic equivalent of sel) To remove, purify DS, TC. Compare sel and gsal. stsog stsog DK. bstsags DK. bstsag DK.stsogs DK. To earn, accumulate, save for future DK. Compare 'tshogs, sogs, gsog. stsol stsol KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bstsald KYN, LZ, ND. stsald DK. bstsal DS, TC. bstsal KYN, LZ. stsal ND, DK. bstsal DS, TC. stsold KYN, LZ, ND, DK. stsol DS, TC.KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, [Hoshi 2003].DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).bka' dang gnang sbyin sogs LZ. gnang ba bgyid du ND. 1. To give, grant, bestow, confer. 2. To restore CD. To give helps, grant, send, order DK. (honorific) To give DS. 1. (honorific) To give, do. 2. To begin an action TC. (mchid stsal pa) To give a letter (from someone higher to lower) (Takeuchi 1990: 178-183). Compare spring and gsol. stsol2stsol TC. gives as the present of stsel gstsangstsan(Li & Coblin 1987: 444) give as an archaic present of gsan. brtsu brtsu CD, DS, TC. rtsu DK. brtsus DK. brtsu DK, [DS].rtsus DK. To welcome, receive (a guest) CD. To welcome, to receive with welcome DK. (archaic) To welcome, receive (= bsu) DS, TC. Compare bsu. brtse1 brtse LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. brtses LZ, DK. brtse DS, TC. brtse LZ, DK, DS, TC.brtses LZ, DK. - TC.TC.DS.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).grogs dang bu la LZ. (usually preceded by snying or thugs) To love CD. To have affection, to love DK. To love, be affectionate DS. To love be fond of TC. brtse2 brtse DK, DS, TC. rtsed DS (dialect). brtses DK. brtse [DS], TC. rtsed [DS] (dialect). brtse DK, [DS], TC. rtsed [DS] (dialect).brtses DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To cause some uneasiness with one's teeth by friction or friction sounds DK. For a characteristic pain of contact to arise DS. To be difficult, unbearable TC. Compare brtsed. brtsed brtsed TC. brtsed TC. brtsed TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC. For hooves (of horses, mules &c.) to wear down, and because of becoming near the flesh, to be painful on touch TC. Compare brtse2 brtson brtson LZ, CD, DS, TC. brtsond LZ, DK. brtson [DS], TC. brtson LZ, DK, [DS], TC.brtsond LZ, DK. brtson TCTC.DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).chos la LZ. To strive, aim at, exert one's self for CD. To try hard, to endeavor DK. To strive gladly without respite DS. To try, to strive TC.
tshatsha tsha CD, DK, TC. tsha DK, TC. tsha DK, TC.tsha DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC. To be hot CD. To feel hot, to be hot DK. For pain, ache to burn TC. tshang tshang CD, DK, TC. 'tshang DS. tshang DK, DS, TC. tshangs CD. tshang DK, TC. 'tshang DS.tshang DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be complete, full, entire CD. To be completed, the entire, number of requirements, to be completed the entire body of something [sic] DK. For a number or measure to be complete, for all pieces to come together, be assembled DS. For a number, measure to be complete, come together TC. tshangs tshangs DK. gtsang CD. tshangs DK. tshangs DK.tshangs DK. To be clean, pure CD. To be clean, to feel clean DK. Compare sangs3 tshad tshad LZ, DK, DS, TC. tshad LZ, DK, DS, TC. tshad LZ, DK, DS, TC.tshod LZ, DS, TC. tshad DK.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.mtho dman ring thung sogs LZ. To measure, complete DK. To measure (weight, length, quantity &c.) DS. To compare, measure (length &c.) TC. tshamtsham DK. gives as the present of 'tsham tshar1 tshar CD, DK, TC. 'tshar CD, DS. tshard DK. tshar DS, TC. tshar DK, TC. 'tshar DS.tshard DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159). To fulfill, finish, to be finished, completed, spent CD. To finish, to complete DK. To end, finish, complete, perfect DS. To finish, complete TC. tshar2tshar CD.To denote an action that is perfectly past or completed CD. tshim tshim CD, DK, DS, TC. tshims DK, DS, TC. tshim DK, DS, TC.tshims DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be contented, satisfied, satiated, consoled CD. To be contented, to be satisfied DK. 1. To have eaten enough, be full, sated. 2. For a wish to be fulfilled DS. To be satisfied, to be content TC. tshugs1 'tshugs DK, DS. 'tshugs [DK], DS. 'tshugs [DK], DS.tshugs DK.DS. To be able DK, DS. tshugs2 tshugs CD, TC. tshugs TC. tshugs TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To do harm, to hurt, to inflict (Ja) CD. To harm, hurt TC. tshugs3tshugs DS, TC. give as the present of 'tshugs. tshud tshud CD. To dig CD. tshud2tshud [CD], TC. give as the present of 'tshud. tshegs tshegs DS. tshegs [DS]. tshegs [DS].DS. 1. To be exhausted from work. 2. To suffer, to be busy DS. tsheng tsheng DK. tshengs DK. tsheng [CD], DK.tshengs DK. To be bend down, to be turned away [CD], DK. tshemtshemLZ, DS. give as the present of 'tshem tshems tshems CD. To have the disadvantage, to come off the loser, not receiving a full share (Sch.) CD. tshes 'tshes DK. tshes DS, TC. tshes DK, DS, TC. 'tshes DK. tshes DS, TC.tshe DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. To rise (the moon &c.) DK. 1. For a month to start. 2. For the light of the moon to spread DS. To shine TC. tshogs tshogs CD, TC. tshogs TC. tshogs TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'tshogs (Duff). To assemble, gather CD. 1. To hold, contain, retain. 2. To gather, assemble TC. Compare 'tshogs, sogs, gsog. tshom tshom CD, DS. tshoms CD (see note). tshom [DS]. tshom [DS].DS. 1. To doubt, hesitate. 2. To be timid, bashful, shy. 3. To be ashamed (Cs.) (Ja) CD. To doubt, to not be resolute DS.CD writes tsoms in Tibetan but transcribes tshoms. tshor tshor LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. tshord LZ, DK. tshor [DS], TC. tshor LZ, DK, [DS], TC.tshor LZ. tshord DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).lus sems la LZ. To perceive, to feel CD. To perceive through touching, to feel, understand DK. For sensation or outer conditions to give rise to direct experience DS. To feel, understand, know TC. tshos tshos DS, TC. tshos [DS], TC. tshos [DS], TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.'tshod (Duff). 1. To be ready, to have cooked enough (for food). 2. To ripen (the fruits of trees and plants) DS. To become soft from cooking TC. mtshan mtshan DK, DS, TC. mtshand DK. mtshan [DS], TC. mtshan DK, [DS], TC.mtshand DK. mtshon TC.TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To ornament, to put on, to wear, to wonder DK. 1. For a mark or sign to be placed upon something. 2. To dress, adorn, decorate DS. To dress, adorn, decorate TC. mtshar mtshar LZ, DK. mtshard LZ, DK. mtshar LZ, DK.mtshard LZ, DK.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).yid ngo 'phrog pa'i LZ. To wonder, to feel strange DK. mtshungs mtshungs LZ, ND, DK. mtshung (DK). mtshungs LZ, ND, DK. mtshungs LZ, DK. mtshung (DK).mtshungs LZ, DK.mtshungs DS. [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003).dpe don sogs LZ. To be alike, similar DK. 1. To be similar to one another (for different things). 2. To have the same meaning DS. mtsher mtsher CD, DK, TC. 'tsher (CD), [DK], DS, (TC). mtsherd DK. mtsher TC. 'tsher [DK], (TC). mtsher DK, TC. 'tsher [DK], (TC).mtsherd DK. mtsher TC. - (TC).TC. (TC), (Hoshi 2003). DS, TC. To grieve, to sorrow CD. To displease, to hesitate, to be ashamed, to be displeased DK. To become sad, regretful DS. 1. To be irritated, to not want to act. 2. To be embarrassed, ashamed, afraid TC. mtshon mtshon LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. mtshond LZ, DK. mtshon DK, [DS], TC. mtshon LZ, DK, [DS], TC.mtshond LZ, DK. mtshon TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).dpe sogs LZ. To set forth, bring forward, show, quote, exhibit CD. To comprehend by a sign or hint, to indicate DK. 1. To symbolize, signify. 2. To set forth an example DS. To clarify, to show, to make understand TC. 'tshag1 'tshag LZ, DK, DS, TC. 'tshags LZ, DK, [DS], TC. 'tshag LZ, DK, [DS], TC.tshogs LZ. 'tshags DK. 'tshogs TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS.TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).chas gos sogs LZ. To hesitate, be reluctant DK. To finish making preparations DS. To save, accumulate TC. 'tshag2 'tshag LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'tsheg (DS). gzags CD. btsags LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'tshags CD. btsag LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.tshogs LZ, ND, DS, TC. tshog CD.ND, CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'dzag CD, (Chang 1971: viii.16).snyigs ma sogs tshags kyis LZ. tshags su ND. To cause to trickle, to strain, filter, press out CD. To sift, separate by putting through a sieve, to sift tea, to filter DK. Foe something gross to become fine from being draw through a strain, for sediment to settle from liquid DS. For sediment to settle from liquid TC. 'tshang1 'tshang LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'tshangs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'tshang LZ, DK, DS, TC.tshangs LZ. 'tshongs DK. 'tshongs TC. - DS.DS. TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'tshang2(Gyurme 1992: 261).gral dang nang du LZ. To press into, to stuff, puff out CD. To rush in, to enter hostilely, violently DK. To be put carefully into many categories DS. To look about and then enter TC. 'tshang2 'tshang TD, CD, DK, DS, TC 'tshangs LZ, ND. btsang CD. 'tshongs (ND). btsangs TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btsang TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btsong (ND).tshangs TD, LZ. tshongs ND, DS, TC. 'tshangs DK.TD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'tshang1(Chang 1971: viii.16).nang du TD, LZ, ND. To press into, to stuff, puff out ('tshang)CD. To press forward, press into, squeeze one's self in (btsang) CD. To put in, to insert DK. To put something in a vessel DS. To put forcibly in between, to insert with force TC. 'tshang3 'tshang TC. 'tshangs TC. 'tshang TC.- TC.TC.TC. To have difficulty breathing, to be stuffed up TC. 'tshab1 'tshabs DK. 'tshab CD, DS, TC. tshabs CD. tshab DK. 'tshabs DS, TC. 'tshab DK, DS, TC.tshobs CD. tshabs DK. - DS. 'tshobs TC.CD, TC. DS, (Hoshi 2003).DS.TC. (honorific) To be afraid, to be in awe of CD. To be frightened, to be afraid of, to be nervous DK. To not be confident DS. To be agitated, afraid TC. 'tshab2 'tshab LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'tshabs LZ, CD, TC. tshab DS. 'tshab LZ, CD, DS, TC.tshobs LZ, DS. tshob CD. 'tshobs TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. gzhan gyi yo byad sogs LZ. To repay, replace CD. To repay the loss of another's property DS. 1. To repay, replace. 2. To add, augment TC. Compare gsab. 'tsham1 'tsham DK, DS, TC. 'tshams DK, DS, TC. 'tsham DK, DS, TC.'tshams DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To suit, to be suitable DK. To be alright, suitable, to be in accord DS. To be fitting, to be in accord TC. 'tsham2 'tsham LZ, (DK), TC. tsham DK. btsams LZ, DK, TC. btsam LZ, DK, TC.tshams LZ, DK. tshoms TC.TC.DS, TC.don med du tho sogs LZ. To harm, compete, challenge CD. To make trouble, fight, abuse, mistreat TC. 'tshar 'tshar DK, TC. 'tshard DK. 'tshar TC. 'tshar DK, TC.'tshard DK. - TC.TC. TC. To grow up, to become taller, to develop DK. To grow larger, increase TC. 'tshar2'tshar CD, DS. give as the present of tshar 'tshal1 'tshal LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'tshald LZ. btsald ND, DK. btsal DS, TC. 'tshal LZ, DS. btsal ND, DK, TC. 'tshold LZ,ND. 'tshald DK. 'tshol DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).phyag sogs LZ. phyag ND. To greet, to prostrate for respect DK. (when prefixed by phyag) To pay respect, be respectful DS. To do (e.g. phyag 'tshal 'prostrate') TC. 'tshal2 'tshal CD, [DS], TC. 'tshal TC. 'tshal TC.'tshol CD. - TC.TC. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To beg, desire, ask. 2. (honorific) To eat. 3. To offer, show, set forth CD. 1. (archaic) To know. 2. (archaic) To take food DS. 1. To be acceptable, allowed. 2. To wish for, want. 3. To be necessary. 4. To know. 5. (archaic) To explain. 6. (archaic) To eat TC. 'tshal3 'tshal CD, DS.(when preceded by a verb the latter stands in the terminative infinitive or as the mere root and more especially the perfect root) To beg, desire, ask CD. (suffixed to the present stem of a verb) To exhort, encourage DS. 'tshig 'tshig LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. tshig LZ, DK, DS, TC. tshig LZ, DK. 'tshig DS, TC.tshig LZ. 'tshigs DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).sreg (Gyurme 1992: 261).dkor dang mes LZ. To burn, to destroy by fire, to flow CD. To burn, to feel hot DK. To become of another nature once burned by fire (for wood &c.) DS. To naturally become burn TC. 'tshir1 'tshir LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. gtsir CD, DK. btsird LZ, ND, DK. btsir DS, TC. btsir LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. gtsir (DS).tshird LZ, ND. gtsird DK. tshir DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.'dzir (Chang 1971: viii.16-17).lag pa sogs kyis LZ. snam sogs ND. To extract, wring out, squeeze forth, to press out oil, extracts CD. To wring out, to squeeze, to contract by pressing, to extract or press out oil &c. by wringing out DK. To press from two sides DS. 1. To push in a gap. 2. To carefully examine TC. Compare gcir and 'chir. 'tshir2 'tshird DK. tshir DK. 'tshir DK.tshird DK. To be squeezed, to be contracted, to come out, trickle down DK. 'tshir3 'tshir DS. 'tshir [DS]. 'tshir [DS].DS. To not be in a pleasant state of mind DS. 'tshugs 'tshugs CD, DK. tshugs DS, TC. tshugs CD, [DS], TC. tshug DK. 'tshug DK. tshugs [DS], TC.'tshugs DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. 'dzugs CD, (Chang 1971: viii.19), (Beyer 1992: 113), (Gyurme 1992: 261) 1. To go into, to enter upon, begin commence. 2. To pierce, penetrate by boring, to thrust in, to establish one's self, to settle CD. To begin, to be founded DK. To start, begin DS. To stay firm, to hold one's ground TC. 'tshud 'tshud CD, DK, DS. tshud [CD], TC. tshud CD, DK, DS, TC. 'tshud DK, DS. tshud TC.tshud DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 'dzud CD,(Chang 1971: viii.20), (Beyer 1992: 112), (Gyurme 1992: 261). To be put inside of, to go into, to enter, to get into CD. To be included, to be involved DK. To classify DS. 1. To come inside, be classified. 2. To fit, contain, have room TC. 'tshub 'tshub LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'tshubs DK. 'tshubs LZ, DS, TC. tshubs CD. tshub DK. 'tshub LZ, DK, DS, TC.tshubs LZ, DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.rlung dang kha ba sogs LZ. To toss about, to swirl, to entwine, be choked, suffocated CD. To swirl (snow, dust, wind, water, &c.), to be suffocated, choked, overflow DK. 1. To gather, mass, billow (dust, smell &c.). 2. To wheeze, breath with difficulty DS. To be chaotic, growl, shake, disturbed TC. 'tshum(s)'tshum(s) ND,DS. gives as the present of 'dzum 'tshe 'tshe LZ, CD, ND, DK, (DS). gtse CD, DS, TC. gtses LZ, CD, ND, (DK), DS, TC. btses CD, DK. gtse LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.'tshe LZ. gtses ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS.DS.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).dgra sogs kyis LZ. rkyen gyis ND. To cause mischief or danger to, to damage, injure, persecute CD. To harm, to bring evil DK. To harm, to instigate a quarrel DS. To harm, annoy TC. 'tshe 'tshe LZ. 'tshes LZ. 'tshe LZ.'tshe LZ.rkyen ngan sogs kyis LZ. 'tsheg 'tsheg CD. tshegs CD. To repay a loan, kindness CD. 'tsheg'tsheg (DS). gives as the present of 'tshag. 'tsheng 'tsheng LZ, CD, DK, TC. 'tshengs DS. 'tshengs LZ, CD, DK, [DS], TC. 'tsheng LZ, DK, TC. 'tshengs [DS].tshengs LZ. 'tshengs DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.re 'dod sogs LZ. To be satisfied, content, happy, gratified CD. To be satisfied, to be happy, to win, overcome DK. To be satisfied, establish as a hope DS. 1. To be satisfied, happy. 2. To gain profit, to be victorious TC. 'tshed'tshed KYN, CD, DK, (DS), [TC]. give as the present of 'tshod. 'tshem1 tshem LZ, DS. 'tshem CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btsems LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btsem LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.tshems LZ, ND, DS, TC. 'tshems DK.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.gos dang lham sogs LZ. gos sogs ND. To sew CD. To sew, stick DK. To make clothing with needle and thread DS. To sew TC. 'tshem2 'tshem DK, TC. tshems DK. 'tshems TC. tshem DK. 'tshem TC.'tshems DK. - TC.TC. TC. To be left, to be forgotten DK. For an amount, number to not be met, fulfilled TC. 'tsher 'tsher LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'tsherd DK. 'tsherd LZ. tsher DK. 'tsher [DS], TC. 'tsher LZ, DK, [DS], TC.'tsher LZ. tsherd DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.las ka sogs la LZ. 1. To neigh. 2. To shine, glitter CD. 1. To be lightened, to be bright. 2. To hesitate DK. 1. To make the sound of a horse &c. 2. To shine, gleam, for the power of light to be felt in the eye DS. 1. To make a sound. 2. To blaze, shine. 3. mtsher. 4. (archaic) To be timid, shy TC. 'tsher2'tsher (CD), [DK], DS, (TC). give as the present of mtsher 'tshes'tshes DK. gives as the present to tshes. 'tsho1 'tsho LZ, DK, DS, TC. 'tshos LZ, TC. 'tsho DK, [DS]. 'tsho LZ, DK, [DS], TC. 'tsho LZ, DK.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).lus srog sogs LZ. To be alive DK, DS. To recover, revive, live TC. Compare sos and gso. 'tsho2 'tsho ND, DS, TC. 'tshos (NDA), NDB has 'tshas very probably a scribal error. DS, TC, btsos ND. 'tsho (ND), DS, TC. btso ND.'tshos ND, DS, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.dad 'gro ND. To nurture, care for (cattle) DS. To nourish, care for TC. Compare sos and gso. 'tsho3'tsho LZ, ND, CD. give as the present of gso. 'tsho4'tsho CD. gives as the present of sos 'tshog 'tshog LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. btsogs LZ, DS, TC. btsags CD. btsog DK. btsog LZ, CD, DS, TC. gtsog DK.tsogs LZ. tshogs LZ, DS. tshog CD, DK. 'tshogs TC.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gcig gicig la kha lag sogs kyis LZ. 1. To hew, chop, cut pierce; to inoculate, vaccinate. 2. To cudgel. 3. To find fault with, to blame, censure, carp at, tease (Sch.) CD. To hit, to beat DK. (archaic) To hit, strike (with a stone, club &c.) DS. To beat, strike TC. 'tshogs tshogs LZ. 'tshogs CD, DK, DS. 'tshog TC. 'tshogs LZ, TC. tshogs CD, DK, DS. 'tshogs LZ. 'tshog DK, TC. 'tshogs DS.tshogs LZ, DK, DS. 'tshogs TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS.TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).phyogs gcig tu LZ. 1. To assemble, to meet together. 2. To unite, to join in doing something, to combine, to make common cause (Ja) CD. To assemble, to get together DK. To assemble many things together DS. To gather together TC. Compare stsog, sogs, gsog. 'tshong 'tshong KYN, TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. btsongs KYN, TD, LZ, DK, DS, TC. btsong KYN, TD, LZ, DK, DS, TC.tshongs KYN, TD, LZ, DK, DS, TC.KYN, TD, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159), (Hackett 2003).nor sogs TD. nor rdzas sogs LZ. To barter, sell CD. To sell DK. To receive money in exchange for a commercial good DS. To send, change commercial goods TC. 'tshod 'tshod KYNZ, LZ, ND, CD, DS, TC. 'tshed KYNCW, CD, DK, (DS), TC. tshos CD. btsos KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btso KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.tshos KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. 'tshod DK.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228), (Hackett 2003).sha sogs LZ, ND. To cook (tshos) CD. To dye ('tshed) CD. To cook, boil. 2. To dye cloth. 3. To let a fruit ripe by keeping in a warm place DK. To put something in water, heat, and bring to a boil DS. 1. [To cook] meat, vegetables. 2. To smelt, burn (gold &c.). 3. To dye, change the color, character of ('tshod) TC. To become ready (meat, vegetables) ('tshed) TC. 'tshob1 'tshob CD, DK, DS, TC. 'tshobs CD tshobs DK. 'tshob [DS]. 'tshobs TC. tshob DK. 'tshob [DS], TC.'tshobs DK. - TC.TC.DS.TC. To be a deputy, to represent, to be substituted for CD. To hold, to retain DK. To be restored DS. To come together, unite TC. 'tshob2 'tshob LZ. tshab LZ. tshab LZ.tshob LZ.sku sogs dngos gnas kyi dod LZ. 'tshob3'tshob ND, (DS). give as the present of gsab. 'tshoms 'tshoms DK. tshom DK. 'tshom DK.tshoms DK.(Hoshi 2003). To be angry, intensified DK. To get angry (Hoshi 2003). 'tshol 'tshold (Zeisler 2004: 459). 'tshol TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btsal TD, DS, TC. btsald LZ, ND, DK. btsol CD. tshol (Zeisler 2004: 459, 479). btsal TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.tshold TD, LZ, ND, DK. tshol CD, DS, TC.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265), (Hackett 2003).nor sogs TD, ND. rgyu nor sogs LZ. To seek, look for, make search CD. To search, find out, spy, wander DK. To try to find what has been lost, obtain what had not been obtained DK. To look into, investigate TC.G. Uray, AOH, III (1955), pg. 234 and note 5. on verb 'tshol 'to look for' 'tshos 'tshos DK. tshos DK. 'tshos [CD]. 'tshos DK.tshos DK.(Hoshi 2003). [To cook, boil thoroughly] CD. To be fully cooked, to be saturated with water, to be absorbed in liquors, to be fully indebted DK. 1. To understand, comprehend. 2. To sink in. 3. To be disoriented (Hoshi 2003). Compare tshos. 'tshos2'tshos ND. gives as the present of bsho.
dzamdzangs mdzangs LZ, [TC]. mdzangs LZ. mdzangs LZ.mdzangs LZ.blo gros dang rnam dpyod sogs LZ. (archaic) To end, finish TC. mdzad mdzad LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. mdzad LZ, DK, DS, TC. mdzad LZ, DK, DS, TC.mdzod LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).dpung gnyen sogs LZ. (honorific) To do CD. To do, to act DK. (honorific) To do, to work DS. (honorific) To do TC. mdza' mdza' LZ, CD, ND, DK. mdza' LZ, ND, DK. mdza' LZ, DK.mdza' LZ, DK. - ND.TC.DS, TC.gnyen sogs dang LZ. To be amicable, to love as friends or kinsmen do CD. To love, to be amicable DK. mdzermdzerCD. gives as the present of 'dzer1 mdzes mdzes LZ. mdzes LZ. mdzes LZ.mdzes LZ.(Hoshi 2003).[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).mig snar sogs su LZ. To ornament, to be beautiful (Hackett 2003). 'dzag1 zags LZ. 'dzag CD, DS, TC. gzags LZ, CD. zags CD, DS. zag TC. gzag LZ, CD. zag [CD]. 'dzag DS, TC.zags LZ. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'tshag CD, (Chang 1971: viii.16)snod sogs nas mar LZ. To drop, drip, trickle, leak, run out CD. For a liquid to fall down DS. To fall, drip, seep TC. Compare zag, gzag. 'dzag2 'dzag LZ. 'dzags LZ. 'dzag LZ.'dzags LZ.sa bon dang bcud sogs LZ. 'dzad 'dzad LZ, CD, DS, TC. zad LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'dzad LZ, DS, TC.'dzod LZ. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).zla ngo dang bsod nams sogs LZ. To go down, dwindle, be consumed, to come to and end CD. To finish, perfect DS. To reach and end, finish, perfect TC. Compare zad. 'dzab 'dzab CD, DK. dzabs DK. dzab DK.'dzabs DK. To count on the beads, to mutter charms, to pronounce CD. To recite mantras, to repeat, mutter mantras DK. 'dzab'dzabCD. gives as the present of gzab. 'dza' gzon ND. 'dza' DS, TC. gson (DS). za (TC). zos ND, DS, TC. 'dza' ND, TC. za DS. gzan (DS)zos ND. gzon DS. - TC.ND, DS. TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).chud du ND. To waste DS. To go to waste TC. Compare gzon, gson, gzan. 'dza'2'dza' ND. gives as the present of za3 'dzar1 'dzar DK, DS, TC. bzar DS. dzar DK. 'dzar TC. 'dzar DK, TC. gzar DS.dzard DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). gzar NWH. To hang down, to be left DK. For water to slowly drip from wet wool which is hung up DS. To hang down TC. 'dzar2 'dzar CD. 1. To take dinner at midday. 2. To dress carelessly, or in a loose manner, to huddle on clothes or rags CD. 'dzar3'dzar CD, DS. give as the present to gzar 'dzi 'dzi CD, DS. 'dzi [DS]. 'dzi [DS].DS. 1. To be busy about, to be engaged in, to be taken up with, absorbed by anything. 2. To abstain from, to be abstinent, temperate (Sch.) CD. To abstain, quite, be temperate DS. 'dzing 'dzing LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'dzings LZ, DK, DS, TC. 'dzings LZ, DK, DS, TC.'dzings LZ, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228), (Hackett 2003).dgra zun sogs phan tshun LZ. To dispute, quarrel, contend with, wrestle, struggle with CD. To dispute, to quarrel, to fight, to struggle DK. To fight, quarrel DS. To fight TC. 'dzing 'dzings DS. 'dzing TC. 'dzings [DS], TC. 'dzings [DS]. 'dzing TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To mix, juxtapose, intertwine DS. To mix, shake, be agitated TC. Compare gzing. 'dzin 'dzin KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'dzind (see note) TD, LZ. bzung KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, (ND), DK, DS, TC. bzungs TD, ND. zum CD (in West). gzung KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gzungs (ND).zungs KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS. zung TC.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).zin (Gyurme 1992: 261)lan pas TD. blo dang lag tu LZ. lag pas ND. (frequently requiring nas attached to the object seized) To lay hold of, to seize, grasp CD. To hold, keep DK. To take an object (with hands, claws &c.) DS. 1. To hold. 2. To take, seize TC. attestations of 'dzind given by (Shafer 1951: 1028), originally this was two verbs 'dzin, pf. zin and *zung, bzung, according to(Bielmeier 2004: 404), Compare zin, gzung. 'dzir 'dzir CD, DK, DS, TC. dzir DK. 'dzir [DS], TC. 'dzir DK, [DS], TC.dzird DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.'tshir (Chang 1971: viii.16-17). To trickle off, to let drip CD. To trickle down, drip DK. To drip down from a hole or crack DS. To drip TC. 'dzu 'dzu CD. 'dzus CD. To catch at, to seize on. 2. To enter (Sch.) CD. 'dzugs 'dzug KYT, KYN. 'dzugs TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. zug (CD). btsug KYT, KYN. btsugs TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. zugs (CD). gzugs KYT, TD, LZ, CD, DK, TC. gzug KYN, ND, DS.tshugs KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYT, KYN, TD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 292), (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 292), (Hackett 2003).'tshugs CD,(Chang 1971: viii.19), (Beyer 1992: 112), (Gyurme 1992: 261).shing dang srol sogs TD. rgyal mtshan sogs LZ. srol sogs ND. 1. To thrust a stick into, push down, to set a plant in the ground, to set down, to set up a pillar, to raise (a standard). 2. To establish, found, settle, introduce. 3. To sting (like nettles), to prick CD. 1. To plant. 2. To firmly put at the foot or peak of a thing. 3. To newly establish. 4. (with 'go) To start an action. 5. (with a weapon) To jab, strike, prick. 6. To accuse DS.(Hahn 1995: 142) suggests that a "secondary form of gzug(s)" gtsug is the first member of the noun gtsug lag. Compare also gtsug. 'dzugs2 'dzugs CD. gives as the present of zug. 'dzud 'dzud LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. btsud LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. zud CD. gzud LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.tshud LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'dzud (DK). zud DS.CD, ND, DS, TC.CD, DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'tshud CD,(Chang 1971: viii.20), (Beyer 1992: 112), (Gyurme 1992: 261).nang du LZ, ND. To put, to lead, to guide, to induce, to insert CD. To insert, to put in, admit it DK. To put into, cause to go DS. To make go in TC. 'dzum 'dzum LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsum CD. 'dzum LZ, ND, [DS]. 'dzums DK, TC. 'dzum LZ, DK, [DS], TC.'dzum LZ. - [ND]. 'dzums DK, TC.[ND].TC.DS.TC.zhal dang nyams sogs LZ. To smile CD. To smile, to part the lips slightly DK. To smile, laugh a bit DS. To smile, laugh a little TC. 'dzums 'dzum CD, TC. 'tshums ND. 'dzums DK. 'tshum DS. btsum CD, (DK). btsums ND, DK, DS,TC. gzum CD, DK. btsum ND, DS, TC.tshum CD. tshums ND, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. zum (Gyurme 1992: 261), (Duff).mig kha sogs ND. To close, shut (eyes, mouth) CD. To close, to shut up, one's mouth, &c. DK. The close (the mouth, eye &c.) DS. To close (mouth, eyes) TC. 'dzur 'dzur LZ, CD, DS, TC. gzur LZ, (DS). bzurd LZ. bzur CD, DS, TC. gzur LZ, CD, DS, TC.zurd LZ. zur DS, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Abs. Abl.] (Hahn 1994: 108).rwa dang ral kha sogs las (gzur) LZ. mtshon kha sogs las ('dzur) LZ. To give way, to draw back, (of a horse) to shy CD. To avoid, turn away (an arrow &c.) DS. To avoid, shun TC. 'dzur2 'dzur DS. 'dzur [DS]. 'dzur [DS].DS. To pass, elapse (time) CD. 'dzul 'dzul LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'dzuld LZ. 'dzul [DS], TC. gzul LZ. 'dzul [DS], TC.dzuld LZ. 'dzul TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 281), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 281).khung bu dang 'og tu LZ. To glide, steal out, away CD. To go inside and thus become obfuscated, hidden. 2. To descend into DS. To insert, to place into TC. 'dzeg 'dzeg ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'dzegs ND, DK, DS, TC. 'dzeg ND, DK, DS, TC.'dzogs ND. 'dzegs DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS.TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gyen la ND. To climb up to ascend, to walk up CD. To climb up, to ascend, to walk up DK. To go from a low place to a high one DS. To go upward TC. 'dzeng 'dzeng CD. 1. To fight with projectiles, to throw stones. 2. To stick, jut out, to project, to be prominent (Sch.) CD. 'dzed 'dzed CD, ND, DS, TC. bzed CD, ND, DS, TC. 'dzed ND. bzed DS, TC.zed ND, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.snong kha ND. To hold out, forth CD. To take something offered in the palm of a hand, or lip of a vessel DS. To present in the direction of the lip of a vessel TC. Compare gzed. 'dzem 'dzem LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'dzems LZ, DK, DS, TC. 'dzem ND. zem (DK). 'dzem LZ, DK, TC. gzem DS.'dzem LZ. 'dzems DK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'go nad sogs la LZ. To shrink from, to shun, avoid CD. To be ashamed, to hesitate, to avoid DK. 1. To control, restrict oneself. 2. To shy away, avoid, protect oneself. 3. To be suspicious, careful, concerned DS. 1. To be careful, wary. 2. To be timid, anxious, shy TC. 'dzer1 'dzer CD, DK, DS, TC. mdzer CD. mdzerd DK. mdzer DK.'dzerd DK. (archaic) To say, speak CD. To speak, to say DK. (archaic) To say DS. (archaic) 1. To say. 2. To impose TC. Compare zer1. 'dzer2 'dzer LZ, DS, TC. 'dzerd LZ. 'dzer [DS]. 'dzer LZ,[DS].zerd LZ.DS. 'dzer ma sogs LZ. (dialect) To pierce, lance DS. (archaic) To pierce TC. 'dzer3 'dzerd DK. 'dzer CD, TC. dzer DK. 'dzer TC. 'dzer DK, TC.dzerd DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC. (archaic) To be horse CD. To be horse, for one's voice to become bad DK. To be unable to speak, speak with difficulty TC. 'dzer4 'dzer ND. 'dzerd DK. gtserd ND. btserd DK. gtser ND. btser DK.gtserd ND. dzerd DK.snyan ND. To cause become horse, to cause to be rough and harsh voice [sic] DK. 'dzom 'dzom LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'dzoms CD. 'dzoms LZ, DK, DS, TC. 'dzom [ND]. 'dzom LZ, DK, DS, TC.'dzoms LZ, DK, TC. - DS.DS.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 318), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 318).mgron po dang gza' skar sogs LZ. To come, approach together, to meet, to interlace CD. To come together, to get together, to assemble DK. 1. To gather in one place. 2. To be, have, complete, be full. 3. To meet, encounter, touch DS. 1. To gather, come together. 2. To be complete, full TC. 'dzol 'dzol LZ, CD, DK, TC. 'dzold LZ. dzol DK. 'dzol TC. 'dzol LZ, DK, TC.'dzold LZ. dzold DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.don dang bya ba sogs LZ. 1. To mistake. 2. To shake about, to stir, intermix, confuse CD. To be mistaken, to be confused, to fall in a wrong track DK. To make a mistake, be confused, be mistaken TC. rdzi rdzi LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brdzis LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brdzi LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.rdzis LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. brdzis CD.CD, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228), (Hoshi 2003).DS.TC. [Erg. Obl.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228).phye sogs dang rkang pas LZ. zan dang zhabs kyis ND. To pound, stamp, knead, tread down. 2. To oppress, to distress (Ja) CD. To knead, to pound, stamp, tread down DK. To combine water, or another liquid with something. 2. To push down, subdue, suppress. 3. To harm, injure DS. 1. To stretch, sift, mix, knead. 2. To press down. 3. To hurt, injure TC. rdzu rdzu LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. brdzus LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rdzus CD. brdzu LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.rdzus LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brdzus CD.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS. TC.shes pa sogs mi shes pa lta bur LZ. gzhan du ND. To give a deceptive representation, to make a thing appear different from what it is, to change into, to change (one's self), to be changed CD. To pretend, disguise, feign DK. To change from previous, to appear differently DS. To change, to make something be what it is not TC. rdzun rdzun DK. brdzund DK. brdzun DK.rdzund DK.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). rdzun 'lie, falsehood'NWH. To tell lies, to say something with intention of deceiving, to say the opposite thing DK. To be wrong, to be false (Hackett 2003). rdze brdze LZ. rdze CD, NDB, DK, DS, TC. brdzes LZ, CD, NDB, DK, DS, TC. rdzes CD. brdze LZ, CD, NDB, DK, DS, TC.rdzes LZ, CD, NDB, DK, DS, TC. brdzes CD.CD, NDB, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.skra dang gos kyi mtha' sogs LZ. yar la NDB. 1. To tuck up, truss up (clothes), to cock a hat, to turn up the upper lip (Ja). 2. To threaten (Cs.) CD. To turn up, tuck up, to cock up DK. To roll up, lift up (a flap of cloth &c.) DS. To draw up TC. rdzogs rdzogs CD, DK, DS, TC. rdzogs DK, [DS], TC. rdzogs DK, [DS], TC.rdzogs DK. - TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To finish, fulfill, to complete, to terminate CD. To be completed, to be included, to finish, to terminate DK. To reach an end, be complete DS. 1. To fill, complete. 2. To end, finish TC. rdzong rdzong KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. rdzongs CD. brdzangs KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rdzongs CD. brdzang KYN, KYNZ gives both brdzang and brdzeng the second certainly a scribal error. TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.rdzongs KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.'gron po sogs TD. mgron po sogs gzhan du LZ. phar la glung NDB. phar la glung sogs NDA. To forward, send off, dispatch, to take along with CD. To send off, send, dispatch, to put in, insert DK. 1. To send, send off, convey, commission (a guest &c.). 2.To put something inside a vessel DS. 1. To banish, expel. 2. To send, dispatch, commission. 3. To insert TC. rdzod rdzod LZ, TC. brdzad LZ, TC. brdzad LZ, TC.rdzod LZ, TC.TC. TC.grogs ngan sogs LZ. To spoil, stain TC. rdzob rdzob DK, TC. brdzabs DK, TC. brdzab DK, TC.rdzobs DK, TC.TC.TC. To appear as a real one, to hide the reality with an artificial appearance, to mix up DK. 1. To add, augment. 2. To conceal, obscure, veil TC. brdze brdze LZ. gives as the present of rdze
wa
zhazhazha DS, TC. give as a present of 'ja'. zhagzhag (Gyurme 1992: 261) gives as the present of bzhag. zhar zhar DK, DS, TC. zhard DK. zhar [DS], TC. zhar DK, DS, TC.zhard DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To become one-eyed, be defective [on] one side of a pair CD. To go blind, be blinded DS. To go blind, for an eye to be lost or damaged TC. zhal zhal CD, DS. zhal [DS]. zhal [DS].DS. To plaster with lime or cement, to plaster, or overlay with anything (e.g. butter) CD. To spread (mud &c.) thickly DS. zhi zhi CD, DK, DS, TC. zhi DK, [DS], TC. zhi DK, [DS], TC.zhi DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To be peaceful, calm, to be pacified, be appeased, to settle be allayed, assuaged &c. 2. To be wise, dispassionate CD. To be, become peaceful, to subdue, make without DK. To disappear DS To diminish, fade away TC. zhu zhu LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. zhus LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. zhu LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.zhus LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. - ND. ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).bka' chos sogs LZ. gnang ND. (used chiefly in addressing one's superiors and also in politeness between equals) To ask, request, beg, petition CD. To inform, request, receive, send DK. To speak a hope, wish &c. to superiors DS. 1. To speak to superiors. 2. To pour, to take (e.g. tea) TC. zhu2 zhu TC. zhu TC. zhu TC.- TC.TC. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'ju (Gyurme 1992: 261), (Duff). To melt, become liquid TC. zhu3zhu LZ. gives as the present of 'ju zhugs zhugs DS. zhugs [DS]. zhugs [DS].(Hoshi 2003).DS.'jug2 (Gyurme 1992: 259). 1. To fit into (e.g. a crowd). 2. To mix inside. 3. To support, link. 4. To follow after DS. zhud zhud CD, DK, DS, TC. zhud DK, [DS], TC. zhud DK, [DS], TC.zhud DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. 1. [To be] emaciated, to be reduced, to fall, to be weak, grow weak, to dwindle. 2. To twine, to twist, to spin (Cs.). 3. To hang up, to suspend (in Tsang) CD. To decay, to decline DK. To become small, thin, emaciated DS. 1. To hang down, bend down. 2. To deteriorate, to weaken TC. zhum zhum CD, DS, TC. 'jums DK. zhum DK, [DS], TC. 'jum DK. zhum [DS], TC.zhums DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). (honorific) To cry, weep, lament CD, DS. To become physically weak; to become timid, cowardly DK. To be cowardly TC. This is also written shumDS. zhur zhur LZ. bzhur LZ. bzhur LZ.zhurd LZ.mes LZ. Compare bzhur, and gzhur. zhul zhul DS. zhul [DS]. zhul [DS]. To become fewer, less (blotted, swollen &c.) DS. zhed zhed LZ, CD, DK, TC. zhed LZ, DK, TC. bzhed [CD]. zhed LZ, DK, TC.zhed LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.yid la LZ. To fear, be afraid CD. To be frightened, to fear DK. To fear TC. zhen zhen LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. zhend LZ, DK. zhen [DS], TC. zhen LZ, DK, [DS], TC.zhend LZ, DK. zhen [DS], TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] CD, (Hackett 2003).yo byad sogs la LZ. (used with la) To desire, to long for, to be attached to, to have affection for CD. To have attachment, to long for DK. To crave, to cherish. 2. (of a question &c.) To be hard to answer DS. To like, to love TC. zhogs zhogs DS. zhogs [DS]. zhogs [DS]. For many creatures to be startled and flee DS. zhogs2zhogs LZ. gives as the present of 'jog2 zhon zhon LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bzhond LZ, DK. bzhon DS, TC. bzhon LZ, DK, DS, TC.zhond LZ, DK. zhon DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Byams pa rdo rje 1996), (Zeisler forthcoming: 31). [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003), (Zeisler forthcoming: 31).rta sogs LZ. To ride, mount (A.K. 1-8) CD. To ride, to sit on a horse DK. To ride (a horse, yak, bicycle &c.) DS. To ride TC. zhom 'jom DK. zhom DS, TC. zhom DK, [DS], TC. 'jom DK. zhom [DS], TC.zhoms DK.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.'joms NWH. To go down, sink down; to be subsided, become under control DK. For a thing with a bulbous form to crumble down, fall apart DS. For a vessel to become flawed, broken TC. gzhags gzhags DK, [TC]. bzhags DK, [TC]. gzhags DK.gzhags DKND. To beautify, ornament DK. To ornament, be beautiful [TC]. gzhabs gzhabs LZ, [TC]. gzhab CD, DS. bzhabs LZ, DS. gzhabs LZ. gzhab DS.gzhabs LZ. gzhabs DS.DS.DS.chas rgyan sogs kyis LZ. 1. To rub, touch with the hand. 2. To lick (Sch.) CD. To collect in one place many small things which are scattered on the surface of liquid (e.g. butter from milk) DS. To ornament, be beautiful [TC]. gzhamgzham DK. gives as the present to 'jam. gzha'1 gzha' DS. gzha' [DS]. gzha' [DS].DS. To have difficulty recovering from a wound DS. gzha'2 gzha' DS, [TC]. bzha' (DS). gzha' [DS]. bzha' [(DS)]. gzha' [DS]. bzha' [(DS)].DS. To hide DS. (archaic) To hide TC. gzha'3 gzha' CD, [TC]. 1. To sport, joke, play, bowl. 2. To believe, trust, confide in CD. (archaic) To delight, be content TC. gzha'4gzha' DS. gives as a present to bzha' gzhar bzhar LZ, ND, CD, TC. gzhar DK, DS, TC. bzhard LZ, ND, DK. bzhar DS, TC. bzhar LZ, ND, DK, TC. gzhar DS, TC.bzhor LZ. zhord ND. - ND. gzhard DK. gzhor DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). ND.DS, TC. skra sogs LZ, (zhord) ND. skra (-) ND. To shave, shear CD. To shave, cut DK. 1. To shave. 2. To scrape the surface of something DS. 1. To shave. 2. To scrape (gzhar) TC. To cut, shave (bzhar) TC. gzhig gzhig LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gzhigs CD. gzhigs LZ, DK, DS, TC. gzhig LZ, DK, DS, TC.gzhig LZ, DS. gzhigs DK, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).bden rdzun gyi don sogs LZ. To make minute inquiry of every point, to investigate, to examine CD. To consider, to be in accordance with DK. To analyze DS. To analyze, examine TC. Root given as gYig < *gzyig < *gzig(s) cf. gzigs "see, look" (Beyer 1992: 84). gzhib gzhib LZ, CD, DK. gzhibs LZ, DK. gzhib LZ, DK.zhibs LZ. gzhibs DK.go rim dang gral sogs LZ. To put, lay in order (Ja) CD. To associate closely, to stay together, to have a close relation DK. gzhu gzhu LZ, CD, DS, TC. gzhus LZ, DS, TC. gzhu LZ, DS, TC.gzhus LZ, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.lcag sogs kyis LZ. To strike, lash CD. To strike beat DS. To throw, strike, beat TC. gzhug gzhug LZ. bcug LZ. gzhug LZ.chug LZ.bstan pa dang dkyil 'khor sogs la LZ. Compare 'jug. gzhung gzhung CD. gzhungs CD. To attend, to be heedful CD. gzhud gzhud CD. To go, walk, put into (Sch.) CD. gzhun gzhun DK. bzhund DK. bzhun DK.gzhund DK. To be very active and attentive, to obey without resistance, to listen to whatever is told DK. gzhur1 gzhur CD, DK, TC. bzhur TC. bzhurd DK. gzhur TC. bzhur TC. bzhur DK, TC. gzhur TC.gzhurd DK. gzhur TC. bzhur TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC. To shear, shave, cut of (Ja) CD. To shave DK. To cut, carve (gzhur) TC. To sheer, cut, split (bzhur) TC. Compare gzhar. gzhur2 zhur LZ. bzhur CD, TC. gzhur DK, DS. bzhurd LZ, DK. bzhur DS, TC. bzhur LZ, DK, DS, TC.zhurd LZ. gzhurd DK. gzhur DS. bzhur TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.mes LZ. To strain, filter (Sch.) CD. To strain, filter, purify DK. To clean, purify (impure water &c.) DS. To strain, purify TC. gzhen gzhen LZ, CD. gzhend LZ. gzhen LZ.gzhen LZ. To light, kindle, inflame (Sch.) CD. gzher gzher LZ, CD. gzherd LZ. gzher LZ.gzher LZ. bshes gnyen dam pa sogs LZ. To rely on, serve CD. gzhes gzhes LZ, CD. gzhes LZ. gzhes LZ.gzhes LZ.dus dang yun du LZ. 1. To be well, to prosper. 2. (honorific) To sit, stay wait (Ja) CD. gzhog gzhog ND, DS. bzhog CD. bzhogs ND, DS. bzhog ND. gzhog DS.zhogs ND. gzhogs DS.DS.DS.shing sogs ND. To cut at, to chip CD. To slice (with a knife &c.) DS. gzhob gzhob DS, TC. gzhob [DS], TC. gzhob [DS], TC.- TC.TC.DS.TC. To burn hair with fire DS. To burn TC. gzhom1 gzhom LZ. bcom LZ. gzhom LZ.choms LZ.rnam rtog dang grong sogs LZ. Compare 'joms. gzhom2 gzhom CD. gzhoms CD. To be split, cracked, bruised, dinted CD. gzhol gzhol CD, DK, DS, TC. bzhold DK. gzhol [DS], TC. bzhol DK. gzhol [DS], TC.gzhold DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To flow down, alight, dismount CD. To come down, dismount DS. To descend, go down, dismount TC. gzhol gzhol LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gzhold LZ, DK. zhol (DK). gzhol [DS], TC. gzhol LZ, DK, [DS], TC.gzhol LZ, TC. gzhold DK.TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).rgya mtsho dang chos nyid sogs la LZ. 1. To comprehend, fathom, remain fixed absorbed in. 2. To be low, open out to CD. To enter, undergo DK. To strive, exert DS. 1. To strive. 2. To enter, remain TC. bzhag bzhag CD, ND. zhag (Gyurme 1992: 261). bzhag ND.- ND.ND.CD.gshog (Gyurme 1992: 261). 1. To tear, wear (of cloth). 2. (in Central and West) To burst, crack, split (Ja) CD. To be split, cut, to cleave (Gyurme 1992: 261). bzhad1 bzhad CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gzhad (Ja) bzhad ND, DK, [DS], TC. bzhad DK, [DS], TC.bzhad DK. bzhod TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To laugh, smile (Ja) CD. To laugh, smile DK. (honorific) To laugh DS, TC. bzhad2 bzhad CD, ND, DK, DS, [TC]. bzhad ND, DK, [DS]. bzhad DK, [DS].bzhad DK. DS. To blossom, to develop like a flower (Yig 48) CD. To blossom, grow, develop DK. For the mouth of a flower to open DS. (dialect) For the mouth to open (e.g. a flower) [TC]. bzhamsbzhams CD, [DS]. give for 'jam bzha' bzha' DS, [TC]. gzha' DS. bzha' [DS]. gzha' [DS]. bzha' [DS]. gzha' [DS].DS. To moisten, wet DS, TC. bzharbzhar LZ, ND, CD, TC. give as the present of gzhar bzhubzhuCD, TC. give as the present of 'ju. bzhugs bzhugs LZ, ND, CD, DS, TC. bzhugs LZ, [ND], [DS], TC. bzhugs LZ, [DS], TC.bzhugs LZ, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gdan khri sogs la LZ. (honorific) 1. To sit. 2. To dwell, reside. 3. To remain, stay, exit. 4. (of books) To be recorded in, to be contained CD. (honorific) To sit, remain, live DS. (honorific) To stay, sit, remain TC. bzhud bzhud LZ, CD, DS, TC. 'jud DK. bzhud LZ, DK, [DS], TC. bzhud LZ, DK, [DS], TC.bzhud LZ, TC. 'jud DK.TC. (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.rang gnas sogs su LZ. (honorific) To start, depart, go away CD. To journey, to set off DK. To go, travel DS. To come, arrive TC. bzhur bzhur DS. bzhur [DS]. bzhur [DS].DS. To fall, drip DS. bzhur2bzhurTC. gives as the present of gzhur. bzhur3bzhur CD, TC.give as the present of gzhur2 bzheng bzheng CD, ND, DK, DS. bzhengs TC. bzhengs CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bzheng ND, DK, DS. bzhengs TC.bzhengs CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gdan nas ND. (honorific) To raise, erect, set up, to manufacture, compose (Ja) CD. To erect, to make DK. 1. To erect, make. 2. (honorific) To sing a song DS. (honorific) To newly make, erect. 2. (honorific) To raise, set, establish. 3. (honorific) To sing a song TC. bzheng bzhengs LZ, CD, TC. bzheng DK, DS, (TC). bzhengs LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bzhengs LZ, TC. bzheng ND, DK, DS, (TC). bzhengs LZ, DK. - ND, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.gnas sogs nas LZ. gdan las ND. (honorific) To rise, get up CD. To rise DK. To get up, rise DS. (honorific) To get up, rise TC. bzhed bzhed CD, ND, DS, TC. bzhed ND, [DS], TC. bzhed [DS], TC.bzhed TC. - ND.ND.TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). (honorific) 1. To wish, desire. 2. To propose, maintain, state, assert. 3. To accept, take CD. To promise, assert DS. 1. (honorific) To promise. 2. (honorific) To desire. 3. To know, understand TC. bzhes bzhes LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bzhes LZ, DK, [DS], TC. bzhes LZ, DK, [DS], TC.bzhes LZ, DK, TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137).mchod pa sogs LZ. (honorific) 1. To take, receive, accept, seize, confiscate. 2. To take, to eat (Ja) CD. To take, eat, put on, wear DK. (honorific) 1. To eat, drink. 2. (honorific) To promise. 3. To undertake, accept, take for one's own DS. 1. (honorific) To eat, drink, wear. 2. (honorific) To carry, take. 3. (honorific) To think TC. bzhes2 bzhes DS. bzhes [DS]. bzhes [DS].DS. To arrive DS. bzhogbzhog CD. gives as the present to gzhog.
zaza1 za DK, TC. za DK, TC. za DK, TC.za DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To itch DK. To become itchy TC. za2 za LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bzas LZ, CD, DK, TC. zos (LZ), CD, ND, DS. bza' LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.zo LZ, ND, DS, TC. zos CD, DK. CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hackett 2003).sha dang tshon ma sogs LZ. zas sogs ND. To eat CD. To eat, to have food DK. To enjoy food DS. [To eat] TC.(Stein 1942: 205) suggests a relationship with the following words: bza' or gza' 'food', zla 'companion', za (in Dunhuang texts) 'woman', gza' (in Gesar) 'planetary demon', gzan 'to devour, to feed'. To these I add the obvious zas 'food'. za3 'dza' ND. za DS, TC. zos ND, DS. bzas TC. bza' ND. za DS, TC.zo ND. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). rnam rtog ND. To appear, arise DS,TC. The placement of ND here cannot be certain. zag zag LZ, DS, TC. zag LZ, [DS]. zags TC. zag LZ, [DS], TC.zag LZ. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).phung khams sogs LZ. To become torn, punctured (with a small hole) DS. To fall TC. Compare 'tshag, 'dzag, gzags. zagszags LZ. gives as the present of 'dzag. zad zad DS. zad [DS]. zad [DS].DS. 1. To finish, end. 2. To indent, leave a mark on top of something DS. Compare 'dzad. zan zan DK. bzand DK. bzan DK.zand DK. To eat, to have food DK. Compare gzan. zabzab ND. gives as the present of gzab zing zing TC. zing TC. zing TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC. To horripilate TC, (Goldstein 2001). To bear the teeth (Duff). To be disheveled (of the hair) (Goldstein 2001). Compare gzing. zin1 zin LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. zind LZ, DK. zin [DS], TC. zin LZ, DK, [DS], TC.zind LZ. zin DK. - TC.TC. (Hoshi 2003). (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Abs. Instr.] (Hackett 2003).'dzin (Gyurme 1992: 261).bshes gnyen dang rang blo sogs la LZ. 1. To commit to memory. 2. To terminate, be at the end, conclude, be exhausted, be consumed. 3. To be finished, terminated CD. To reach, touch, fall on DK. 1. To obtain having taken. 2. To memorize. 3. To arrive. 4. To suffix, be a suffix to. 5. To know the characteristics of, recognize, discriminate DS. 1. To know well, be certain of. 2. To have been taken, to have taken effect TC. Compare note at zin. zin2zin CD, DS.Used in older writings as a perfect affix like tshar denoting that the action is complete and finished CD. If suffixed to the past stem of a verb, it shows the action is finished, complete DS. Helps show the meaning 'finished' TC. zug 'dzugs CD. zug (CD), DS, TC. btsugs CD. zugs (CD). zug [DS], TC. zug [DS], TC.- TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 243), (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 243). (mostly figurative) To bore, force itself into, penetrate, take hold of, permeate CD. 1. To be ill. 2. To penetrate by piercing the outer part of something. 3. To bark DS. 1. To pierce, make a hole. 2. To chew, gnaw (for a dog) TC. zub zub DK, TC. zubs DK. zub TC. zub DK, TC.zubs DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC. sub (Gyurme 1992: 261). To vanish, disappear DK. To block, to vanish, become hidden TC. zum zum CD, DS, TC. zum [DS], TC. zum [DS], TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.'dzum (Gyurme 1992: 261), (Duff). To close, shut up CD. For the petals of a flower to gather together DS. To close up TC. Compare sum. zum2zum LZ, (DS)give as the present to sum zegs1 zegs DS. zegs [DS]. zegs [DS].DS. To fall, to be individually scattered in small pieces DS. zegs2 zegs DS. zegs [DS]. zegs [DS].DS. To chip a tooth on a small piece of stone or earth inside of food DS. zem zem DS. zem [DS]. zem [DS].DS. To be meek, timid, humble DS. zer1 zer CD, DK, DS, TC. zerd DK. zer [DS], TC. zer DK, [DS], TC.zerd DK. - TC.TC. (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). (later literature and colloquial) To say CD. To say, tell, speak DK. To say DS, TC. Compare 'dzer. zer2 zer CD, DS. zer [DS]. zer [DS].(Hoshi 2003).DS.[Obl. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). (later literature and colloquial) To be named, called CD. To be called, to be named, have the name DS. zon zon DK. zond DK. zon DK.zond DK. To be careful, to be alert DK. zla zla LZ, CD. zlo ND, TC. bzlas LZ, CD, TC. 'das ND. bzla LZ, TC. 'da' ND. bzla' (ND).zlo LZ. zlos ND, TC.TC.DS, TC.mya ngan sogs las LZ. mnya mgan las ND. (undoubtedly a less correct spelling for 'da') To pass, to get beyond (Ja) CD. To free, pass beyond TC zlug1 zlug LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. zlugs CD. bzlugs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bzlug LZ, DK, DS, TC.zlug LZ, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.dmigs bsal gyi bya ba sogs LZ. To send word, to report, inform, inquire, ask CD. To question, interrogate DK. (archaic) To call, summon, request DS. To ask, request TC. zlug2 zlug CD, DK, TC. zlugs CD. bzlugs DK, TC. bzlug DK, TC.zlug DK, TC.TC. TC.ldug NWH. To pour into, to cast, put in CD. To pour in DK. To pour TC. Compare lug/lugs. zlug3 zlug DS, TC. bzlugs TC. bzlug TC.zlug TC.TC.TC. (archaic) To do, promise DS. (archaic) To do TC. zlum zlum TD, (LZ), ND, DK, DS, TC. zlums LZ. bzlums TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bzlum TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.zlums TD, LZ, DK, DS, TC. zlum ND.TD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.phyogs gcig tu TD. tshogs pa dang dbyen sogs LZ. gcig tu ND. To bring together, conclude DK. To reconcile DS. 1. To roll up, bring together. 2. To reconcile, be agreeable TC. Compare sdum. zlo1 zlo KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. zla CD. 'do CD. bzlas KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bzlos CD. bzla KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bzlas (LZ see note). blzo CD.zlos KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. lo 'statement, report' (Hahn 1999: 124).sngags sogs TD. lha'i sngags sogs LZ. sngags dang len ND. 1. To say tell express. 2. To murmur. 3. To answer, reply (Ja) CD. To recite, repeat DK. To say, pronounce a phrase again and again DS. 1. To pronounce again and again. 2. To say, speak TC.Although many have bzlas bya'i sngags kyis this spelling is not correct, but bzlas bya does occur in the sense 'to think, ponder, know' LZ. (Beyer 1992: 77) gives the variation between 'do and zlo as evidence of the sound change zl lzld'd but he likely relies too heavily on CD. Also compare zlos. zlo2 zlo DS. zlos DS. zlo DS.zlos DS.DS. DS. To perform in a dance DS. zlog zlog LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bzlog LZ, TC. zlogs CD. bzlogs ND, DK, DS. bzlog LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.zlog LZ, TC. zlogs ND, DK, DS.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).ldog CD.gnod 'tshe sogs LZ. phar la ND. 1. To cause to return, to drive back, repulse, expel, send back. 2. To send to fetch something. 3. To cause to turn, to divert (e.g. the mind, attention) CD. To turn out, to return, to get rid of DK. To move back, return DS. To stop, make to turn outside, drive away TC. zlos zlo LZ. zlos CD, DK, DS, TC. bzlos LZ, DK. zlos [DS], TC. bzlo LZ, DK. zlos [DS], TC.zlos LZ, DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.gtam sogs LZ. To repeat a charm, spell CD. To repeat, to do the same thing again and again DK. To repeat DS. 1. To arise, spread, emanate. 2. To repeat TC. Compare zlo. gzags gzags TC. gzags TC. gzags TC.gzogs TC.TC. TC. To spill, drip out from the force of moving to and fro TC. Compare 'tshag, 'dzag, zag. gzan gzan LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gzand LZ, DK. gzan [DS], TC. gzan LZ, DK, [DS], TC.gzan LZ. gzand DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.lus srog la LZ. 1. To devour, consume, pick out. 2. To worry CD. 1. To harm. 2. To be careful DK. For feeling, sensation in the mind not to come, arise DS. To harm, threaten TC.(Stein 1942: 205) compares gzan 'devour, feed' with za 'eat', bza / gza 'food, wife' za (Dunhuang) 'woman' and gza' (Gesar) 'planetary demon'. Compare za2. gzab gzab LZ, CD, DS, TC. bzab LZ. gzabs CD. 'dzab(s) CD. zab ND. gzob DK, (DS), TC. gzabs LZ, ND, TC. bzab DK. bzabs LZ,DS. gzab LZ, ND, (DS), TC. bzab LZ, DK, DS.gzob LZ. bzob LZ. gzobs CD, NDB, DS, TC. gzabs DK, NDA.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.chos spong sogs kyi las la (gzab) LZ. grib dang stabs sogs LZ. mgron la ND. To use care, diligence, beware (gzab)CD. To strive, endeavor, to be studious, to give diligence (Sch.) ('dzab[s])CD. To put up one's best, to do carefully DK. To concentrate, be careful, wary DS. To do very well (gzab)TC. To be careful with the mind focused (gzob) TC. gza' gza' DS. gzas DS. gza' DS.- DS.DS.DS. To start, begin, prepare DS. Compare gzas. gzar gzar LZ, TC. 'dzar CD, DS. bzard LZ. bzar CD, DS. gzar TC. gzar LZ, CD, DS, TC.gzard LZ. gzer DS. gzar TC.DS, TC. DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'dzar NWH.bla gos sogs phrag par LZ. To suspend, to hang up, to fling across or over one's shoulder CD. To make hang down DS. To hang over, cover TC. gzas gzas LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gzas LZ, DK, [DS], TC. gzas LZ, DK, [DS], TC.gzas LZ, DK, TC.TC.DS.TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).dbyug pa sogs LZ. (used with terminative case of the infinitive) 1. To set about, to be on the point, to prepare for. 2. To brandish CD. To raise something for hitting, to prepare, to give DK. To aim for a goal DS. To start, begin, prepare TC. Compare gza'. gzigs1 gzigs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gzigs LZ, DK, [DS], TC. gzigs LZ, DK, [DS], TC.gzigs LZ, DK, TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Obl.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159). spyan sogs kyis LZ. 1. (honorific)To look, see to, regard. 2. To give, grant. 3. To accept, take CD. To look, look after DK. (honorific) To look DS. 1. (honorific) To look. 2. (honorific) To examine, understand TC. To look at (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159). gzigs2 gzigs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gzigs LZ, DK, [DS], TC. gzigs LZ, DK, [DS], TC.gzigs LZ, DK, TC.TC. (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.](Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159), (Hackett 2003).spyan sogs kyis LZ. 1. (honorific) To see CD. To see DK. (honorific) To see DS. 1. (honorific) To see. 2. (honorific) To examine, understand TC. To see (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159). gzigs3 gzigs CD, TC. gzigs TC. gzigs TC.gzigs TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159), (Hoshi 2003).TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159). (honorific) To buy CD. (honorific) To buy TC. gzing gzing DK, TC. bzings DK. gzings TC. bzing DK. gzing TC.gzings DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC. To cause to bristle; to cause to be disorderly DK. To become disorderly, messed up (of hair) TC. (Ja) gives 'dzings, gzing (used with skra, rarely with mgo) 'bristly, rugged, shaggy', compare also zing, gzeng, and 'dzing. gzim gzims LZ, TC. gzim CD, ND, DK, DS, (TC). gzims LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gzims LZ, DK, TC. gzim ND, DS, (TC).gzims LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. - ND.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).ND.DS. TC.mal du LZ, ND. To sleep, to fall asleep CD. To sleep DK. (honorific) To fall asleep, lie down on a bed DS. (honorific) To lie down TC. gzir gzir LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gzird LZ. bzird DK. gzir [DS]. TC. gzir LZ, [DS], TC. bzir TC.gzir LZ, TC. gzird DK.TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).drag sngags sogs kyis LZ. To suffer, be afflicted, harassed, troubled CD. To harm, hit, aim for hitting DK. To suffer, endure DS. 1. To suffer, be troubled, afflicted. 2. To ready, aim to strike TC. Compare 'dzir. gzung gzung LZ. bzung LZ. gzung LZ.zungs LZ.bdag po sogs su LZ. Compare of 'dzin, and the note thereto. gzurgzur LZ, (DS). give as the present of 'dzur gzeng gzeng DS. gzing (DS). gzengs TC. gzengs DS, TC. gzeng DS. gzing (DS). gzengs TC.- DS.gzengs TC.DS.TC.DS, TC. To horripilate DS. To stretch, lift up TC. Compare 'dzing, zing, and gzing. gzed bzed LZ, ND. gzed CD, DS, TC. bzed LZ, ND. gzed [DS], TC. bzed LZ. gzed [DS], TC.bzed LZ. gzed TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.snod sogs LZ. 1. To carry. 2. To spit on a stake or spike CD. To hang down a khug so on another extremity, which was hung on an upper extremity DS. To carry TC. Compare 'dzed. gzer gzer CD, DS. gzer [DS]. gzer [DS].DS.zer 'nail' NWH. 1. To bore into, drive, knock in. 2. To feel pain, to be suffering CD. To begin feeling pain DS. gzo gzo CD, DS, TC. gzos DS. gzo TC. gzo DS, TC.gzos DS. gzo TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To remember, keep in mind, to show gratitude CD. To repay kindness, be good to, show gratitude DS. To repay a kindness, show gratitude, care for TC. Compare gso. gzon gson CD, TC. gzon ND, TC. gsan (NDB), DK. gsand ND. bsand DK. gzan TC. gsan TC. gsan ND, TC. bsan DK. gzan TC.gsond ND. gsand DK. gzon TC. gson TC. TC.CD, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003)chud ND. To wake, to rouse from sleep by shaking, to urge on, to hurry on by force CD. To waste, to make no use of, to use without a good purpose DK. To be wasteful (gzon) TC. To be broken, ruined, useless (gson) TC. gzon2gzon ND. gives as the present to gsan. gzon3gzon ND. gives as the present to 'dza' gzobgzob DK, (DS), TC. give as the present of gzab. bzabbzab LZ. gives as the present of bzi bzi LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bzi LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC. bzi LZ, DK, [DS], TC.bzi LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.chang sogs kyis LZ. To become drunken, to get intoxicated, stupefied CD. To become intoxicated, to get drunk DK. To be intoxicated, drunk DS, TC. bzedbzed LZ, ND. give as the present of gzed bzo bzo LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. bzos LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. bzo LZ, ND, DS, TC.bzos LZ, ND, DS, TC. - ND.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). ND.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gos dang rdza bum sogs LZ. bzo pos (bzos) ND. bzo bos (-) ND. To make, manufacture CD. To construct, build DS. 1. To build, give form to. 2. To become cheap, defective TC. bzod bzod LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bzod LZ, DK, [DS], TC. bzod LZ, DK, [DS], TC.bzod LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dka' spyad sogs LZ. To suffer, bear, endure, resist. 2. To forgive, pardon CD. To bear, tolerate, endure DK. To be able to endure (e.g. hell) DS. To bear, endure, tolerate, be able TC. bzor bzor ND. bzor [ND].
'a'ab 'ab DS. 'ab [DS]. 'ab [DS].DS. To bark (of dogs) DS. 'ub 'ub CD, DK, DS. 'ubs DK. 'ub DK.'ubs DK. To collect, sweep together, gather together in ones hands (Ja) CD. To be collected, to close, shut, to collect DK. (archaic) To come together, gather, collect DS. 'ur 'ur CD, DK. 'urd DK. 'ur DK.'urd DK.(Hoshi 2003). To be noisy, chattering CD. To make humming sounds, to make noise, to become noisy DK. 'ong1 'ong CD, DK, DS, TC. 'ongs CD, DK, DS, TC. 'ong [CD], DK, DS, TC.shog CD. 'ongs DK. - DS, TC. [CD], (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 276).DS, TC. DS, TC. [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 276).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To come. 2. To be suitable, practicable, to do. CD. To come, become, be possible DK. 1. To come. 2. To arise, become, obtain DS. To come TC. Compare yong which is an obvious alternate form of the same. 'ong2 'ong CD, TC. (in Central) A future auxiliary CD. 1. A future auxiliary. 2. To be suitable, acceptable TC. 'on 'on DK, DS, TC. 'ond DK. 'on DS, TC. 'on DK, DS, TC.'ond DK. - TC. 'on TC (see note).TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To become deaf DK. For the power of hearing sound to deteriorate DS. 1. To be unable to hear sound. 2. (archaic) To take, to show TC.TC gives under 'on cig (archaic) 1. Come, arrive! 2. Give, donate! 3. Carry, take off! 'or 'or CD, TC. 'or TC. 'or TC.'or TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To remove from one place to another, transfer CD. 1. To convey, carry, draw, fetch. 2. (archaic) i. To be discarded, cast off. ii. To protect, shelter TC. 'os1 'os DK, DS. 'os DK, [DS]. 'os DK, [DS].'os DK.(Hoshi 2003).DS.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To become suitable, to be fitted, eligible DK. (suffixed to a noun) To conform, comply with DS. 'os2 'os CD, DS, [TC]. (with terminative of infinitive, in later times and vulgar with the root) To be worthy, suitable CD. (suffixed to a verb) To be suitable, allowed DS. To be acceptable, suitable, allowed [TC].
yayan yan TC. yan TC. yan TC.- TC.TC.TC. 1. To wander, roam. 2. To be lost. 3. To not appear TC. yar yar CD, DK, TC. yard DK. yar TC. yar DK, TC.yard DK. - TC.TC. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. (in colloquial) To disperse, scatter, send adrift. 2. To ramble, to be scattered (Sch.) CD. To wander, roam about, to be dispersed, scattered DK. To scatter, go off elsewhere TC. yal yal LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. yald LZ, DK. yal [DS], TC. yal LZ, DK, [DS], TC.yald LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'ja' sogs LZ. (in Old Tibetan contracts) To forfeit, be confiscated (Takeuchi 1995: 185). To shrink, subside, cause diminution, to be displaced CD. To diminish, vanish, disappear DK. 1. To disappear, to become nothing. 2. To suffer a lose DS. To vanish, disappear, become invisible TC. yas yas DK, DS. yas DK, [DS]. yas [DK], DS.yas [DK]DS. To be beyond limitations, to be endless DK. To be separate, to not be there DS. yin1 yin [CD], DK. yind DK. yin DK.yind DK.[Abs. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To be (equative, as opposed to existential yod) NWH. yin2 yin CD, DS. for the modern central dialect use as an auxiliary and its egophoric function see (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 75) yib yib LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. yibs LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. yib LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.yib LZ. yibs ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.gol sa sogs su LZ. phag tu ND. To hide oneself CD. To hide, conceal oneself DK. To hide DS,TC. yibs yibs ND. yibs ND. yibs ND.- ND. (An involuntary equivalent of the previous verb, or a mistake) NWH. yum yum CD, DK. yums DK. yum DK.yums DK. (only in West) To strew (salt on food, ashes on the snow) (Ja) CD. To strew, scatter, sprinkle in drops DK. yur1 yur CD, DK, DS. yurd DK, [DS] yur DK, [DS].yurd DK.DS. To irrigate, to arrange irrigation canals CD. To canalize, channel DK. To clear away plants and grass in a field DS. yur2 yur DK, DS, TC. g.yur (TC). yurd DK, [DS], TC yur DK, [DS], TC.yurd DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. To become sleepy, be sleepy DK. To fall asleep DS, TC. Compare g.yur. yengyeng (CD), ND, DK, TC. give as an alternate present of g.yeng. yer1 yer CD, DS, TC. yer [DS], TC. yer [DS], TC.yer TC.TC.DS. TC. To sprinkle CD. To rise up DS. To raise up TC. yer2 yer CD, DK, DS, TC. yerd DK. yer [DS], TC. yer DK, [DS], TC.yerd DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. To not sleep CD. To be cleared, to be without, to be sleepless DK. 1. To be clear, to be cleaned of. 2. To fear, be afraid TC. Compare g.yer. yo yo DK, DS, TC. yo DK, [DS], TC. yo DK, DS, TC.yo DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. yon po 'crooked' NWH. To become crooked CD. To be crooked, to veer to one side DS. To fall to one side TC. Compare yor and g.yor. yog yog TC. yogs TC. yog TC.yogs TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.yog ga 'a twig used for spinning thread' NWH. To spin TC. yong1 yong CD, DK, DS, TC. yong DK, [DS], TC. yong DK, [DS], TC.yong DK. - TC.TC. (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 276), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 276). 1. To be patient, to be capable for, equal to. 2. (= 'ong) To come, arrive CD. To come, become, get DK. (dialect for 'ong and 'ongs) To come, arrive DS. 1. To arrive. 2. To arise, occur TC. yong2 yong DS. 1. To occur, be able. 2. For the correct amount to be reached, to be enough, sufficient DS. yod yod DK. yod DK. yod DK.yod DK. yod CD, DS.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] 'be' (Hackett 2003). [Obl. Abs.] 'have' (Hackett 2003). 1. To exist. 2. To have NWH. For the function of this verb in Lhasa dialect, and its egophoric use see (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 90). yob yob DK. yabs DK. yab DK.yobs DK. To gather, heap up DK. yom yom CD, DK. yoms DK. yom DK.yoms DK. To swing, totter, tremble, be unsteady, swinging CD. To be unsteady, to move unsteadily DK. yor yor TC. yor TC. yor TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC. To lean to one side, to be crooked TC. Compare yo and g.yor. yol yol CD, DK, DS, TC. yold DK. yol [DS], TC. yol DK, [DS], TC.yold [DK], - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To have past, be done CD. To pass, cross limitations DK. To have finished DS. To pass TC. Compare g.yol. g.yan g.yan DK. g.yand DK. g.yan DK.g.yand DK. gyan 'itch' NWH. To itch, to suffer from itchy diseases DK. g.yabg.yab CD. gives as a present of g.yob. g.ya' g.ya' CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. g.ya' [ND], DK, [DS], TC. g.ya' DK, [DS], TC.g.ya' DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. To shudder, itch CD. To itch, to suffer from itchy diseases DK. 1. To become the flavor and color of rust. 2. To feel the experience of itching. 3. To horripilate DS. 1. To itch. 2. To shake, shudder TC. Compare the nouns g.yan 'itch' and g.ya' 'rust'. g.yarg.yarCD, DK, TC. give as the present of g.yor. g.yal g.yal [CD], DK, TC. g.yald DK. g.yal TC. g.yal DK, TC.g.yald DK. - TC.TC. TC. To yawn, to gape [CD], DK. To yawn TC. Compare the verb glal 'to yawn'. g.yas g.yas LZ. g.yas LZ, TC, (ngag dbang tshul khrims 1997). g.yas LZ.g.yas LZ.nga rgyal sogs kyis gzhan la LZ. (archaic) To borrow, lend TC. Compare with this verb g.yor 'borrow, lend'. g.yig g.yigs CD, DS. g.yig DK, TC. g.yigs DK, [DS], TC. g.yig DK, TC. g.yigs [DS].g.yigs DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. To belch, eructate CD. To hiccup DK. For the throat to become numb by eating the gyer-ma plant DS. To eructate, hiccup TC. possibly onomatopoeic. g.yug g.yug LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. g.yugs LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. g.yug LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.yugs LZ. g.yugs ND, DK, DS, TC. - ND.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). ND.DS, TC.lag pa sogs LZ. phar la ND. To flourish, brandish the hand (alt. for dbyug) CD. To swing hands DK. 1. To throw, hurl away. 2. To get rid of, throw out DS. Compare dbyug. g.yung g.yung CD, DK, [TC]. g.yungs DK. g.yung DK.g.yungs DK. To outcaste, to cast out CD. To be acquainted with, be stable, to be firm DK. To tame, domesticate, soften TC. g.yur g.yur DS. g.yur [DS]. g.yur [DS].DS. To fall asleep DS. Compare yur2 g.yul g.yul CD. To fight, make battle CD. others seem to regard this as a noun. g.yeng1 g.yeng LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. yeng (CD), ND,DK, TC. g.yengs LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. yengs DK, TC. g.yeng LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. yeng DK, TC.yengs LZ, ND, DK. g.yengs DK, DS. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gtol med par phyogs su LZ. sems ND. 1. To swing, waft, flow, agitate, move a thing softly to and fro. 2. To agitate the mind, to turn off the attention to disturb the mind CD. To cause to be idle, to distract (g.yeng) DK. To be idle, to distract one's mind from, to loose one's attention (yeng) DK. 1. To be distracted. 2. To lay out, spread (a cover &c.) DS. To be wild, dispersed (g.yeng) TC. For thoughts to not stay, but move elsewhere (yeng) TC. g.yeng2 g.yeng DS. g.yengs DS. g.yeng DS.- DS.DS.DS. To float on water DS. g.yem g.yem DK, DS, TC. g.yems DK. g.yem DK.g.yems DK.DS, TC. To involve in adultery, to have voluntary sexual intercourse with a married person DK. To conduct without manner DS. To have inappropriate conduct TC. g.yer g.yer DK. g.yerd DK. g.yer DK.g.yerd DK.(Hoshi 2003). 1. To be active, to become conscious, to be awake. 2. To surprise DK. To become clear (of the sky) (Hoshi 2003). Compare yer. g.yel g.yel LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. g.yeld LZ, DK, DK. g.yel [DS], TC. g.yel LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.g.yel LZ. g.yeld ND, DK. - ND, TC.ND, TC.ND.DS.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dgos don sogs la LZ. g.yeng bas (g.yeld) ND. le los (-) ND. To be idle, lazy, slothful CD. To forget, be idle, be lazy DK. 1. To break a promise. 2. To open the mouth of a woolen skirt. 3. To be distracted, lazy DS. 1. To wander, move about. 2. To forget. 3. To be apart from, separate from TC. g.yo1 g.yo LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. g.yos LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. g.yo LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.g.yo LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).g.yo2(Duff).bza' ba'i zas dang sa sogs LZ. zas dang 'gul ba'i ND. 1. To move, remove CD. 1. To knead, make paste, boil, cook. 2. To change, move DK. To knead mud, boil food DS. 1. To knead, stir, cook. 2. To jostle, shake TC. g.yo2 g.yo CD, ND, DS, TC. g.yos CD, ND, DS, TC. g.yo ND, DS, TC.- ND, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).g.yo1(Duff).'gul lam zas ND. To wave, waver, be unsteady CD. To move, shift DS. To change, shift, move TC. g.yog g.yog LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. g.yogs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. g.yog LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.g.yogs LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. - ND.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). ND.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).na bza' sogs kyis LZ. pags pas ND. To cover, strew over, upon CD. To cover, put on someone, to serve to put on, to serve DK. To cover DS. To cover, clothe, encase TC. g.yob g.yob KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. yob CD. g.yab CD. g.yabs KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. g.yab TD. g.yobs CD. g.yab KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TCg.yobs KYN, ND, DK, DS, TC. yobs TD, LZ.KYN, TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.dar dkar sogs skyis TD. mda' dar sogs LZ. g.yab mo ND. To move about, to swing, flutter (g.yob) CD. To signal, to beckon (g.yab) CD.To wave hands, to wave, to give signal with a hand DK. 1. To swing, flap (a hand, a fan &c.). 2. (colloquial) To couple, have sexual intercourse DS. 1. To make a sign by bending the hand. 2. To draw together in one place TC. g.yor1 g.yor LZ, ND, DS. g.yar CD, DK, TC. g.yard LZ, ND, DK. g.yar DS, TC. g.yar LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.g.yord LZ, ND, DK. g.yor DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Obl. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159).gzhan gyi lag sogs nas LZ. yo byad ND. To borrow, hire CD. To borrow, lend, hire, give or take loans DK. 1. To use a thing belonging to someone else. 2. To have someone use some thing belonging to oneself DS. To borrow, loan TC. g.yor2 g.yor DK, TC. g.yord DK. g.yor TC. g.yor DK, TC. g.yord DK. g.yor TC.TC.TC. To make something crooked DK. To cover, obscure, block TC. Compare yor. g.yol g.yol CD, DK, TC. yol (CD in Central). g.yold DK. g.yol TC. g.yol DK, TC.g.yold DK. g.yol TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC. To evade, shun, not go to a place (Ja) [CD]. To avoid, to go aside DK. To go around, to avoid TC. Compare yol.
rarag rag CD, DK, DS, TC. rag DK, [DS], TC. rag DK, [DS], TC.rag DK. - TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 248), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Obl. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 248). (in West for reg) To feel, perceive CD. To get, obtain DK. To depend, rely on DS. To find, obtain TC. Compare reg. rang rang LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. rangs DS. rangs LZ, CD, DK, [DS], TC. rang [DS] rang LZ, DK, [DS], TC. rangs [DS].rangs LZ, DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dge ba sogs la yid LZ. To be delighted, cheerful, joyous CD. To appreciate, to be delightful, to be cheerful, to rejoice DK. To be please, happy DS. To appreciate, prefer, be happy TC. ran ran CD, DK, [DS], [TC]. rand DK. ran [DS]. ran DK, [DS].rand DK.(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265), (Hoshi 2003).DS. [Abs.](Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265). To be the time or right moment for anything, to be proper, just right, even CD. To be suitable, to suit DK. 1. To conform, comply, to be fitting, appropriate. 2. For a fixed, determined time to arrive DS. 1. [To be] appropriate, fitting, conforming. 2. To arrive at a time TC. ral ral CD, DK, DS, TC. rald DK. ral [DS], TC. ral DK, [DS], TC.rald DK. - TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228).'dral (Sprigg 1970: 16), (Chang 1971: i.4). dbrol(Gyurme 1992: 261), (Duff). To tear, to be torn, rent, cleft CD. To be torn, be scattered DK. To destroy, break, scatter DS. To destroy, break, split apart TC. Compare hral. ri ri CD, DK, DS, TC. ri DK, [DS], TC. ri DK, [DS], TC.ri DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. To estimate the worth of something CD. To value, to be worthy of DK. To market at a price DS. To be an appropriate price TC. Compare the adjective rin 'price' and the verb brin 'to market' NWH. rig rig CD, DK, DS, TC. rig DK, [DS], TC. rig DK, [DS], TC.rig DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Abs. Obl.] CD, (Hackett 2003). 1. (with terminative of the substantive) To know, understand. 2. (with terminative of the infinitive) To know that, to perceive CD. To understand, to comprehend, to apprehend DK. To see with the eyes DS. 1. To see. 2. To know, to understand TC. rigs rigs CD, DK, TC. rigs DK, TC. rigs DK, TC.rigs DK. - TC. rigs DS.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To have the way, manner, custom, quality of. 2. To be necessary, proper, suitable, right, suited to the purpose CD. To be allowable, permissible, suitable DK. To be suitable, proper, allowed DS. To be agreeable, suitable, alright TC. rings rings CD, DK. rings DK. rings DK.rings DK. To make haste CD. To be in a hurry, to hasten DK. rid rid DK. rid DK. rid DK.rid DK. To grow weak, to deteriorate CD. ril ril DK, TC. rild DK. ril TC. ril DK, TC.rild DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC. To fall, to tumble down DK. To roll down, fall down TC. rug rug CD, DK, TC. rugs DK. rug TC. rug DK, TC.rugs DK. rug TC.TC. TC. To bend CD. To get together, assemble, bend down DK. To collect together things scattered apart TC. rung1 rung CD, DK, TC. rung DK, TC. rung DK, TC.rung DK. - TC.TC. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be fit, capable for, suitable, right CD. To be permissible, to be serviceable, to be eligible DK. To be alright, permissible TC. rung2rung DS. (suffixed to present of a verb) To be suitable, permissible DS. rud rud DS, TC. rud TC. rud TC.- TC.TC.TC. (archaic) To fall, drop down, crumble, pulverize DS. To crumble, fall down TC. rub1 rub LZ, DK, DS, TC. rubs LZ, DK, TC. rub [DS]. rub LZ, DK, [DS], TC.rubs LZ, DK. - TC. TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.man pos LZ. To join, to get together, to collect, to unite, to group DK. 1. To become dark, obscure (of clouds, gloom &c.). 2. To close, tighten the interstices within cracks, splits. 3. To gather many things to one place DS. To close TC. Compare 'drub. rub2 rub TC. rubs TC. rub TC.rubs TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC. To help through cooperation TC. rum rum DS, TC. rum [DS], TC. rum [DS], TC.rum TC.TC.DS, TC. To heat another by covering with ones own body DS. To huddle up for bodily heat TC (Duff). rul rul CD, DK, DS, TC. ruld DK. rul [DS], TC. rul DK, [DS], TC.ruld DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. srul (Gyurme 1992: 261). 'brul (Gyurme 1992: 261). 1. To go bad, to get rotten, to turn rancid. 2. To thaw (of snow) CD. To get rotten, to go bad DK. For the bacteria inside the body of creatures to deteriorate the body DS. To rot, putrefy TC. Compare 'drul. re re LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. res LZ, (DK). re DK, [ND], [DS], TC. re LZ, DK, [DS], TC.res LZ, (DK). re DK. - TC.TC.DS.TC.'dod pa sogs LZ. To hope CD. To expect, to have a hope DK. To want a matter to happen DS. To want, desire TC. reg reg LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. reg LZ, [ND], DK, [DS], TC. reg LZ, DK, [DS], TC.reg LZ, DK, TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).reg yul sogs la LZ. 1. To attain to, to reach. 2. To touch, to come in contact with. 3. (especially in West) To feel, to perceive CD. To touch, to reach, to attain to DK. To touch, contact directly DS. To touch, contact, attain to, reach TC. Compare rag. regs regs [CD], DK. regs DK. regs DK.regs DK. To cut, to shave DK. Compare 'dreg. reng rengs ND. reng DK, TC. rengs [ND], DK, TC. reng DK, TC.rengs DK. - TC.TC. TC. To become rigid, stiff, to become hard, become untamable DK. 1. To become solid, stiff. 2. To freeze solid TC. red1 red CD, DS, TC. red [DS], TC. red [DS], TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To make ready, accomplish CD. To be DK. For bacteria in a flesh wound to become worse DS. 1. To become worse because of other conditions. 2. To be all right, to be ready. 3. To whither, dry out TC. red2 red DK. red DK. red DK.red DK. red CD, DS, [TC]. To be DK, TC. For a description of the use of this verb in modern central dialect see (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 64). rem rem CD, DK, DS, TC. rems DK, TC. rem [DS]. rem DK, [DS], TC.rems DK, TC.TC.DS. TC. To be strong, vigorous, durable, powerful (of men and animals) CD. To concentrate, to try hard DK. A word which exhorts to do an action rapidly DS. 1. To concentrate on something. 2. To try, exert TC. rol rold LZ. rol CD, DK, DS, TC. rold LZ, DK. rol [DS], TC. rol LZ, DK, [DS], TC.rold LZ, DK. rol TC.TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).tshogs rdzas sogs la LZ. 1. To amuse, divert one's self, to play and laugh. 2. To take, taste, eat, drink. 3. To practice sorcery, to cause to appear in magical form CD. To enjoy with food, or dance, to dance DK. 1. To enjoy, be happy. 2. To magically manifest, hide, disguise. 3. To show ones feelings in dance DS. 1. To enjoy. 2. To eat. 3. To play. 4. To magically manifest TC. rlag rlag CD. To become bodiless CD. rlag2rlag DS. give as the present to rlog rlan rlan LZ. brland LZ. brlan LZ.rland LZ.dri bzang gi chu sogs kyis LZ. To be moist, wet (?) NWH. Related to the noun rlan pa 'liquid.' rlab rlab CD. rlabs CD. To remove, to clear away (Sch.) CD. rlam rlam DK. brlams DK. brlam DK.rlams DK. To pollute, influence DK. Probably not to be divided from rlom. rling rling DK, DS. brlings DK, DS. brling DK, DS.rlings DK, DS. To be steady, to make firm, to deepen CD. (archaic) To make firm, stable, secure DS. rlug rlug ND, DK, TC. rlugs CD. brlugs ND, DK, TC. brlug ND, DK, TC.- ND. rlugs DS, TC.ND.TC. TC.blo ND. (in Tsang) To cast, overthrow, pull down CD. To make closer in friendly relations, to make friends DK. 1. To trust. 2. To destroy. 3. To expose sins, faults TC. rlug rlug DK, (DS), TC. lug DS. rlugs [CD], DK, DS, TC. rlug DK, (DS), TC. lug DS.rlugs DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. To purge (Cs.) CD. 1. For food to come out through one's anus without digesting. 2. To cause an abortion DK. To dangle downward, to hand down DS. 1. To purge, clean out (the bowels). 2. To come out, leak, drip TC. Compare lug. rlo rlo DS, TC. rlos DS. rlo DS.- DS.DS.DS. (archaic) To hand down, dangle down DS, TC. rlog rlog KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, (DS), TC. rlag DS. brlags KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS. brlag TC. brlag KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.rlogs KYN, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rlog LZ, CD. lhogs (DS).KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.dgra dang gnod byed sogs LZ. rdul du ND. 1. To destroy, break down, turn up. 2. (figurative) To prevent, to infatuate CD. To destroy, demolish, lose, crush, grind, harm DK. 1. To make (valuables &c.) useless. 2. To collect, gather DS. 1. To collect and to reduce to dust, annihilate. 2. To ruin with sin TC. rlong rlong DS. brlongs DS. brlong DS.rlongs DS.DS.DS. To introductorily explain the meaning of (study, compassion, meditation) DS. rlon rlon CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brland ND, DK. brlan CD, DS, TC. brlan CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.rlon ND, DS, TC. rlond DK.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rlon 'moisture' (Beyer 1992: 111).chus ND. To make wet, to moisten CD. To make wet, cause to become wet, to damp DK. To make wet with water DS. To wet TC. rlob rlob KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. rlobs CD. brlabs KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brlab KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.rlobs KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).byin gyis TD, LZ, ND. (in the phrase byin gyis rlob) To bless CD. To bless, control, influence DK. (a widespread suffix which when connected to the phrase "byin gyis means) To change into something else &c. DS. To do, to change TC. rlom1 rlom LZ, NDB, DS, TC. rlam NDA. brlams LZ, ND, DS, TC. brlam LZ, ND, DS, TC.rloms LZ, ND, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.lus khog tu LZ. gdon gyis ND. For the mind to go evil because of outside circumstances, for a sense faculty to become dull DS. To press or move to evil TC. rlom2 rlom CD, TC. brlams CD, TC. brlam TC.- TC,TC. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. (used with terminative) To be conceited, to be proud of, to glory in, to boast. 2. To love, to adhere to, to be attached to. 4. To covet CD. To be influenced, corrupted, to hold a perception which exists to not exist. 2. To be proud, covetous TC. rlom3 rlom DK, DS. rloms DK. rlom [DS]. rlom DK, [DS].rloms DK.DS. To feel proud, to think one's self superior, to feel self-satisfied DK. 1. To be arrogant. 2. To believe DS. brlag brlag CD, TC. brlags TC. brlag TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To wash CD. To loose, discard, to clean away, clear away TC. probably not to be separated from rlog.
lalags lags CD, DK, [TC]. lags DK. lags DK.lags DK.lags DS.[Abs. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). (honorific) To be, become CD. To be DK, DS. (honorific) To be TC. lang1 lang CD, DK, DS, TC. long (CD), (DK). langs CD, DK, DS, TC. lang DK, DS, TC. long CD.longs CD, DK, DS, TC.CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Abl.] (Hackett 2003).slong (Gyurme 1992: 260), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff). To rise, to get up CD. To get up, stand up DK. 1. To get up. 2. To arise, be born. DS. To get up, stand up, rise TC. lang2 lang DS,TC. langs DS,TC. lang DS,TC.longs DS. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC. To dawn, for day to break DS. To dawn, for day to break TC. lang3 lang CD, TC. longs CD, TC. lang TC.- TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).slong (Duff). To come up to, to arrive at, to be equal, to reach CD. To be finished, complete TC. lad lad DS, TC. lad [DS] TC. lad [DS], TC.- TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). slod (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff). To become bad from good DS. To deteriorate, become weak TC. lan lan DS. lon (DS). lan [DS]. lon [(DS)]. lan [DS]. lon [(DS)].DS. (for an accident, misfortune) To happen DS. lab lab LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. labs LZ, (DK). lab DK, [DS], TC. lab LZ, DK, [DS], TC.lobs LZ. lob DK, TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Obl. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210).skad gtam sogs LZ. (colloquial) To speak, talk, tell CD. To speak, say, tell DK. To say what one likes DS. To speak, say, tell TC. lam lam DK. lams DK. lam DK.lams DK. To be willing to work DK. las las DK, DS, TC. las DK, [DS], TC. las DK, [DS], TC.las DK. los TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To work. 2. To be left. 3. To depend upon DK. (in some dialects) To do work DS. To do TC. las2las CD. gives as a central dialect variant of lus. lu lu CD, DK, DS, TC. lu DK, TC. lus DS. lu DK, DS, TC.lu DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. lud pa 'phlegm'NWH. To throw up phlegm, to clear the throat CD. To cough, clear ones throat by coughing DK. The circumstance which occurs from feeling of pain in the throat DS. To bring forth phlegm TC. lug1 lug CD. lug 'sheep' (Beyer 1992: 112 n.11). To huddle heads together like timid sheep, to be sheepish in behavior (Ja) CD. lug2 lug LZ, TC. lugs LZ, TC. lug LZ, TC.lug LZ. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.thur du LZ. To collapse, dangle, hand down TC. lug(s) lugs DS. lug TC. lugs [DS], TC. lugs [DS]. lug TC.lugs TC.TC.DS, TC. To make an article from molten iron placed in a form DS. 1. To pour an impression, cast. 2. To put inside (of something) TC. Compare ldug, zlug2. lud lud DS, TC. lud [DS], TC. lud [DS]. TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. For a liquid (water &c.) to rise above the lip of a vessel and fall down DS. To rise and overflow TC (Duff). Compare ldud. lum lum DK. lum DK. lum DK.lum DK. To give arrival signals DK. lus lus CD,DK, DS, TC. las (CD in Central). lus DK, [DS], TC. lus DK, [DS], TC.lus DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be left, to remain behind CD. To be left, to depend on DK. 1. To be left over. 2. To remain after finishing DS. To not be finished, not end TC. legs legs ND. legs [ND]. Probably a verbal use of the adjective legs 'good' ND. len len KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. long (CD rare). lon (CD rare). blangs KYN, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. blongs (CD). longs (CD rare). blang KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.longs KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. lon CD(Cs.). blangs CD(Cs.). long CD. lend DK.KYN, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hackett 2003).lon1(Gyurme 1992: 261).sdom pa sogs LZ. dang du ND. 1. To receive, get, obtain. 2. To accept what is offered or given CD. 1. To receive, get. 2. To practice. 3. To do, take voluntarily DK. 1. To carry, take in hand. 2. To be of certain mind, be in the mind. 3. To be able, to have power. 4. To draw out, take out. 5. To promise. 6. To sing the words to a song DS. 1. To fetch, pull, take out, draw together. 2. To sing a song TC. lo1 loDK. lo DK. lo DK.lo DK.(Hoshi 2003).zlo [Hahn 1999: 124] 1. To remark disapprovingly. 2. To be eligible, serviceable DK. 1. To be suitable, allowed TC. lo2CD, DS, TC. Talk, report, rumor, saying CD. (archaic) An auxiliary which expresses dislike DS. A auxiliary marking quotation, but expressing displeasure TC. log log CD, DK, DS, TC. log DK, [DS], TC. log DK, [DS], TC.log DK. - TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239), (Hoshi 2003). (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).slog (Gyurme 1992: 260) 1. To return, to go back. 2. To come back, come again. 3. To turn around, to be turned upside down, to tumble down CD. 1. To return, to go back. 2. To be mistaken DK. (in some dialects) To fall down, collapse DS. 1. To come back. 2. To collapse, fall down TC.Compare ldog, zlog. long long CD, DK, DS, TC. long DK. longs DS, TC. long DK, DS, TC.long DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be blind CD. To be blind, become blind DK. To be the correct amount, to be just right (of a number, measure &c.) DS. To be blind, to be unable to see having lost the power of vision. 2. To be the correct amount, to be just right TC. Compare ldong. long2long(CD), (DK). give as a present of lang. lod lod ND. lod [ND]. A verbal use of lod po 'relaxed'? NWH. Compare blod and klod. lon1 lon CD, DK, DS, TC. lond DK. lon [DS], TC. lon DK, [DS], TC.lond DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).len (Gyurme 1992: 261). 1. To reach, arrive at. 2. To elapse, pass (in a general sense) CD. To receive, to get in hand, to reach DK. To arrive at a certain time DS. 1. To reach, arrive at, find. 2. To be the correct amount, to be just right (of a number). 3. To know, understand TC. Compare ldon. lon2 lon DS. lon [DS]. lon [DS].DS. To be able to take, seize, remove DS. Compare ldon. lob lob DS. lobs TC. lobs DS, TC. lob DS. lobs TC.- DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To know having studied. 2. To become accustomed, familiar DS. To know, become familiar with TC. Compare slob, ldob.
shashad shad CD, DK, DS, TC. gshad CD. gshod CD. shad DK, [DS]. bshad TC. shad DK, [DS]. bshad TC.shad DK. shod TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.shad 'a comb' NWH. To comb, curry (a horse) CD. To comb, brush, curry DK. To comb (hair, beard, &c.) DS. To comb TC. shan shan DS. shan [DS]. shan [DS].DS. To plate (articles) with flattened metal DS. shab shab TC. shabs TC. shab TC.shobs TC.TC.DS, TC. To draw, take out from within TC. shal shal CD, DK. shald DK. shal DK.shald DK. To harrow (Sch.) CD. To harrow DK. shig1 shigs LZ. shig DK. bshigs LZ, DK. bshig LZ, DK.shigs LZ, DK.khang pa sogs LZ. To loosen knots, to set free DK. Compare 'jig2. shig2 shig CD. To be able CD. shing shing DS. shing [DS]. shing [DS].DS.shing 'wood' (?) NWH. To stiffen, go stiff (of the body's limbs &c.) DS. shib shib CD, DK. shibs DK. shib DK.shibs DK. To whisper (Ja) CD. To whisper DK. (Ja) gives as an alternate of shub. shil shil CD, DK. shild DK. shil DK.shild DK. (West) To drip through (Ja) CD. To drip through DK. A verbal use of shil li 'the sound of rain' TC. shis shis LZ, DK, DS. shis LZ, DK, [DS]. shis LZ, DK, [DS].shis LZ, DK.DS.bkra rtags sogs LZ. To be virtuous, to be auspicious DK. For good results to arrive DS. shushu CD, D K. gives as the present of gshu. shugshug TC. gives as the present of gshug. shungshung ND. gives as the present of gshung shung shung CD. shungs CD. 1. To snore. 2. To hum, buzz (e.g. of a large beetle) (Ja) CD. shud1 bshud LZ, TC. shud CD, ND, DK, (TC). bshud LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. bshud LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. bshud LZ. shud ND, DK, TC.ND, TC.TC.lag pas 'gram pa sogs la LZ. phan tshun ND. 1. (Central) To rub (one thing against each other). 2. To steal silently away, to sneak off (Ja) CD. To rub, to apply friction to DK. 1. To grind. 2. To scrape, scrape off TC. Compare gshud. shud2 shud DS. shud [DS]. shud [DS].DS. To slide, slip DS. shub shub LZ, CD, DK, DS. shubs LZ, CD, DK. bshubs DS. shub LZ, DK. bshub DS.shub LZ. shubs CD, DK, DS.CD, DS.DS.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).ngag sgra LZ. To whisper, speak in a low voice (Ja) CD. To whisper DK. To speak softly DS. probably onomatopoeic . shum bshum LZ, TC. shum CD, ND, DK, DS. bshums LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. shums CD. bshum LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. shum CD.bshum LZ. shums CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. shum CD.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.gdung ba sogs kyis LZ. ngu 'am ND. To weep, shudder CD. To lament, shed tears DK. (honorific) To cry DS, TC. shul shul DK. bshuld DK. bshul DK.shuld DK shul 'trace, print', cf. also bshul 'road, path' NWH. To follow the track of, to track DK. shen shen (Taube 1978: 198). bshan (Taube 1978: 198). To butcher (Taube 1978: 198). sher bsherd LZ. sher CD, DK, TC. gsher ND, DS. bsherd LZ, ND, DK. bsher CD, DS, TC. bsher LZ, ND, DK, TC. gsher DS.bsher LZ. sherd ND, DK. gshor DS. sher TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.tshig gtam gros sogs LZ. phan tshun ND. To compare, to confront (Cs.) CD. To check, to count for checking DK. To think carefully, to examine again and again DS. 1. To discern true and false. 2. To research. 3. To mutually compare TC. shes shes LZ, DK, DS, TC. shes LZ, DK, [DS], TC. shes LZ, DK, [DS], TC.shes LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 191), (Hoshi 2003).DS.TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 191), (Hackett 2003).lugs gnyis kyi srol sogs LZ. To understand, know, comprehend DK. To be able to distinguish characteristics, to understand DS. To understand, know, comprehend TC. shog1 shog DS. shog [DS]. shog [DS].DS. To exhort to come hither DS. generally regarded as the imperative of 'ong but historically the imperative of gshegs. shog2 shog DS. (when suffixed to some verbs) To show, pray for that DS. generally regarded as the imperative of 'ong but historically the imperative of gshegs. shong shong CD, DK, DS, TC. shongs DK. shong [DS], TC. shong DK, [DS], TC.shongs DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. 1. (with terminative) To hold, contain, to have room in, on (Ja). 2. To comprehend, hold in the mind CD. To have room in, to have capacity of, to be able to contain DK. To be able to fit inside DS. To be in, fit in TC. shongshongCD, ND. give as the present of gshong. shodshod TC. gives as a present of 'chad shomshom LZ, CD, DS. give as the present of gshom. shol bshol LZ, ND, DS, TC. shol CD, DK. bshold LZ, ND, DK, DS. bshol CD, TC. bzhol (DS). bshol LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.bshold LZ, DS. shold ND, DK. - ND. bzhol (DS). shol TC.ND, DS, TC.ND.DS, TC.zla ba dang bya ba sogs LZ. bya ba sogs (shold) NDB. bya ba (shold) NDA, (-) ND. To wait, defer, delay, prolong, postpone CD. To postpone, to feel lazy DK. 1. To postpone, delay. 2. To descend from, dismount DS. 1. To delay, cancel. 2. To dismount TC. gshags gshags DS. gshags [DS]. gshags [DS].DS. 1. To tighten, become tight. 2. To influence, affect, and repeatedly return to the awareness. 3. To pummel, make fine through striking DS. gshang1gshang LZ, DK give as the present of gshong gshang2gshang DK. gives as the present of bshang gshar1 bshar LZ. gshar TC. bshard LZ. bshar TC. bshar LZ. gshar TC.bshar LZ. gshor TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.'bru sogs LZ. To go in stages TC. gshar2gshar CD, DS, TC. give as the present of gshor2 gshar3gshar DS. gives as the present of gshor3 and gshor4 gshal bshal LZ, CD, TC. gshol ND. gshal DK, DS. bshal LZ, DS, TC. bshald ND, DK. bshal LZ, ND, DK, TC. gshal DS.bshal LZ. shold ND. gshald DK. gshol DS. bshol TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.snon sogs chus LZ. chus ND. To wash, to wash out, wash off, to clean by washing, to rinse (Ja) CD. 1. To wash in water. 2. To drag, pull along DK. To purify (a smell &c.) using the power of water DS. 1. To wash. 2. To drag, pull TC. gshin gshin DK. bshind DK. bshin DK.gshind DK. To soften, to make soft, to cause to smooth down, to cause to become friendly, cause to be friendly DK. gshib gshib LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. gshibs LZ, TC. bshibs ND, DK, DS. gshib LZ, ND, TC. bshib DK, DS. gzhib (ND).shibs LZ. gshibs ND, DK, DS, TC. shibs (NDA).ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.gral sogs su LZ. gral sogs ND. To compare, to range (Sch.), to draw up in files (Ja) CD. To cause to associate closely, to make stay together, to cause to line up DK. To arrange to things in a line DS. 1. To group together, arrange tightly. 2. To accompany, bring together, to ally TC. gshu bshu LZ, ND, TC. shu CD, DK. gshu DS. bshus LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. shus CD. bshu LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bshus LZ, CD. shu CD, DS. shus ND, TC. CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).pags pa dang ma dpe las LZ. dpe dang pags pa ND. 1. To take off, pull off, peel, strip. 2. To copy CD. 1. To transcribe. 2. To peel DK. 1. To remove, tear off husk, skin. 2. To copy, transcribe a book DS. 1. To peel off, remove a skin, husk. 2. To copy, transcribe a book TC. gshug bshug LZ, CD. gshug DK. shug TC. bshugs LZ, DK, TC. bshug LZ, DK, TC.shugs LZ, TC. gshugs DK.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).zas gos sogs LZ. (archaic) To sell (Cs.) CD. To pass on, to pass round, to give by hand, to pass on something internally DK. To sell something one owns without earning any profit TC. gshung gshung LZ, CD, DK, (DS), TC. bshung CD, DS. shung ND. gshungs LZ. bshungs ND, DK, DS, TC. gshung LZ, (DS). bshung ND, DK, DS, TC.shungs LZ, ND, TC. gshungs DK. bshungs DS.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.sman pa'i phyir zur gyi LZ. gzhan la ND. (behind a person's back [Ja]) To rebuke, to blame, reproach (Cs.) (gshung) CD. (archaic) 1. To bring down, degrade, fall off, fall down. 2. To curse (bshung) CD. To backbite, to rebuke, curse in whisper DK. To bring down with words, insult, belittle DS. To insult, complain about secretly TC. gshud shud CD. gshud DS. bshud TC. bshud CD, DS, TC. bshud CD, TC. gshud DS. bshud DS. - TC.DS.TC.DS.TC. To get scratched, excoriated, galled (cf. shun) (Ja) CD. To injure the outer layer of skin through a scratch, scrape DS. To become swollen, numb from cold TC. Compare shud1. gshur bshur LZ, CD, TC. gshur ND, DK, DS. bshurd LZ, ND, DK. bshur DS, TC. bshur LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.shurd LZ, ND. gshurd DK. gshur DS. shur TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.me sogs la LZ. chod ma ND. To singe CD. To slightly burn new cloth in order to smooth down, clean DK. To make something thin DS. To burn the fluffy threads of a wool cloth in order to make it smooth TC. gshe gshe CD, DK, DS, TC. gshes CD, DK, DS. gshe TC. gshe DK, DS, TC.gshes DK, DS. gshe TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. To abuse, revile CD. To scold, to abuse, to blame with angry words DK. To threaten, intimidate DS. To speak harsh words which insult, intimidate TC. gshegs gshegs CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gshegs [ND], DK, [DS], TC. *gshags (Rona-Tas 1966: 95 #670). gshegs DK, [DS], TC.gshegs DK. - TC. sheg (Ja). shog (Ja).(Ja).TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). (honorific) 1. To go away, depart. 2. To come, return, come back. 3. To die CD. 1. To go, proceed. 2. To give up. 3. To know DK. 1. To go. 2. (honorific) To die DS. 1. To go, leave. 2. To pass TC.shog supplies the imperative of 'ong. gsher1 gsher LZ, DK, DS. gsherd LZ, DK. gsher [DS]. gsher LZ, DK, [DS].gsher LZ. gsherd DK.DS.char chu sogs kyi LZ. To get wet, to moisten DK. To become wet with water DS. gsher2 gsher CD. To ask for, beg for CD. gsher3gsher ND, DS. give as the present as sher gsher4gsherCD. gives as a present of gshor3 gsho gsho LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsho CD. gshos LZ, CD, DS. bshos ND, DK, TC. gsho LZ, DS. bsho ND, DK, TC.shos LZ, ND, TC. gshos DK. - DS.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003). DS.DS, TC.chu sogs LZ, ND. To pour CD. 1. To prepare food. 2. To spill water DK. 1. For the power of water to make a trace in the ground. 2. To flow, pour down DS. To pour out TC. gsho2gsho DK. gives as the present of bsho. gshog gshog LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. gshag DS. gsheg (TC). gshags LZ, CD, DS, (TC). bshags CD, TC. bshag DK. gshag LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gshog ND, (DS).gshog LZ, CD, DS. gshogs ND, DK, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).bzhag (Gyurme 1992: 261).brag dang shing sogs LZ. shing sogs ND. 1. To cleave, to break through. 2. To confess CD. To chop wood, to cut into halves, into pieces DK. 1. To shatter a round object into pieces. 2. To split into two or more fragments DS. To split into many pieces TC. gshong gshang LZ, DK. shong CD, ND. gshong DS, TC. gshangs LZ. bshang CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gshang LZ, [CD]. bshang CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.gshong LZ (see note). shongs CD, ND, TC. gshangs DK. gshongs DS.CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.rnga sbub sogs LZ. khung dang sbrubs ND. To empty, remove, carry, take away CD. To increase the inside capacity, to enlarge the inside capacity DK. To take something out from inside (a cover, sheath &c) DS. To dig out, clear away TC. "in the speech of Bonpos this is equal to shor LZ. gshom gshom KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, (DS), TC. shom LZ, CD, DS. bshams KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bshoms CD. shoms CD. bsham KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.shoms KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DS, TC. gshoms DK. bshom CD. shom CD.. KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).mchod pa sobs [sic] TD. mchod pa sogs LZ. mchod pa shom ra ND. To prepare, make ready, arrange, put in order CD. To arrange, to put in a line, to take off a sword from its case, to get ready DK. 1. To arrange objects well in a certain place. 2. To arrange, set forth DS. 1. To prepare, arrange, lay out. 2. To draw out, remove TC. gshor1 gshor LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gshord LZ. bshard DK. bshar CD. bshor DS, TC (see note). gshor LZ. bshar DK. bshor DS, TC.gshor LZ, DS, TC. gshord DK. DS, TC.DS, TC.ri dwags sogs LZ. To chase, run after CD. To hunt DK. To catch and kill game animals in order to take their flesh, skin &c. DS. To hunt TC.TC gives gshor in the verb tables, but bshor in the text. gshor2 gshor LZ, CD, DK. gshar CD, DS, TC. bshard LZ, DK bshar CD, DS, TC. bshar LZ, CD, DS. gshar TC. bshar DK, DS.gshor LZ, DS, TC. gshord DK.DS, TC. DS. TC. 'phrang dang rim par LZ. To move, go in a file, proceed in a procession CD. To line up while crossing a narrow passage DK. To go, follow one after another DS. To go in stages TC. gshor3 bshar LZ. gshor CD, ND, DK, TC. gshar DS. bshard LZ, ND, DK. bshar CD, DS, TC. bshar LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.bshar LZ. shord ND. gshor DS, TC. gshord DK. ND, DS, TC.DS. TC. 'bru sogs LZ. sko dang bre 'phung NDB. sgo dang bre 'phung NDA. To measure, weigh CD. To measure DK. To measure, weigh DS, TC. gshor4 gshord LZ. gshar DS. gshard LZ. bshar DS gshar LZ. bshar DS.gshor LZ, DS.TC.DS.dpe cha sogs blo la LZ. To say again and again DS. gsholgshol ND. gives as the present of gshal bshagsbshags LZ. gives as the present of 'chags. bshang gshang DK. bshangs TC. bshangs DK. bshang DK.gshangs DK. To discharge urine, excrement DK. (archaic) To defecate TC. bsha' bsha' LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bshas LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsha' LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.bshas LZ, DK. shos ND, DS. - ND. bshos TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).ND.DS, TC.lug sogs LZ. lug sogs (shos) ND. ra lug (-) ND. To slaughter, kill CD. To kill, to put to death, to slaughter DK. To kill farm animals for their flesh and skin DS. 1. To kill. 2. To divide, allot, apportion TC. bsharbshar LZ. gives as the present of gshor3 bshal bshal CD, TC. gshal DK. bshald DK. bshal TC. bshal DK, TC.gshald DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC. To suffer from diarrhea CD. To have dysentery DK. To purge (the bowels) TC. bshal2bshal LZ, CD, TC. gives as the present of gshal bshigbshig CD. gives as the present of 'jig2 bshigs bshigs DS. bshigs [DS]. bshigs [DS].DS. To churn milk into butter DS. bshib bshibs LZ. bshib CD. bshibs LZ, CD. bshibs LZ.bshibs LZ.sor mo sogs phan tshun LZ. To arrange evenly CD.CD suggests comparison with bzhib, perhaps not to be separated from gshib. bshubshu LZ, ND, TC. give as the present of gshu. bshugbshug LZ, CD. give as the present of gshug bshungbshung CD, DS. give as the present of gshung. bshud bshud CD. 1. To purify by fire (Sch.) CD. 2. To put into the scabbard, to sheath (Sch.) CD. bshud2bshud LZ, TC. give as the present of shud1 bshud3bshud TC. gives as the present of gshud. bshumbshum LZ, TC. give as the present of shum. bshurbshur LZ, CD, TC. give as the present of gshur. bshed bshed DS. bshed DS. bshed DS.DS. To temper having heated in a fire DS. bsherdbsherd LZ. gives as a present of sher bshes bshes LZ, CD. bshes LZ. bshes LZ.bshes LZ.grogs sogs dang LZ.To be in accord, harmony with, to be friendly to be acquainted with CD. bsho bsho CD, DS. 'tshos ND. gsho DK. bshos [TC]. bshos CD, ND, DK, DS. 'tshos ND. bsho DK, DS.'tshos ND. gshos DK. bshos DS.DS.pho mo ND. 1. To lie with, to have sexual intercourse. 2. To vomit CD. To make love DK. (archaic) To fornicate DS, TC. bsholbshol LZ, ND, DS, TC. give as the present of shol
sasangs1 sangs LZ, DS, TC. sangs LZ, [DS], TC. sangs LZ, [DS], TC. sangs LZ, DK. - TC. TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.sangs3(Gyurme 1992: 261)mun sgrib sogs LZ. To clear up darkness, gloom, sleep DS. To clean all smells by washing in water TC. sangs2 sangs DK, DS, TC. sangs DK, [DS], TC. sangs DK, [DS], TC.sangs DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To wake up, to give up DK. To clear up darkness, gloom, sleep DS. To become clear (e.g. from sleep) TC. sangs3 sangs CD, ND, DK. bsang LZ, DS, TC. bsangs CD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bstsangs TC (archaic). bsang LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsangs LZ. songs ND, TC. bsongs DS.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.sangs1(Gyurme 1992: 261)mnol ba sogs LZ. 'bags pa ND. To cleanse, to remove CD. To clean or remove filthy matters DK. To purify a smell by pouring water on top of something DS. 1. To purify, discard. 2. To clear away TC. Compare tshangs. sad1 sad DK, DS, TC. sad DK, [DS], TC. sad DK, [DS], TC.sad DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To wake up, to regain consciousness DK. To wake from sleep DS. To wake TC. sad2 sad DK, DS, TC. sad DK, [DS], TC. sad DK, [DS], TC.sad DK, TC.TC.DS.TC. To estimate DK. To go up in conceptual understanding, to examine, measure DS. To examine, measure TC. sing sing CD, DK. bsings DK. bsing DK.sings DK. To pick out, sort out wool for the third time by which the finest is obtained CD. To distill beer &c. to seep through, to ooze out, to filter DK. sim sim LZ, DK, TC. sim LZ. sims DK, TC. sim LZ, DK, TC.sim LZ. sims DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).lus dang sems sogs LZ. To merge, to be pricked in DK. 1. To sink. 2. To be happy, blissful TC. silsil DK. gives as the present of gsil 'cut'. susu ND. gives as the present of bsu sug sug CD. To push, jog, nudge a person (in order to awaken or make him attentive), to push open a door with a stick CD. sud sud CD. To cough, to breath with difficulty (Cs.) CD. sun sun CD, DK, DS, TC. bsund DK. sun [DS], TC. bsun DK. sun [DS], TC.sund DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To be out of humor, weary of, sick of, tired, weary. 2. To blame CD. To irritate DK. To deteriorate in desire or joy DS. To be sad TC. sub sub LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsub CD. bsubs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. subs CD. bsub LZ, CD, ND, DK, (DS), TC. gsub (LZ), DS.subs LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. zub (Gyurme 1992: 261).rjes dang ri mo sogs LZ. ri mo ND. 1. To stop up, plug up, close, cork, to keep shut, locked up. 2. To blot out, erase, cover up, shut up, obliterate CD. To erase, to clean away, to hide, to stop DK. To get rid of, efface (a trace, picture &c) DS. 1. To wipe away, clean, efface. 2. To stop, fill up with a stone to get rid of TC. sum zum LZ, (DS). sum LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. bsum CD. btsums LZ. bsums ND, DS, TC. bsum DS. btsum LZ. bsum LZ, ND, DS, TC.zums LZ. tshums LZ. sums ND, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.me tog sogs kyi kha (zum) LZ. kha sogs (sum) LZ. kha ND. 1. To bind, tie together, to draw together, to condense (Sch.). 2. To close, shut (Cs.) CD. To close the lip of a vessel &c. DS. To unite, gather together TC. Compare zum. seg seg DS, TC. seg [DS], TC. seg [DS], TC.- TC.TC.DS, TC. For a hole to appear in the tough material of teeth through abrasion DS. For a tooth to hurt TC. seng seng CD, DS, TC. bseng CD. bsangs CD. seng [DS]. sengs TC. bsang CD. seng [DS], TC.- TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To lift up, to raise what was hanging down or drooping CD. For the space between a collection of many things to increase DS. To purify, clean, recover TC. sems sems KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsams KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sems CD. bsam KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. soms KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. som CD.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 176).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 176). [Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).yid kyis TD. thos don sogs LZ. yid la ND. 1. To think. 2. To fancy, imagine CD. To think, to consider DK. To think DS. To examine, think about TC. ser ser DS. ser [DS]. ser [DS].DS. (dialect) To be miserly, avaricious DS. sel sol KYN. sel TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. seld LZ. bsald KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK. bsal CD, DK, TC. bsal KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sold KYN, TD, LZ, ND. sol CD, DS, TC. seld DK.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 313), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 313), (Hackett 2003).dri ma sogs TD. log rtog dang dri ma sogs LZ. bkag pa ND. To through off, remove. 2. To cleanse. 3. To pick, pick off. 4. To blot out, cross out CD. To wipe off, to remove, to separate DK. 1. To set, place to one side. 2. To get rid of, annihilate DS. 1. To purify, get rid of. 2. To open. 3. To draw out, extract, remove TC. Compare the more archaic forms of this verb stsel and gsal. sogs sogs TC. sogs TC. sogs TC.- TC.TC.TC. To increase, accumulate, grow TC. Compare stsog, 'tshogs, gsog. song song CD, DK. song DK. song DK.song DK.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). (usually regarded as the perfect of 'gro) To go CD. To go DK. sod sod (Gyurme 1992: 261).gsod(Gyurme 1992: 261). To be killed (Gyurme 1992: 261). son1 son CD, DK, DS, TC. sond DK. son [DS], TC. son DK, [DS], TC.sond DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To go, come CD. To reach, receive, obtain DK. To arrive DS. To arrive, get, obtain TC. son2 son DK. bsond DK. bson DK.sond DK. son, gson [DK]. To cause, to receive in one's hand, to cause to reach, to cause to be alive DK. solsol KYN. gives as the present of sel. sos 'tsho CD. sos DK, DS, TC. sos CD, DK, [DS], TC. sos DK, [DS], TC.sos CD, DK. - TC.CD.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gso (Gyurme 1992: 261). 1. To live. 2. To remain alive. 3. To last, to be durable CD. To recover from DK. 1. To be restored, recovered. 2. To be able to live. 3. To assemble factors which are necessary DS. 1. To be born, arise, develop. 2. To support, recover, heal TC. Compare 'tsho1 and 'tsho2. sra sra DK. bsra DK. bsra DK.sra DK. To make durable, to firm DK. srad1 srad DS. bsrad DS. bsrad DS.- DS.DS.DS. To dehydrate, for water within something to be decreased DS. srad2 bsrod CD. bsred CD. srad DS. bsrad DS. bsrad DS.srod DS.DS.DS. To dry by exposing to the rays of the sun (Sch.) CD. To decrease the water within something, to dry out DS. sran sran LZ, DK, TC. sron DS. bsrand LZ, DK. bsran DS, TC. bsran LZ, DK, DS, TC.srond LZ. srand DK. sron DS, TC.TC.TC.dka' ba dang sdug bsngal sogs LZ. To endure, tolerate, to firm, make durable DK. To experience (suffering, illness &c.) without discouragement DS. To endure, withstand suffering TC. srab srab LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsrab CD. bsrabs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsrab LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.srab LZ. - ND. srabs DK. srobs DS, TC. ND. TC. DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).srab 'bridle' (Beyer 1992: 111)sgrib pa dang ras phrug sogs kyi rgyu LZ. sgrib pa ND. To be diminished, to bridle, keep under, restrain, check, curb, restrain CD. To thin, to narrow, to clean DK. To thin, make thinner DS. To make thin TC. sri1 sri LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsris LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsri LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sris LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.nor rdzas sogs LZ. nor sogs ND. 1. To retain, to be parsimonious, niggardly (especially with nor), economize, save. 2. (in West) To wind, to wrap round (Ja) CD. To reduce expenditure, to save DK. To be thrifty, to be greedy DS. To be thrifty with expenditure TC. sri2 sri DS, TC. sri [DS]. bsris TC. sri [DS]. bsri TC.sris TC.TC.DS.TC. To be able to urinate but a little DS. To damn up, hold back (e.g. urine) TC. sring sring TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsrings TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sring [ND]. bsring TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.srings TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.TD, ND, DS, TC. (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). 'dring NWH. ring 'long' (Chang 1971: ii.5)tshe sogs ring dus TD. tshe dang yun dang yi ge sogs LZ. yan dang yi ge phrin sogs ND. 1. To extend, to stretch, to stretch out. 2. To fling far away, send. 3. To postpone. 4. To send. 5. To bring up, train up, to rear (Glr.) (Ja) CD. To elongate, to send, to throw away DK. 1. To lengthen a period of time. 2. To give over, entrust, grant, send. 3. To stretch DS. 1. To make longer. 2. To spread, expand. 3. To grant, bestow, confer. 4. To throw TC. srid srid CD, DK. srid DK. srid DK.srid DK. srid DS.(Hoshi 2003).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be CD. To be possible DK. To be, be able, be allowed DS. srib1 srib ND, TC. bsribs ND. srib TC. bsrib ND. srib TC.sribs ND. - TC.ND.TC.TC.mun grib ND. To be dark, gloomy, obscured TC. srib2 srib DS. bsribs DS. bsrib DS.sribs DS.DS.DS. To have no more work DS. srung srung KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsrungs KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. srungs CD. bsrung KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dsrung TD.srungs KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. srung (Zeisler 2004: 349), CD. bsrungs CD.KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gzhan kyi gnod pa TD. lus dang tshul khrims sogs LZ. nyes skyon ND. 1. To watch, keep guard, guard, keep in custody, save from, protect, shelter. 2. To be cautious, beware of, guard against. 3. To keep, observe faithfully (a promise, laws). 4. To hinder, forbid, prohibit CD. To defend, protect, endear, preserve DK. 1. To guard, protect from harm. 2. To watch, examine. 3. To respect (laws, customs &c.) DS. 1. To protect, take care of. 2. To prevent harm, stop form harming. 3. To respect, obey TC. srun srun DK, DS. bsrund DK. bsrun DS. bsrun DK, DS.srund DK. srun DS.DS.DS.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To make peaceful, make firm, cause to become stable, cause to be stable DK. To tame, break in (a horse, ox &c.) DS. srub srub LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsrubs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsrub LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.srubs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. rub1NWH.'o ma dang ja khu sogs LZ. zho sogs ND. 1. To stir, stir up, to churn. 2. To rummage, to rake up, to stir, to turn over. 3. To rub two pieces of wood against each other to produce fire (Ja) CD. To stir up, to turn away DK. 1. To stir a kind of liquid (water, milk &c.). 2. To stick the tip of something into liquid (e.g. a pen in ink) DS. 1. To churn. 2. To rub together TC. srul srul CD, DK, DS. TC. bsrul CD, DS. bsruld DK. bsrul CD, DK, DS.sruld DK. srul DS.DS.DS. rul (Gyurme 1992: 261). 1. To be corrupted, decomposed. 2. To stir, mix and stir. 3. To shove, to move to and fro (Ja) CD. To cause to get rotten, to wear away DK. To process, manufacture by soaking (leather, hide &c.) in a liquid with dissolved substances in it (such as salt water &c.) DS. (archaic) To rot TC. Compare 'drul and 'brul. srus srus CD. To thicken, to become more consistent by evaporation or by boiling (Sch.) CD. sre sre TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsres TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsre TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sres TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsres CD.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Abs. Ass./Instr.] (Hackett 2003). 'dre CD, (Chang 197: iv.8), (Beyer 1992: 117 n. 15), (Gyurme 1992: 258).phyogs gcig tu TD. rdzas gnyis lta bu gcig tu LZ. gcig tu ND. 1. To mix with, mingle, to admix. 2. To add, to add up, cast up, sum up (Ja) CD. To add, mix DK. 1. To mix two things together. 2. To make a mistake, not differentiating two meanings. 3. To add one number to another number DS. To add to, to mix TC. sreg sreg KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bsregs KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. sregs CD. bsreg KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.sregs KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, DK, DS, TC. bsreg CD. bsregs CD.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228), (Hackett 2003).'tshig (Gyurme 1992: 261).me dang nyi mas TD. me la shing dang rdzas sogs LZ. me la ND. 1. To burn, consume, destroy by fire. 2. To roast, fry, bake. 3. To tan, make swarthy CD. 1. To burn. 2. To roast DK. 1. To make a fire burn something. 2. To change something with fire or heat. 3. To injure the body with fire, or something hot DS. To burn, injure TC. sred sred LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sred LZ, [ND], DK, [DS], TC. sred LZ, DK, [DS], TC.sred LZ, DK. - ND, TC.ND, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).nor long spyod sogs la LZ. To desire CD. To cling, to be attached to DK. To desire, crave, long for DS, TC. srel srel LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsreld LZ, ND, DK. bsrel CD, DS, TC. bsrel LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sreld LZ, ND, DK. srel DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).g.yog dang bud med sogs LZ. 'chang ba'i ND. 1. To rear, bring up, nurse (Cs.). 2. To hold CD. 1. To produce. 2. To hold, keep, preserve DK. To take care of DS. 1. To hold, take, take charge of. 2. To produce TC. sro sro TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsros TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sros CD. bsro TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sros TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsro CD. bsros CD.TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.dro (Chang 1971: iv.9).nyi ma sogs kyi drod TD. me dang nyi mar LZ. zhal dang chu sogs ND. To warm CD. To sunbathe, to warm at fire, to warm DK. To make warmer (because of sunlight, fire &c) DS. To dry out, to make warm (in the sun, or fire) TC. srong srong TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsrangs TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsrang TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.srongs TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. srong CD.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.drang po 'straight' (Chang 1971: iv.8), (Emmerick 1983: 68).drang por TD. shing gug pa sogs drang por LZ. yo ba ND. To make straight, to straighten (Ja) CD. To straighten, to make straight DK. 1. To make straight (the aspects crooked, bent, lopsided &c). 2. To fully explain the meanings of an important point DS. To make straight, to straighten TC. sronsron DS. gives as the present of sran sros sros TC. sros TC. sros TC.- TC.TC. TC. To dusk, to enshroud, darken TC. sla1 sla DK. bslas DK. bsla DK.slas DK.(Hoshi 2003).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To make easy, to simplify, dilute DK. To be easy (Hackett 2003). To be weak (of tea, alcohol &c.) (Hoshi 2003). sla2 slas DS. sla TC. slas [DS]. bslas TC. slas [DS]. bsla TC. slos TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To produce articles by twisting fine vegetable material, to weave, braid DS. [To weave, knit, braid] TC. Compare blas, sle, lhas. slag slog LZ. slag DK. bslags LZ, DK. bslag LZ, DK.slogs LZ. slags DK.gos sogs kyi phyi nang LZ. To accumulate, collect DK. slang slang (Hackett 2003). slangs (Hackett 2003). slang (Hackett 2003). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To sing (Hackett 2003). Probably to be referred to slong. sladslad CD, DK. give as the present of slod slan slan LZ, CD. bsland LZ. bslan [CD]. bslan LZ.slond LZ.khongs dang phyogs su LZ. To mend, patch (Sch.) CD. slam slam CD. 1. (in Center and West) To roast slightly, to parch, to make brown by exposing to heat (e.g. meal). 2. To roast, fry (Ja) CD. slasslas DS. gives as the present of sla slu slu LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. lhu CD (dialect). bslus LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. slu LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.slus LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bslus CD.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rgyab rten sogs kyis LZ. brid pa'i ND. To entice, allure, ensnare, beguile, seduce CD. To delude, deceive DK. To confound with lies and guile DS. To confound, deceive TC. sle sle CD, DS. bsles DS. bsle [CD], DS.sles DS.DS.DS.lhes ma 'braid' (Hahn 1999: 124). To twist, plait, braid (the hair), to make (a basket), to knit CD. To produce articles by twisting fine vegetable material, to weave, braid DS. Compare sla and lhas. sleb1 sleb DK, TC. slebs DK, TC. sleb DK, TC.slebs DK. - TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159), (Hoshi 2003).TC. [Abs.](Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To reach, to arrive DK. To arrive TC. sleb2 sleb CD, DK, DS. bslebs CD, DK, DS. bsleb DK, DS.slebs DK, DS.DS.DS. (honorific) 1. To arrive. 2. To reach, extend to a certain place or point. 3. To come in (of interest, rent duties) CD. To cause to arrive, to cause to reach DK. To arrive in a place DS. slog slog LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bslogs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bslog LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.slogs LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC. ldog CD. log (Gyurme 1992: 261).rdo ba dang taomo ka sogs LZ. phyi nang sogs ND. To turn round, turn about, to turn upside down, turn inside out CD. 1. To return, to send back, give back. 2. To turn over, to reverse DK. 1. To reverse up and down, top and bottom. 2. To change the direction something was going. 3. To plough up, dig up (land &c.). 4. To give something back DS. 1. To newly plough up (uncultivated land &c.) interchanging top and bottom, inside and outside. 2. To reverse TC. slog2slog LZ. gives as the present of slag. slong slong KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. slang (DK). bslangs KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. slangs CD. bslang KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND ND appears to have a very faint naro i.e. bsong, but this seems unlikely., DK, DS, TC. slang CD.slongs KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. slong CD.KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hackett 2003). ldang CD. lang (Gyurme 1992: 260), (Beyer 1992: 116).brgyal ba dang dar shing sogs LZ. yar la lto sogs ND. 1. To cause to rise, to help to rise, raise, lift up. 2. To excite, inspire (compassion, fear, terror &c.). 3. To kindle (a disease) into action. 4. To ask, request. 5. To collect, gather (e.g. riches). 6. To examine, probe (a wound). 7. To give CD. To raise up, to lift up DK. 1. To produce, engender. 2. To ask to give (wealth, food &c.). 3. To awaken, arose from sleep. 4. To raise up. 5. To cause, to condition DS. 1. To raise, to hoist. 2. To request another for something sought after TC. slod slod KYN, LZ, ND, DS, TC. slad CD, DK. bslad KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bslad KYN, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.slod KYN, LZ, ND, DS, TC. slad DK.KYN, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).lad (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff). lhad 'contaminant' NWH.skyon dang dri ma sogs kyis LZ. 'o ma sogs ND. 1. To mix (especially with something of an inferior quality. 2. To adulterate, vitiate, spoil, corrupt CD. To adulterate, make impure by adding something of less value DK. 1. To mix something bad into something good. 2. To confuse, cause confusion DS. To contaminate, mix in something bad TC. slon slon CD, DK, DS, TC. bsland DK. bslan DS, TC. bslan DK, DS, TC.slond DK. slon DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. lhan '(adj.) together, (n.) a patch' or lan 'reply' NWH. (archaic) 1. To return, repulse. 2. To patch, to mend (Sch.). 3. To dissemble, feign (Sch.). 4. To thrust out (Cs.) CD. To cause to categorize, to include, to add DK. 1. To patch (wool &c.). 2. To join something to the outer surface of another thing. 3. To retaliate, take revenge DS. 1. To gather, join, merge, combine. 2. To sew on. 3. To travel, roam a land TC. slob slob KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. slab KYT, KYN. slabs TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bslabs CD, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137). slab KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.slobs KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. slob CD.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hackett 2003).yon tan TD. yon tan dan chos srid kyi lugs sogs LZ. bslab bya ND. To learn, to teach CD. To study, to teach, to advise DK. To learn, to teach DS, TC. gsag gsag CD. To sew together (Sch.) (Ja) CD. gsag2gsag CD. gives as a present of gsog. gsanggsang CD, TC. give as the present of gsong1 gsan1 gstsan (Li &Coblin 1987: 444). gsan LZ, CD, DK, TC. gson LZ, ND, DS. gzan (TC). gsand LZ, ND, DK. gsan DS, TC. gsan LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.gsond LZ, ND, DK. gsand LZ. gson DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).snyan gyis bshad don sogs (gson) LZ. bla ma las chos sogs (gsan) LZ. snyan gyis ND. (honorific) To hear, to listen to CD. To listen, to hear DK. (honorific) To listen to DS, TC. gsan2gsan (NDB), DK. give as the present of gzon. gsab gsab CD, DS. 'tshob ND, DS. gsob CD, TC. bsab CD. bsabs ND, DS, TC. gsab CD. bsab ND, DS, TC.sob ND, (DS). sobs DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.skyin pa ND. 1. To fill out, fill up, to supply, complete, make up, to cure (wounds). 2. To pay, repay, return CD. 1. To complete something incomplete, replenish, supplement. 2. To mix something into something else. 3. To repay, return something borrowed, repay (a debt &c.) DS. 1. To replace, repay. 2. To replenish, supplement, complete TC. Compare 'tshab2. gsal gsal CD, DK. gsald DK. gsal DK.gsald DK.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be clear, bright CD. To become visible, be visible, to appear DK. Compare stsel and sel. gsig gsig LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsig CD. bsigs LZ, CD, ND, (DK), DS, TC. gsigs DK. gsig LZ, ND, DK. bsig (DK), DS, TC.sigs LZ, DS, TC. bsig (LZ). gsigs ND, DK..ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.ral ba sogs LZ. lus sogs ND. To shake and throw up in a backward direction (gsig) CD. To fan (bsig) CD. To shake, to throw up DK. To shake, move (head hair, body hair &c.) DS. 1. To shake, to make quiver. 2. To put up, lay up TC. gsing gsing DS. bsing TC. bsings DS, TC. bsing DS, TC.gsings DS. bsings TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. To pour water on top of something, to wash over DS. To filter, strain TC. gsid gsid CD. bsid CD. To pick, sort hair, wool CD. perhaps a mistake for gsed (?) gsir gsir CD, DK, DS, TC. bsir TC. bsir CD, DS, TC. bsird DK. gsird (DK). gsir TC. bsir DK, DS, TC. gsir (DK), TC.gsird DK. bsir DS, TC. gsir TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. 1. To whirl about, to twist. 2. (in West) To move by a repeated pushing. 3. To smooth, to make even (with a plane, knife &c.). 4. To slide, glide, slip down a slope (Ja) CD. To shoot out directly, to move suddenly and straight or to move swiftly with whispering sound DK. To turn quickly, to shoot out DS. To turn (gsir) TC. To shoot, throw quickly (bsir)TC. gsil1 gsil LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. sil DK. gsild LZ, ND, DK. bsil DS, TC. gsil LZ, ND, DK, TC. bsil DS, (TC).gsil LZ, DS, TC. gsild ND. - ND. sild DK. ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). ND.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).cha shas dum bur LZ. dum bur ND. 1. To multiply in arithmetic (Rtsis). 2. To divide, split CD. To cut to pieces, split DK. 1. For one thing to be made into many pieces. 2. To multiply small number into a whole number DS. 1. To split, slice, split apart, cleave. 2. (honorific) To wash, rinse, bathe. 3. (honorific) To shave, shear. 4. To urinate TC. Compare the noun sil ma 'piece, particle, fragment' (Haarh 1969: 298). gsil2 gsil LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsild LZ. bsil ND, DS. gsild DK. gsil TC. gsil LZ, DK, TC. bsil ND, DS.sild LZ, ND. gsild DK. gsil DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).sil khrol sogs LZ. zhabs ND. To toll, sound, ring CD. To sound, to make sound DK. To play music (like a bell) DS. To play music (like a bell) DS. To sound, toll, ring TC. gsung1 gsung LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gsungs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gsung LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.gsung LZ, CD. gsungs ND, DK, DS, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Obl. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210). [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).chos sogs LZ. zhal nas ND. 1. To speak, talk, say. 2. To explain CD. To say, to speak DK. (honorific) To read, speak DS. (honorific) To speak, say TC. gsung2 gsung (Hackett 2003). gsungs (Hackett 2003). gsung (Hackett 2003).gsungs (Hackett 2003). [Obl. Abs.] (Hackett 2003) To [be] called (Hackett 2003). gse gse LZ, ND, DS, TC. gses LZ, ND, DS, TC. gse LZ, ND, DS, TC.ses LZ. gses ND, DS, TC. - ND.ND, DS, TC. ND.DS, TC.shing dang gong bu bu sogs LZ. phra bar dbye (gses) ND. phra mor (-) ND. For a thing in one piece to be made into many pieces DS. 1. To split, slice. 2. To allocate, allot, apportion TC. gseg gseg DS. bsegs DS. gseg DS.gsogs DS.DS.DS. To tilt, slant in one direction DS. gseng gseng DS. gseng [DS]. gseng [DS].DS. To make padding soft, loose DS. gsed bsed LZ, CD. gsed CD, ND, DS, TC. gses DK. bsed LZ, [CD], ND, DK, DS, TC. bsed LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.sed LZ, ND, TC. ses DK. bsed DS. ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.bal sogs ND. To pick out, sort, to pull, pluck in pieces (gsed) CD. To sort, to discriminate (bsed) CD. To assort wool &c., to pull in pieces DK. To [pick out] individually something matted, tangled (such as wool &c.) DS. To card, differentiate TC. gso1 'tsho LZ, CD, ND. gso CD, DS, TC. gsos LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. bsos CD. sos [CD]. gso LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC.sos LZ, (DS). gsos ND, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003)sos (Gyurme 1992: 261).nad sogs LZ. srog NDB. srog sogs NDA. 1. To nourish, pasture, feed. 2. To heal, cure ('tsho) CD.1. To feed, nourish, to bring up, nurse up, train. 2. To mend, repair (gso) CD. To nourish, care for by providing the circumstances for life DS. 1. To nourish, sustain, produce. 2. To restore deteriorated things TC.(Uray 1982: 546 n. 3) connects this verb with the noun khab so / khab so pa 'officials who levy taxes', compare 'tsho. gso2 gso LZ, CD, TC. gsos CD, DK. 'tsho (DK). bsos LZ, CD, TC. gsos CD, DK. bso LZ, DK, TC. gso (DK).sos LZ. gsos DK, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003)ngal dub sogs LZ. To mend, repair, foster, cherish CD. (honorific) To take rest, refresh one's self, to move fatigue by rest (bso) CD. To recreate (bsos) CD. To have rest, to cause to recover, to restore DK. To restore from fatigue TC. Compare 'tsho and sos. gsog1 gsog KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sog CD. gsag CD. bsag CD. bsags KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, (DS), TC. bsag KYN, LZ, ND, DK, (DS), TC.gsogs KYN, DK, TC. sog LZ, TC. sogs ND.KYN, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003) dge ba dang bsod nams sogs LZ. tshogs dang nor ND. To collect, gather, hoard up CD. To save, keep, preserve, collect DK. To increase from few to many (wealth, possession &c.) DS. To establish, build up, produce TC. Compare stsogs, 'tshog, sogs. gsog2 gsog LZ, DS, TC. bsogs LZ, DS, TC gsog LZ. bsog DS, TCgsogs LZ, DS. gsog (LZ). sog TCDS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.rgyu nor sogsLZ. To increase from few to many (wealth, possession &c.) DS. To gather, pile up TC Compare stsogs, 'tshog, sogs. gsog3 gsog DS. bsags DS. bsogs (DS). gsag DS. bsag (DS). bsog (DS).sog DS.DS.DS. To make a mistake, commit a crime &c. DS. gsong1 gsang CD, TC. gsong ND, DK, DS. gseng CD. gsangs ND, DK, TC. gsang DS. gsang ND, DK, DS, TC.gsongs ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). DS, TC. sba bya ND. 1. To do a thing secretly, to conceal. 2. To be careful, to watch CD. To hide, to keep a secret DK. To hide, to make unknown DS. To hide, to obfuscate to another TC. gsong2 gsong LZ. gsongs LZ. gsong LZ.gsong LZ.snying gtam sogs LZ. gsod gsod KYT, KYN, TD, CD, LZ, ND, DS, TC. bsad KYT, KYN, TD, CD, LZ, ND, DS, TC. gsad KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DS, TC. bsad CD.sod KYT, KYN, TD, CD, LZ, ND, DS, TC.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003)sod (Gyurme 1992: 261).srog chags TD. lug sogs LZ. dgra ND. To kill, slay, murder, slaughter CD. To kill, to put to death DK. To cut off the continuity of a creature's life (e.g. men, cattle &c.) DS. 1. To cut off life, to kill. 2. To clear away, annihilate TC. gson1 gson CD, DK, DS, TC. gsond DK. gson [DS], TC. gson DK, [DS], TC.gsond DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC. To live, to be alive, to remain alive, to save, preserve one's own life CD. To be alive DK. To stay alive DS. To have life, to not deteriorate TC. gson2 gson CD. CD. To wake, to rouse from sleep by shaking, to urge on, to hurry on by force CD. gson3gson LZ, ND, DS. gives as the present of gzon. gsob gsob KYN, LZ, CD. bsabs KYN, LZ. bsab CD. bsab KYN, LZ. gsab CD.sob KYN, LZ.KYN.gzhan la nor sogs LZ. 1. To fill out, fill up, to supply, complete, make up, to cure (wounds). 2. To pay, repay, return CD. gsor1 gsor LZ, CD, DS, TC. gsord LZ. bsor DS. gsor TC. gsor LZ, TC. bsor DS.gsord LZ. gsor DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003)rdo rje sogs LZ. To brandish, flourish CD. To wave, swing an axe, sickle &c. with the hand DS. To brandish, raise, flourish TC. gsor2 bsar LZ, CD. gsor DK, TC. gsar DS. bsard LZ, DK. bsar DS, TC. bsar LZ, DK, DS, TC.bsar LZ. gsord DK. gsor DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003) To get ready for substitute, to substitute [sic] DK. To organize (articles &c.) in rows DS. To prepare, take out TC. gsol gsold LZ. gsol CD, ND, DS, TC. gsold LZ, ND. gsol [DS], TC. gsol LZ, ND, [DS], TC.gsold LZ, ND. sol CD. - ND. gsol TC.ND, CD, TC, (Hoshi 2003). ND.DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003)zhu don sogs LZ. mchi dang bzhal du (gsold) ND. zhal du (-) ND. 1. To ask for, to beg for. 2. (honorific) To dress, to put on. 3. To eat, drink, to take a meal, offer a meal CD. 1. (honorific) To use (food, drink &c.), to wear (wool &c.). 2. (suffixed to some verbs) To ask someone to establish one's wish, hope. 3. To ask, to say DS. 1. To request, to offer. 2. To eat, drink, wear TC. (mchid gsol pa) To send a letter (from a person of lower rank to a person of higher rank) (Takeuchi 1990: 183). Compare stsol and spring. bsarbsar LZ, CD. give as the present of gsor2 bsal bsal CD. To make known by trumpet or drum CD. bsingbsing TC. gives as the present of gsing. bsid bsid CD. To mend, repair CD. bsir bsir TC. (in West) To sip (Ja) CD. bsil bsil CD, DK, TC. bsild DK. bsil TC. bsil DK, TC.bsild DK. bsil TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003) 1. To cool. 2. (honorific) To wash CD. 1. To cut hair. 2. To wash, clean feet &c. 3. To take off one's shoes &c. 4. To cool DK. 1. To wash. 2. To shear, shave. 3. To give off, shed. 4. (dialect) To doff, take of (clothes) TC. bsu bsu LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. su ND. bsus LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsu LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsu LZ. bsus CD, DK, TC. sus ND, DS. CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003)mgron po sogs dang sngon du LZ. bsums ND. To go to meet CD. To invite, to welcome, to receive guests DK. To go before a guest, ask about heath, make welcome &c. to show happiness DS. To invite TC. Compare brtsu, an archaic form of this verb. bsur bsur LZ. bsurd LZ. bsur LZ.surd LZ.thur ma sogs kyis LZ. bsegs bsegs CD. To come from one side, to come across one's way (Sch.), to come into collision with CD. bseng bseng CD. To revive, spirit, to awaken, rouse CD. bser bser DS. bser [DS]. bser [DS].DS. To cherish, take care of, be greedy, avaricious DS. bsod bsod DS. bsod [DS]. bsod [DS].DS. To be happy, delighted CD. bsral bsral CD. To separate, sort, choose CD. bsredbsredCD. gives as the present of bsrad bsrodbsrodCD. gives as the present of bsrad.
hahang hang CD, DK. hangs DK. hang DK.hangs DK. 1. To pant, gasp. 2. To squander, dissipate (Ja) CD. To be surprised, to be shocked DK. had had DS. had [DS]. had [DS].DS. To be surprised, taken back, to deteriorate mentally DS. hab hab CD, DK. habs DK. hab DK.hab DK. To laugh sneeringly CD. To take by snatching away, to plunder DK. har har DK, DS. hard DK. har [DS]. har DK, [DS].hard DK.DS. To be too fast to act, to be very hasty DK. To open a hole larger DS. hal hal CD, DS, TC. hal [DS]. hal [DS].(Hoshi 2003).DS. To pant, wheeze, snort (Ja) CD. To have rough, short breath with the mouth open DS. (dialect) To breath with difficulty TC. perhaps onomatopoeic has has CD, DK. has DK. has DK.has DK. (West) To exaggerate, to talk big, to brag (Ja) CD. To be very fast breathing DK.(Hoshi 2003). gives this verb as an alternate of hal. hung hung ND. hung ND. hur hur CD. To be quick, active, dexterous CD. hom hom CD. (West) To fall away, to shrink, to shrivel (Ja) CD. hol hol CD, DS. hol [DS]. hol [DS].DS. To loosen soil (Ja) CD. For the soil of fields to become soft DS. hrag hrag CD. (Hoshi 2003). To require more and more (Ja) CD. To be highly efficient (Hoshi 2003). hrad hrad CD. 1. To thrust, to push violently, to stem firmly. 2. To scratch. 3. To exert one's self (Ja) CD. Compare 'drad. hral hral CD. DK. hrald DK. hral DK.hrold DK. To rend, tear up, tear to pieces (Ja) CD. To exaggerate, to make, become spacious lines DK. Compare 'dral and ral. hrig hrig CD. (in West) To hang (a thief) (Ja) CD. hrings hrings TC. hrings TC. hrings TC.- TC.TC.TC. 1. To become evil. 2. To stiffen. 3. To coagulate TC. hrum hrum CD. To break, smash (Sch.) CD. Root given as rum (Hahn 1999: 124).(Hahn 1999: 124) suggests this comes from the same root as the adjective krum pa (< g + rum) 'broken'. hrul hrul DK. hruld DK. hrul DK.hruld DK. To be worn out, to become too old, to decay DK. Compare 'drul, rul. hreng hreng DK. hrengs DK. hreng DK.hrengs DK. To become, be single DK. hrem hrem DK. hrems DK. hrem DK.hrems DK. To become dry DK. hrom hrom ND. hrom ND. lha lha CD. To soften, slough, suppurate CD. lhag lhag DK, TC. lhag DK, TC. lhag DK, TC.lhag DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Abl.] (Hackett 2003). To remain as a surplus of CD. 1. To be left, remain behind. 2. To exceed a certain measure TC. lhags lhags CD, DK, DS, TC. lhags DK, [DS], TC. lhags DK, [DS], TC.lhags DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. To approach, to meet, to assemble with other persons CD. To come, approach forcefully DK. To arrive, come DS. To arrive TC. lhan lhan (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368). [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368). To be together (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368). lhas lhe CD. lhas DS. lhes DS. lhas CD. lhas [DS]. lhes [DS]. lhas [DS]. lhes [DS].DS. To twist, plait, braid, weave CD. To plait, weave DS. Compare with sle and sla. lhuglhug CD, ND. gives as a present of ldug. lhung lhung LZ, DK, TC. lhung LZ. lhungs DK, TC. lhung LZ, DK, TC.lhung LZ. lhungs DK, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).rta dang g.yang sa sogs su LZ. To fall down DK. To drop, fall TC. lhudlhud ND. gives as the present of ldud. Compare also blud. lhong lhong DK, TC. lhongs DK, TC. lhong DK, TC.lhongs DK. - TC.TC.TC. To be successful, to be accomplished DK. 1. To arrive at and enter into. 2. To be able to stand on its own TC. lhod lhod LZ, ND, DS, TC. lhod LZ, [ND], [DS], TC. lhod LZ, [DS], TC.lhod LZ, TC.TC. (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).bcings mdud sogs LZ. To be at ease, carefree (in though or action) DS. To loosen, relax, slacken TC. Compare glod. lhon lhon CD, DS, TC. lhon TC. lhon [DS], TC.- TC.TC. TC. To return, give pay back CD. 1. To join, place, contact, one thing on another thing. 2. To send a reply, to harm in return for a reply which harms DS. To come, arrive to the ear TC. Compare glon.
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